Exogenic Processes Anticlines

 Take place at or near the earth’s surface - Up folds

Endogenic Processes Synclines

 Geomorphic Processes that originate within the - Down folds

Earth
Focus
Variability in Weathering
- Located anywhere near the surface
 Climate Factors
Epicenter
 In almost all environments, physical and chemical
weathering processes operate together, even though - Point on Earth’s surface that lies directly above the
one of these categories usually dominates. focus.
 Rock Type
 A rock that is strong under certain environmental Pangaea
conditions may be easily weathered and eroded in a
- hypothetical supercontinent that included all current
different environmental setting.
land masses, believed to have been in existence
 Structural Weaknesses
before the continents broke apart during the Triassic
- The more massive the rock is, the fewer the joints and
and Jurassic Periods.
bedding planes it has, the more resistant it is to
weathering. Gondwana

Slow Mass Wasting - became the largest piece of continental crust

 Creep
Laurasia
 Solifluction
- as the more northern of two supercontinents
Fast Mass Wasting
 Falls Continental Drift Theory
 Avalanches
- the continents and other landmasses have shifted their
 Slides
positions during Earth history.
 Slumps
 Flows Plate Tectonic Theory

Geomorphology -  

- A major subfield of physical geography devoted to the

scientific study of landforms.

Earthquakes
Stratigraphy
- evidence of present-day tectonic - Study of strata or sedimentary layers
activity, are ground motions of Earth caused when
accumulating tectonic stress is relieved by the sudden
displacement of rocks along a fault.

Principle of Original horizontality
- Sedimentary layers are deposited horizontally or nearly
so.
Principle of Stratigraphic superpositions
- Certain sedimentary features, such as graded bedding,
crossbedding, ripple marks and mud cracks may
include sequences overturned after deposited and
lithfication.
Principle of Inclusions
- Rock containing inclusions is younger than the
inclusions it contains.
Absolute dating
- Commonly used for methods of determining
numerical ages of rocks.
- This ages are usually given in million of years.
Relative dating
- Is using words as an order
Earthquake Magnitude
- Amount of energy released in an earthquake
Earthquake intensity
- Damage caused by an Earthquake and degree of
its impact on people and their property.
Three types of tectonic Forces
Recumbent Folds
- asymmetrically folded rocks that may become
overturned and perhaps so compressed that the
fold lies horizontally.
Faulting
- is the slippage or displacement of rocks along a
fracture surface
Reverse Fault
- termed used for the steep high angle fault
resulting from compressional forces.
Thrust Fault
- the fracture surface, Where compression pushes a
mass of rock along a low-angle fault
Overthrust
- shallow displacement.
Tensional Tectonic Forces
- Pull in the opposite directions in a way that
stretches and thins the impacted part of the
crust.
Shearing Tectonic Forces
- are vertical displacement along a fault occurs
when the rocks on one side move up or drop
down in relation to rocks on the other side.

Compressional Tectonic forces

- Push two areas of crustal rocks together tend to

shorten and thicken the crust.

Folding

- which is a bending or crumpling of rock layers