SOIL ANCHORING USING SLOPE STABILITY METHOD 1

Overview
1. Introduction to GTS NX
• Background
• Advantages
2. Slope Stability Analysis
• Types of Slope
• Application
• Causes of Slope Failure
• Modeling Techniques
• Method for Analysis
• Limit Equilibrium
• Finite Element Method
• Numerical Method
3. Software Application
• Modelling Technique
• Mesh Generation
• Property Definition
• Boundary Condition
• Load Application
• Analysis
• Results
 SOIL ANCHORING USING SLOPE STABILITY METHOD 2
Overview
1. Introduction to GTS NX
• Background
• Advantages
2. Slope Stability Analysis
• Types of Slope
• Application
• Causes of Slope Failure

INTRODUCTION
• Modeling Techniques
• Method for Analysis
• Limit Equilibrium
• Finite Element Method

TO GTS NX
• Numerical Method
3. Software Application
• Modelling Technique
• Mesh Generation
• Property Definition
• Boundary Condition
• Load Application
• Analysis
• Results
INTRODUCTION 3
GTS NX
2D & 3D Finite Element Analysis for Advanced Geotechnical Analysis

Notes GTS NX is a 2D & 3D geotechnical finite element analysis of soil and rock deformation and stability, as well as
groundwater flow, dynamic vibrations and soil-structure interaction.
PROJECT APPLICATION 4
Pile Foundation Slope Stability Dam

Dynamic Excavation Tunnel

INTERFACE WITH MIDAS SOFTWARE 5
Gen Civil

Building structure foundation Bridge structure foundation

SoilWorks
2D FE ↔ 3D Analysis connectivity

Notes Model information compatibility with Midas software, which provides a full-modeling interface for soil-structure
interaction.
GEOTECHNICAL ANALYSIS 6
Static Analysis

Construction Stage Analysis

Consolidation Analysis

Seepage Analysis

Stress-Seepage Fully Coupled

Dynamic Analysis

Slope Stability Analysis

ADVANTAGES 7

3D ANALYSIS
More accurate understanding of long-term performance

It analyze the realistic condition

Overall checking based on the requirements

Less deflection / settlement

More closely represent the geometry/ terrain

It brought significant savings across the project

Notes
https://www.midasgeotech.com/blog/2d-vs-3d-approach-finite-element-analysis
 SOIL ANCHORING USING SLOPE STABILITY METHOD 8
Overview
1. Introduction to GTS NX
• Background
• Advantages
2. Slope Stability Analysis
• Types of Slope
• Application
• Causes of Slope Failure

SLOPE STABILITY
• Modeling Techniques
• Method for Analysis
• Limit Equilibrium
• Finite Element Method

ANALYSIS
• Numerical Method
3. Software Application
• Modelling Technique
• Mesh Generation
• Property Definition
• Boundary Condition
• Load Application
• Analysis
• Results
SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS 9
WHAT IS SLOPE
STABILITY?
- refers to the a certain
condition with an inclined slope
that can withstand the
gravitational force and other
external forces without
experiencing displacement.
- it is performed to assess
the design of human-made or
natural slopes in a safe condition.

FOS = Resisting Force/Driving Force

Notes It encompasses static and dynamic of slopes of earth and rock fill dams, slopes of embankments, excavated slopes,
natural slopes in soil and soft rock.
SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS 10
TYPES OF SLOPE
Natural Slope – slopes formed
due to natural process and
exist naturally. It includes rover
banks, hill sides and etc.

Artificial Slope – slopes formed

by unnatural process. These are
formed by humans as per
requirements. It objectives to
be construct roads, dams,
railways embankments, etc.
SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS 11
TYPES OF SLOPE ACCORDING TO EXTENT
Infinite Slopes – refer to a constant slope with an infinite
length.
e.g. long shape of a mountain face

Finite Slopes – the slope that is limited extent.

e.g. embankments and earth dams

Notes
Whether the slope may be natural or artificial.
SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS 12
APPLICATION
1. It is used to road cuts, open-pit mining,
excavation and landfills.
2. It is used to earthen dam.
3. It is used to construct railway and highway
4. It is used to embankment, canal and levees.
5. It is used to deep-seated failure of foundation
and retaining walls.

Notes
SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS 13

CAUSE OF SLOPE
FAILURE
(a) Erosion of slopes
(b) Erosion due to river
(c) Filling of crack with
rainwater
(d) Gravity and earthquake
(e) Weak layers within the
soil formation
(f) Stresses on the upper
surface
(g) Excavation at the base
of the slopes
SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS 14

(1) Slope failure on motorway No.3 Taiwan (2) Slope failure near Burton Bradstock (2020)
landslide (2010)

(3) Slope failure on main road between Chirundu (4) Slope Failure along Simpang Pulai – Cameron
(Zimbabwe) and Lusaka (Zambia) Highlands Road
SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS 15
MODELLING TECHNIQUES
There are two types of modelling techniques:
1. Stress Analysis Method (SAM)
- It uses FEM to perform stress analysis on the slope and the safety
factor for each various slip surface based on stress analysis result.
- It can be used on a 2D environment.

2. Strength Reduction Method (SRM)

- That analyze the minimum safety factor and failure behavior
using various shapes, loads and boundary condition. It can
simulate the failure process without any previous assumptions.
(Griffith et. al)
- It can be applied to 3D axis symmetric problems

Notes
SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS 16

METHOD FOR ANALYSIS

1. Limit Equilibrium Method

2. Finite Element Method

3. Numerical Method of Modeling

Notes
SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS 17
Limit Equilibrium Method
Analysis Technique – Method of Slices
• Ordinary Method of Slices
• Bishop’s Modified/Simplified
• Janbu Simplified
• Janbu Generalized
• Spencer
• Chugh
• Morgenstern – Price
• Fredlund – Krahn
• Corp of Engineers
• Lowe and Karafiath
• Sarma

Limit Equilibrium Method investigate the equilibrium of a soil mass tending to slide down under the influence of
Notes
gravity. Transitional or rotational movement is considered on an assumed or known potential slip surface below
soil or rock mass.
SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS 18

Force balance Force balance

Method Moment balance
(vertical) (horizontal)
Ordinary MS Yes No Yes
Bishop's simplified Yes No Yes
Janbu's simplified Yes Yes No

Used to compute
Janbu's generalized Yes Yes
interslice shear forces

Spencer Yes Yes Yes

Chugh Yes Yes Yes
Morgenstern-Price Yes Yes Yes
Fredlund-Krahn Yes Yes Yes
Corps of Engineers Yes Yes No
Lowe and Karafiath Yes Yes No
Sarma Yes Yes Yes

Notes
SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS
Method
Ordinary method of slices
Bishop's simplified/modified
Janbu's simplified
Janbu's generalized
Spencer
Chugh
Morgenstern-Price
Fredlund-Krahn (GLE)
Corps of Engineers
Lowe and Karafiath
Sarma
19
Assumption
Interslice forces are neglected
Resultant interslice forces are horizontal. There are no interslice
shear forces.
Resultant interslice forces are horizontal. An empirical correction
factor is used to account for interslice shear forces.
An assumed line of thrust is used to define the location of the
interslice normal force.
The resultant interslice forces have constant slope throughout the
sliding mass. The line of thrust is a degree of freedom.
Same as Spencer's method but with a constant acceleration force on
each slice.
The direction of the resultant interslice forces is defined using an
arbitrary function. The fractions of the function value needed for
force and moment balance is computed.
Similar to Morgenstern-Price.
The resultant interslice force is either parallel to the ground surface
or equal to the average slope from the beginning to the end of the
slip surface..
The direction of the resultant interslice force is equal to the average
of the ground surface and the slope of the base of each slice.
The shear strength criterion is applied to the shears on the sides and
bottom of each slice. The inclinations of the slice interfaces are
varied until a critical criterion is met.
SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS 20

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

- It satisfies the equation of equilibrium and compatibility
equations from theory of elasticity.
- It subdue some fundamental shortcoming and limitations
in traditional method for estimation.
Methods for Finite Element:
• Perturbation Method
• Monte Carlo simulation
• Direct Coupling Method

Finite element method have several advantages: to model slopes with a degree of very high realism (complex
Notes
geometry, sequential loading, material for reinforcement, action of water and law for complex soil behavior) and
to better visualize the deformation of soils in place.
SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS 21

Limit Equilibrium Method Finite Element Method

It involves due to most simplicity and Based on computer performance has

accuracy improved application of finite element
It must search for critical surface by using The surface critical is automatically find
geometry out by various software.
It requires only simple Mohr-Coloumb soil It must have complete strain model for
model soil

It cannot compute displacement It can compute displacement

It cannot model progressive failure It can model progressive failure

Advantages: based on principle of statics; Advantages: to model slopes with a
summation of moments, vertical and degree of realism (complex geometry,
horizontal forces. sequence of loading,

Notes
C.M and Z.F., Arup and P.H (2014), Slope Stability Analysis – Limit Equilibrium or the Finite Element Method?
SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS 22

NUMERICAL METHOD OF MODELING

Continuum Modeling Discontinuum Modeling Hybrid/ Coupled
Modeling
Modelling of the continuum is It is useful for rock slopes Hybrid codes involve the
suitable for the analysis of soil controlled by discontinuity coupling of various
slopes, massive intact rock or behavior. methodologies to
heavily jointed rock masses. • Discrete Element (DEM) maximize their key
• Finite Difference Method • Discontinuous Deformation advantages.
(FDM) Analysis (DDA) • LEM/FEM
• Finite Element Method • FEM/BEM
(FEM) • DEM/BEM
• Boundary Element • FEM/DEM
Method (BEM)

Numerical analysis allows for material deformation and failure, modelling of pore pressure, creep deformation,
Notes
dynamic loading, assessing effects of parameter variations etc. however numerical modelling is restricted by some
limitations.
 SOIL ANCHORING USING SLOPE STABILITY METHOD 23
Overview
1. Introduction to GTS NX
• Background
• Advantages
2. Slope Stability Analysis
• Types of Slope
• Application
• Causes of Slope Failure

SOFTWARE
• Modeling Techniques
• Method for Analysis
• Limit Equilibrium
• Finite Element Method

APPLICATION
• Numerical Method
3. Software Application
• Modelling Technique
• Mesh Generation
• Property Definition
• Boundary Condition
• Load Application
• Analysis
• Results
GEOMETRY MODELING – WORKFLOW 24
Geometry • Create or import dxf/dwg file

Material • Element attribute

Property • Element attribute

Mesh • Mesh Control, Geometry Auto-mesh

Boundary Condition • Constraint

Load Application • Static and Dynamic Loads

Analysis • Define Analysis Cases & Perform Analysis

Result • Contour and Report

Notes
Each step in the work process.
GEOMETRY MODELING – IMPORT FROM DWG TO GTS NX 25

3
4 1. Select Import
2 2. Select “DWG
Wireframe”
1 3. 2D
4. Import DWG File
“2D Slope Model”
5. Click OK

Notes
DWG file is provided by Midas IT PH.
GEOMETRY MODELING – IMPORT FROM DWG TO GTS NX 26

1
2

1. Go to Geometry
2. Select Intersect
3. Select All
4. Click OK

Notes
Generated Geometry from the DWG file.
SOIL PROPERTIES 27

Name Sand Silt Sand Bed Rock

Model Type Mohr-Coulomb Mohr-Coulomb Mohr-Coulomb Mohr-Coulomb
General
Elastic Modulus 50000 20000 80000 160000
Poisson's Ratio 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4
Unit Weight 18 18 18 21
Ko 1 1 1 1
Porous
Unit Weight (Saturated) 18 18 20 21
Initial Void Ratio (e0) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Drainage Parameters Drained Drained Drained Drained
Non-Linear
Cohesion (C) 50 90 50 105
Friction Angle 34 25 34 40

Notes
Some of data parameters are based from Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)
OTHER PROPERTIES 28

Name C4000 A416-250

Model Type Elastic Elastic

General

Elastic Modulus 24870062 200000000

Poisson's Ratio 0.3 0.3

Unit Weight 24 77

Thermal Coefficient 1e-006 1e-006

Damping Ratio 0.05 0.05

Notes
These parameters are for concrete and steel properties.
Material 29
1
2

3 1. Go to Mesh Tab
4 2. Select Material
3. Select Create >
Isotropic
4. Input Parameters.
5. Click Apply to add
other materials.
6. Input other
parameters for until
#6.
7. Click OK

Notes
The parameters are based on Page 31 & 32.
Property 30
1
2

3
4

Notes
Mesh > Property > Create > 2D > Plain Strain > All Soil Properties
Property 31
1
2

3
4

Notes
Mesh > Property > Create > 2D > Shell
Property 32
1
2

3
4

Notes
Mesh > Property > Create > 1D
Property 33
1
2

Notes
Mesh > Property > Create > 3D
Mesh Generation 34

1
2
1. Select Edge(s)
2. Input Size Method
3. Select Property
A A. Sand
B. Silt
C. Saturated Sand
B D. Bed Rock
4. Input Mesh Set Name
A. Sand
B. Silt
C C. Saturated Sand
D. Bed Rock

Notes
Mesh > Generate Mesh (2D) > Auto Area
Mesh Generation 35
1 2 1. Select 2D Element(s)
2. Select Direction (GCS -
X)
3. Define Extrude
Information
L = 30
Division = 10
A 4. Select Property
A. Sand
B B. Silt
C. Saturated Sand
C D. Bed Rock
5. Input Mesh Set Name
A. Sand 3D
D B. Silt 3D
C. Saturated Sand
3D
D. Bed Rock 3D

Notes
Protrude > Extrude > 2D to 3D
Geometry Modeling 36

1
2

1. Go to 3D tab
2. Input the location
(select 4 corners)
3. Select Make Face
4. Click OK
A

Notes
Geometry > Polyline > 3D
Mesh Generation 37

1. Go to Edge tab
2. Select Object (s)
3. Input Mesh Size
4. Click Preview
5. Click OK

Notes
Mesh > Size Control > Edge
Mesh Generation 38

1. Go to Edge tab
2. Select Object (s)
3. Input Mesh Size
4. Click Preview
5. Click OK

Notes
Mesh > Size Control > Edge
Mesh Generation 39

1. Go to Edge tab
2. Select Object (s)
3. Input Mesh Size
4. Click Preview
5. Click OK

Notes
Mesh > Size Control > Edge
Mesh Generation 40

1
2

1. Go to Map-Face
2. Select Object (s)
3. Input Mesh Size
4. Click Preview
5. Click OK

Notes
Mesh > 2D > Map face
Anchoring Modeling 41

1
2
1. Go to 3D tab
2. Define the location
3. Input the angle
4. Input the ungrouted
and grouted length
5. Define Load Set
Name
6. Select Pretension
Type
7. Select Property
8. Input the Mesh Set
Name
9. Click Preview
10. Click OK

Notes
Static and Slope Stability > Anchoring Modeling > 3D
Boundary Condition 42

1
2

1. Go to Static/Slope
Analysis tab
2. Select Constraint
3. Go to Auto
4. Input the Mesh Set
Name
5. Click Preview
6. Click OK

The auto function is the ground conditions for general stress analysis are set automatically. The x direction
Notes
displacement is constrained for the left/right side, the y direction displacement is constrained for the front/back
side and the x,y direction displacement is constrained for the bottom of a model.
Boundary Condition 43

Hide this two-mesh

layer

Notes
Static and Slope Stability > Self-Weight
Boundary Condition 44

1
2

1. Go to Seepage/
Consolidation
Analysis
2. Select Nodal
Head
3. Select Object
4. Input Boundary
Name “Initial”
5. Click Preview
6. Click OK

Notes The nodal head is applied then the water level position is known in advance. It is used to simulate confined flow
that does not form a phreatic surface. It is also used to simulate unconfined flow that creates a seepage face.
Boundary Condition 45

1
2

1. Go to Seepage/
Consolidation
Analysis
2. Select Flux
3. Go to Surface Flux
4. Select Object
5. Input Rainfall Value
6. Input Boundary
Name “Raining”
7. Click Preview
8. Click OK

Notes
The flux-head boundary conversion condition for rainfall analysis.
Load Application 46

1
2

1. Go to Static/Slope
Analysis tab
2. Select Self-Weight
3. Input the Mesh Set
Name
4. Click Preview
5. Click OK

Notes
Static and Slope Stability > Self-Weight
Load Application 47

2 4
3

1. Go to Dynamic
Analysis tab
2. Select Ground
Acceleration
3. Define for x, y, z
direction
4. Define Time Forcing
Function

Notes
Continue to the next page
Load Application 48

5. Select Earthquake
6. Select
- El Centro Site, 270 Deg
- El Centro Site, 180 Deg
- El Centro Site,
Vertical
7. Click OK

Notes
Define Construction Stage Analysis 49

1
2

Notes
Static/ Slope Analysis > Stage Set > Define Construction Stage
Define Construction Stage Analysis 50

1
2

1. Define Stage Name

“Initial”
2. Stage Type “Steady
State”
3. Select data for Activate
Mesh:
- All Mesh
Boundary Condition:
- Boundary Condition
- Initial

Notes
Define Construction Stage Analysis 51

1
2

1. Define Stage Name

“Initial FOS”
2. Stage Type “Stress”
3. Select data for Activate
Static Load:
- Prestress
- Self-weight
4. Select Slope Stability
(SRM)

Notes
Define Construction Stage Analysis 52

1
2

1. Define Stage Name

“Raining”
2. Stage Type “Transient”
3. Select data for Activate
Boundary Condition:
- Raining
4. Select data for Deactivate
Boundary Condition:
- Initial

Notes
Define Construction Stage Analysis 53

1
2

1. Define Stage Name

“Raining FOS”
2. Stage Type “Stress”
3. Select Slope Stability
(SRM)

Notes
Analysis 54

1
2
1. Define Analysis Title
“Self-Weight”
2. Activate
- Boundary
Condition
- Self Weight

Notes
Analysis > Linear
Analysis 55

1
2
1. Define Analysis Title
“Self-Weight + Anchor”
2. Activate
- Boundary
Condition
- Self Weight
- Prestress

Notes
Analysis > Linear
Analysis 56

1
2
3 4 1. Define Analysis Title
“NLTH”
2. Define Time Step
3. Activate
- Boundary
Condition
- Dynamic Load
5

Notes
Analysis > Nonlinear Time History
Analysis 57

1
2
4
3 5

Notes
Analysis > Construction Stage
Analysis 58

1
2
1. Define Analysis Title
“Self-Weight + Anchor
[SRM]”
2. Activate
- Boundary
Condition
- Self Weight
- Prestress

Notes
Analysis > Slope Stability (SRM)
Analysis 59

1
2

Notes
Then perform analysis
Results 60

Notes
All analysis cases can be check under results tab.
Results 61

Notes
All analysis cases can be check under results tab.
Results 62

Notes
All analysis cases can be check under results tab.
Results 63

Notes
All analysis cases can be check under results tab.
Results 64

Notes
Result can be generated as table format.
Appendices 65

Notes
Result List
APPENDICES 66

Notes
Result List
Appendices 67

Notes
Result List
Appendices 68

Notes
Result List
Appendices 69

Notes
Result List
Appendices 70

Notes
Result List