COR 11(STEM) DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION

MIDTERM REVIEWER
DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION IS THE PH. A PRONE A TO NATURAL DISASTERS?

CONCEPT OF DISASTER  Prone to tropical cyclones due to its geographical

- The occurrence of a disaster depends on the interplay location
between a natural phenomenon (that can turn into a hazard)  Produce heavy rains and flooding of large strong winds
and the vulnerability of population exposed (exposure and  Heavy casualties to human life and destruction to crops
vulnerability). and properties.

When does a natural event become a hazard?

- natural events become a hazard when it has the potential
to harm lives (in large quantity).

VULNERABILITY
- Refers to factors, such as physical, social, economic, and
environmental, that increase the susceptibility to the impact
of a hazard.

- Vulnerability in this context can be defined as the

diminished capacity of an individual or group to anticipate, HURRICANE
cope with, resist and recover from the impact of a natural or - North Atlantic
man-made hazard. - Central North Pacific
- Eastern North Pacific
- A disaster happens when the probable destructive agent,
the hazard, hits a vulnerable populated area. CYCLONE
- South Pacific
- Indian Ocean

TYPHOON
- Northwest Pacific

PAGASA
- Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical
DISASTER RISK Services Administration
- “the potential loss of life, injury, or destroyed or damaged PHIVOLCS
assets which could occur to a system, society or a - Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
community in a specific period of time, determined
probabilistically as a function of hazard, exposure, and DISASTER AS A SOCIAL PHENOMENON
capacity”
- Harmful practices worsen vulnerability to disasters.
Combination of three terms: - Population growth and shortage of land pushed low-
income families to worsen conditions.
- Hazard - The poor, elderly people with disabilities, indigenous people
- Exposure and others are marginalize by exploitation of natural
- Vulnerability resources.
- The aftermath of a disaster paves the way for disaster
THE PHILIPPINES AND ITS VULNERABILITY TO DISASTERS prevention efforts
BOHOL EARTHQUAKE
- October 15, 2013
- Magnitude 7.2
- 233 dead, 877 injured

TYPHOON YOLANDA
-November 3, 2013 – November 11, 2013
- People are warned 3 days ago
- 1,785 missing, 28, 626 injured, 6,201 dead
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MIDTERM REVIEWER
WHAT IS HAZARD? - The Earth Our planet is DYNAMIC The outermost layer of
- Potentially damaging physical events, phenomena or the earth is broken into pieces.
human activities that may cause injury or loss of life, damage
to property, social and economic disruption, or PLATES
environmental degration. - Plates at our planet’s surface move because of the intense
heat in the Earth’s core that causes molten rock in the mantle
Natural Hazard layer to move.
- beyond human control
-Hydro meteorological and climatological hazards CONVECTION CELL
-Geological hazards, and - When warm material rises, cools, and eventually sink down.
-Astronomical hazards As the cooled material sinks down, it is warmed and rises
again.
HAZARD INDUCED BY HUMAN
- maybe due to accidents, carelessness, or inability to
implement protective measures.
-Fire
-Industrial and technological hazards
-Hazards related to high-risk recreation activities such as
mountain climbing and
other hazardous human activities

HAZARD THAT ARE PLANNED BY HUMANS

- personal or political interests, resulting in massive loss of
lives and properties
-Arson -The formation of Philippines, the islands and mountains
-Terrorism were result of the collision of the Pacific Plate in the East
-Wars and the Eurasian Plate in the west.
HAZARD ANALYSIS
- Identification, study, and monitoring of any hazard to
determine its potential, origin, characteristics and behavior
(UNISDR 2007)
UNISDR (United Nations International Strategy for Disaster
Reduction)

COMMUNITY HAZARDS AND DISASTER HISTORY

CONSTRUCTION

-HAZARD AND VULNERABILITY MAPPING

- FACTOR ANALYSIS
 FREQUENCY – How often does the hazard occur?
 DURATION – How long does it occur?
 SPEED OF ONSET – how fast does it occur upon initial
detection
 INTENSITY – what is the strength or magnitude
 PROBABILITY – what is the chance that it will occur?
 FOREWARNING – is there adequate time to prepare
upon detection? Are there signals before occurrence?
 MANAGEABILITY – How manageable are the effects of
the hazard

GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS AND DISASTERS

- A natural phenomenon that occurs in different parts of the
world. It can be very devastating as it can kill thousands of
people within seconds.

EARTHQUAKE
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MIDTERM REVIEWER
FAULT LINES 2 - Slightly Felt - Felt by few individuals at rest indoors.
- A fault line is a long crack in the surface of the earth. Hanging objects swing slightly. Still Water in containers
- It is an area that seems weak and likely to cause problems oscillates noticeably.
or failure.
3 - Weak - Felt by many people indoors especially in upper
THREE MAIN TYPES OF FAULTS floors of buildings. Vibration is felt like one passing of a light
-NORMAL FAULT truck. Dizziness and nausea are experienced by some people.
-REVERSE FAULT Hanging objects swing moderately.
-STRIKE-SLIP FAULT
4 - Moderately Strong - Felt generally by people indoors and
EARTHQUAKE by some people outdoors. Light sleepers are awakened.
- “The perceptible shaking of the surface of the Earth, Vibration is felt like a passing of heavy truck. Hanging objects
resulting from sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust swing considerably.
that creates seismic waves.” (United States Geological
Science- USGS) 5 - Strong - Generally felt by most people indoors and
outdoors. Many sleeping people are awakened. Some are
FOCUS frightened, some run outdoors. Strong shaking and rocking
- The place where energy is released like an explosion felt throughout building. Hanging objects swing violently.

EPICENTER 6 - Very Strong - Many people are frightened; many run

-The point that is immediately above the focus outdoors. Some people lose their balance. motorists feel like
driving in flat tires. Heavy objects or furniture move or may
ACTIVE FAULT LINE be shifted. Small church bells may ring. Wall plaster may
- According to PHIVOLCS, an active fault is a fault which has crack. Very old or poorly built houses and man-made
moved within the last 10,000 years. structures are slightly damaged though well-built structures
are not affected.
MAGNITUDE & INTENSITY
7 - Destructive - Most people are frightened and run
MAGNITUDE outdoors. People find it difficult to stand in upper floors.
- Is a measure of the total energy released at the Heavy objects and furniture overturn or topple. Big church
earthquake's point of origin which is below the earth's bells may ring. Old or poorly-built structures suffer
surface. considerably damage. Some well-built structures are slightly
damaged.
Seismograph 8 - Very Destructive - People panicky. People find it difficult
- used to measure and detect earthquakes to stand even outdoors. Many well-built buildings are
considerably damaged. Concrete dikes and foundation of
Seismograph Inventors: bridges are destroyed by ground settling or toppling. Railway
 John Milne tracks are bent or broken.
 Thomas Lomar Gray 9 - Devastating - People are forcibly thrown to ground. Many
 Luigi Palmieri cry and shake with fear. Most buildings are totally damaged.
 Alfred Erwing (Most Recognized) bridges and elevated concrete structures are toppled or
- on 1880 destroyed.
- British scientists
- in Japan 10 - Completely Devastating - Practically all man-made
structures are destroyed. Massive landslides and liquefaction,
RICHTER MAGNITUDE SCALE large scale subsidence and uplifting of land forms and many
- Charles Francis Richter was an American seismologist and ground fissures are observed.
physicist, the inventor of Richter Magnitude Scale

INTENSITY
- Is perceived strength of an earthquake based on relative
effect to people.

1 - Scarcely Perceptible - Perceptible to people under

favorable circumstance. Delicately balanced objects are
disturbed slightly. Still Water in containers oscillates slowly
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EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
GROUND SHAKING
- caused by the passage of seismic waves beneath structures
- up and down
- side to side
EARTHQUAKE VIBRATIONS ARE GENERATED BY
-sudden slippage along the fault zone
SLIPPAGE
-caused by irregularities on the fault plane
GROUND RUPTURE
- the displacement of the ground due to the violent shaking
of the surface.
Vertical displacement
- occurs when one side of the ground goes up or down.
Horizontal displacement
- happens when there is a lateral movement from side to
side.
LIQUEFACTION
- takes place when there is an increase in water pressure in
saturated soils because of ground shaking.
EARTHQUAKE INDUCED LANDSLIDE
- An earthquake can cause a slope to become unstable by the
inertial loading it imposes or by causing a loss of strength in
the slope materials.
-commonly triggered by strong shaking
TSUNAMI
- series of large waves resulting from the disturbance of sea
water commonly due to an earthquake.
- displacement of water
- earthquake accompanied by the rise of the sea bed.
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
- the Philippines is known for its beautiful volcanoes.
- foreign and local tourists go to Tagaytay to see the Taal
volcano. The volcano with a lake within the lake.
- the Mayon volcano in Albay, which is famous for its almost
perfect conical shape, has many visitors as well.
- Mayon volcano erupted in 1819, claiming the lives of
roughly 1200 people (Olan 2015).
- the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in Taal buried adjacent
communities in lahar and affected the global climate.
REMEMBER
- the hazards brought by a volcanic eruption such as ash fall,
poisonous gases, and lahar can harm not just the
communities surrounding the volcano but also the people
living in areas distant from the site.
VOLCANO
- is a vent on the earth’s surface that opens downward to a
pool of molten rock, debris, and gases.
- its formation involves the process of subduction.
SUBDUCTION
- takes place when two plates converge.
SUBDUCTION ZONE
- is the place where the two plates converge and the
volcano is formed.
- the plate sinks to as deep as 80 to 160 kilometers
- this causes the crust to release trapped fluids.
- the fluids melt the overlying minerals and produce magma,
a hot, molten, silica rich material that is from the interior of
the earth.
- the magma then migrates towards the surface and erupts,
but it is so thick and pasty that it cannot flow very far.
- it sticks to the sides, forming a tall, steep-sided cone
- the thickness of the magma caused by its silica content
makes it difficult for gas to be released easily.
- magma chamber forms inside the steep case and this
collects the gasses.
- when the gases accumulate, the volcano erupts because the
pressure rises within the chamber, and it cannot contain the
magma.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF VOLCANOES
ACTIVE VOLCANO
- it is currently erupting or is showing signs of volcanic
eruption.
- it should have also erupted within the last 600 years
POTENTIALLY ACTIVE VOLCANO
- is one which has erupted and then entered a long period of
inactivity.
- Mt. Pinatubo was a dormant volcano for about 600 years
until is explosively erupted in 1991
INACTIVE VOLCANO
- is one that has not shown any sign of activity for a long
period.
- it has no record of volcanic eruption in the past thousand
years.
- .an example of an inactive volcano is Mt. Cabalian in Leyte.
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MIDTERM REVIEWER

VOLCANIC ERUPTION HAZARDS

FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE SPEED OF LAVA

- height
- heat and pressure
- viscosity

LAVA FLOW
- is a mass of magma that flows down the slope of the
volcano at a rate of 3 kilometers per second (slightly high
viscosity) or 45 kilometers per second (low viscosity).
- can cause injuries and burn structures and vegetation.

PYROCLASTIC FLOW
- refers to hot dry masses of fragmented volcanic materials
that move along the slope and in contact with ground
surface at a speed greater than 60 kilometers per hour.
- this flows from a collapsed eruption column or lava dome.

TEPHRA FALLS
- are showers of fine to coarse-grained volcanic materials
and other airborne products of a volcanic eruption
- the diameter of the particles can be less that 2mm(ash), 2-
64mm (lapilli), or greater than 64mm (blocks and bombs)
- the ash can reach distant places as it is carried by the wind.
- the ash from Mt. Pinatubo eruption reached as far as
Vietnam.
-can cause pollution, health problems, poor visibility, and
disruption of electricity and communication lines.

BALLISTIC PROJECTILES
- are rocks that are released into the air by an erupting
volcano. These land within 2 kilometers of the vent but can
travel as far as 5 kilometers or further if the eruption is very
explosive.

VOLCANIC GAS
- is one of the basic components of magma or lava.
- active and inactive volcanoes may release gases to the
atmosphere in the form of water vapor, hydrogen sulfide,
sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen
chloride, and hydrogen fluoride.
- hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride are released by
volcanic activity and dissolved in water droplets in steam
clouds, this creates acid rain that can harm plants, marine
life, and infrastructures

LAHAR
- is a flowing mixture of volcanic debris and water.
It is classified into two: the primary or hot lahar that is
associated directly with volcanic eruption and the secondary
or cold lahar caused by heavy rainfall.

COR 11 DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION MIDTERM REVIEWER BY JOHN ROGER BUENAFLOR AND REVISED BY
VINCE JUGADO OF XI-RESPONSIBILITY