Hazard – threat or harm
1. Natural hazard TYPES OF VOLCANO
2. Man-made Hazard
Disaster – widespread human, economic and environmental loses
1. Natural disaster – devastating outcomes
2. Man-made disaster – technological disaster
Disaster Risk – specific to a location and determines the tendency of the community to face
disaster
Ban Ki-moon (Secretary General of United Nations) – “We cannot eliminate disaster and
hazard but we can mitigate risk. We can reduce damage and save more lives.”
Perspective on Disasters
o Things we notice aftermath
 Physical Perspective – includes the visible or tangible materials
 Psychological Perspective – people’s emotional, cognitive, or interpersonal reaction
of difficulties
 Sociocultural Perspective – response of the people
 Economic Perspective – focuses on the disruptions of economic activities
 Political Perspective – deals how government services are used to reduce loss
 Biological Perspective – consideration the potential or infectious or communicable
diseases after disaster takes place
Concept of Vulnerability
Vulnerability – diminished capacity of an individual or group to anticipate and recover from
the impact of natural or man-made hazard
 Proximity to a hazard event – frequented by a certain hazard predisposes it to high
vulnerability
 Population Density near a hazard event –
o Population – number of individuals
o Population Density – number of individuals living in an area
 Capacity and Efficiency to reduce disaster risk – includes accessibility and
availability of services and facilities that help in preparing for or during disaster
 Building Codes and Disaster Policies –
Concept of Exposure
- Geoscience Australia defines “exposure” as “ elements at risk from a natural or man-
made hazard event”
Elements Exposed to Hazard
1. Physical Elements – tangible or can be visually seen
2. Socioeconomic Elements – compromises the institutional and government systems
that dictate the kind of well-being and lifestyles of communities
3. Environmental Elements – includes ecosystems and natural processes.
Volcanology -is the study of volcanoes
VOLCANO - opening or vent on the earth's surface where molten rocks, gases, and ashes are
ejected
How do volcanoes form? The formation of volcanoes represents one of the complex process in
geological sciences
Composite Volcanoes. Also known as “stratovolcanoes”,
Cinder cones. These are considered as the simplest type of volcanoes
Shield cones. These volcanoes are created because of continuous lava flows coming from
then vent
Classification of volcanoes
• Active Volcano - According to Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program, it is an active
volcano has at least one eruption within the last 10, 000 years. Active volcano is further
classified into two categories: erupting and dormant volcanoes.
o Erupting Volcano - An active volcano erupts, distinguished as either
explosive or quiet.
o Dormant Volcano - A volcano is dormant if it has not erupted within the last
10,000 years
• Extinct Volcano - volcano has not had an eruption within historic times and is not
expected to erupt again in a comparable time scale of the future.
Potential volcano hazards
Lava flow -is mildly explosive when released.
Pyroclastic flows and surges- are extremely hazardous and destructive type of volcanic
activity, especially when there are simultaneous blasts.
Gas emission- Volcanic gas is one of the basic components of a magma or lava
Ashfalls-Volcanic ash is made up of rock
Tephra Falls and Ballistic Projectiles -Tephra refers to fragments of volcanic rock ejected
into air by explosion
Lahar- is an Indonesian term for mudflows or flows of volcanic debris.
Potential Earthquake Hazards
GROUND SHAKING -The shaking of the ground is caused by the passage of seismic waves.
Surface Faulting/Ground rupture-This occurs when ground movement happens on a fault
line and breaks through the surface.
TSUNAMI-The word “tsunami” is a Japanese word that means “harbor wave”
LIQUEFACTION - This occurs when seismic shaking causes loose materials in the soil to mix
with ground water or soil saturated with water.
Earthquake-induced ground subsidence- Subsidence is the lowering of land due to various
causes, one of which is the earthquake on a fault line.
Seismometer
- Is an instrument used to measure movements in Earth’s surface.
Two Types of Seismic Waves
1. P-waves
The p-waves of seismic action is usually the first one to be recorded.
2. S-waves
Seconds after the p-waves are the s-waves that carry most of the energy of the seismic
activity.
Seismologist
-They observe and collect seismic waves in areas that are prone to earthquakes.
Most of the most active and destructive volcanoes are nestled at the pacific ring of fire
There are more than 1500 volcanoes in the world that are considered active and around 50 or
60 of these volcanoes erupt yearly.
 Mount Mayon, Albay - nearly perfect cone-shaped volcano has already erupted at
least 50 times from 1616 up to the present. Its most devastating eruptions was in
1766 that buried the entire town of Cagsawa.
 Taal Volcano,Batangas. Taal has already erupted 33 times since 1672. It is the most
active smallest volcano in the world
 Mount Bulusan, Sorsogon. This volcano with an elevation of 1565 meters has
erupted 15 times from 1886 up to 2007. It has erupted four times since 1730. It is
the most active smallest volcano in the world.
 Mount Kanloan, Negros Oriental. It has erupted at least 25 times from 1886 up to
present. Its last major eruption happened in 1996 and has been permanently
monitored since then
 Hibok-Hibok, Camiguin. It has already erupted seven times since it’s first erupted in
1827. It last erupted in 1952.
 Mount Banahaw, Quezon. It is one of the most active volcanoes in the Philippines. It
has an elevation of 2158 meters. It has erupted four times since 1730. It last erupted
in 1909. The inhabitants of Mt. Banahaw treat the place as “sacred”.
 Didicas Volcano, Cagayan. It is one of the smallest and most active volcanoes in the
Philippines, with an elevation of 244 meters. It has erupted seven times from 1773 up
to 1990.
 Mount Makaturing, Lanao del Sur. It is one of the highest mountains in the
Philippines and also one of the most active volcanoes in the country. It has an
elevation of about 1940 meters and has erupted 10 times since 1882
Surface Faulting/Ground rupture - occurs when ground movement happens on a fault line and
breaks through the surface.
Seismometer - instrument used to measure movements in Earth’s surface. It can detect vibration
from seismic waves generated by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
Seismologist - They observe and collect seismic waves in areas that are prone to earthquakes.
Exposure- as “the elements at risk from a natural or man-made hazard event”
Hazard-Threat or harm that has potential to cause damage
Pyroclastic flow- volcanic eruption
Tsunami- characterized by a series of waves that are generated by a sudden displacement on the
ocean floor
Lahar- is an Indonesian term for mudflows or flows of volcanic debris. Lahar is flowing mixtures
Ash fall - is made up of rock, mineral and fragments created during explosion and separation of
magma into smaller pieces/ composed of bits and pieces of pulverized rock, minerals and volcanic
gas generated from the volcanic.
Lava- is mildly explosive when released. It is not a major threat to human lives because of its slow
rate of movement, a property called low viscosity/ is composed of bits and
vulnerability” is the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system, or asset that
make it susceptible in to the damaging effects of a hazard.
• Dormant Volcano
A volcano is dormant if it has not erupted within the last 10, 000 years. It is not certain when
this kind of volcano will erupt, but is expected to occur in the future. For instance, Mount St.
Helens was considered dormant before it erupted in 1980. Meanwhile, Mauna Kea, located in Big
Island, Hawaii had its last erupted 3500-4000 years ago, but several experts believe that it will
erupt again.
physical perspective -includes the visible or tangible materials, whether natural or man-made,
which have been affected by a disaster.
Tsunami- characterized by a series of waves that are generated by a sudden displacement on the
ocean floor.
• Earthquake-It is a natural ground movements that can cause instant disaster or can
induce more hazards.
PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE and Volcanic
Eruption
1. Natural Disasters
-these are devastating outcomes that results from natural hazards.
2. Man-made Disasters
- are also called technological disasters./- are destructions made by human