EFFECTIVENESS OF BARANGAY TANOD ON THE

MAINTENANCE OF PEACE AND ORDER IN BARANGAY BALIGATAN,

CITY OF ILAGAN, ISABELA

______________________

An Undergraduate Thesis
Presented
To
_____________________

The Faculty of the College of Criminal Justice Education

Saint Ferdinand College
City of Ilagan, Isabela
_______________

In partial Fulfilment
Of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Criminology

By:

JOSHUA JEIEL BADDONG

JOHN PAUL BANSAG
JAYE BAUTISTA
ANDREA CAFUGAUAN
FERNANDO CAUILAN
JAMES ESTRADA
JHANELLA GABUYO
ROSE JEAN LA MADRID
JAY WENDELL MUNOZ
JOHNEDISON QUE
EZEKHIEL SALINAS

2023

1
 Chapter I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Peace and order must begin in the little unit of society which is the family.

Each individual form the family should mindful of wrongdoings and its awful

impact. With enough information about this issue, most likely everybody is

arranged and can work independently without living in fear. In keeping ut the

execution, the barangay authorities additionally depicting an overwhelming part

in which they have to apply such a great amount of push to ensure everybody’s

security.

Beside the Philippine National Police or PNP’s critical nearness to

network, authorities choose to assemble an advisory group in charge of keeping

peace and request amid evening time. The men supposed barangay tanod; which

they are to keep those unlawful demonstrations occurring amid darks hours that

perhaps make turmoil and annihilate the execution of peace and request that is

instilled to the general population.

Nonetheless, there are still stubborn ones connecting with disturbances

regardless of how solid and profound the devotion of barangay authorities, law

masters and barangay tanods in keeping up the peace and order.

In addition, Peace surpasses all significant things in the society. It governs

order, welfare, sustainability, and progress. The absence of peace will lead to

2
chaotic society and conflict of humanity. In contrast, If peace is present, united

mankind will be established and united values will be evident and manifested all

throughout generations. The peace within ourselves is essential to create a

peaceful and stable order of society. The harmony that peace may bring is to

control the survival and development of mankind. Regardless of race, in every

nation and every human being, the interconnectedness of us all is peacefulness

where it unites us through the nature of respect and love.

Finally, peace and order are essential ingredients in maintaining economic

development, social order, and political stability. The role of the barangay in

ensuring peace and order at the barangay level is defined in Republic Act No.

71601. Pursuant to DILG Memorandum Circular 2003-42, professionalizing these

Barangay Police or Tanods ensures peace and order and public reference to

public safety. As the basic political unit, the creation of the Barangay Police

Security Officers/BPSOs, commonly known as "Barangay Tanods," security is

sustained as the key factor in the barangay's growth. As provided in the DILG's

trainers guidebook, the barangay tanod's duties and responsibilities include:

assisting barangay officials in crime prevention and promoting public safety

through patrolling/"ronda"; reporting to the offices concerned of any disruptions

or unjust events; tracking the presence and actions of criminals and illegal

elements; assisting police and “lupong tagapamayapa” in the execution of

warrants and other judicial proceedings; and assisting barangay officials in the

1
Medina, E. Z. (2018). Ordinance No. SP-2775, S-2018.

3
enforcement of national and local laws; and other means deemed appropriate in

the prevention of crime. Public safety, or its absence, impacts the lives of

everyone (Moore & Braga, 2004) 2. Under NAPOLCOM Memorandum Circular

2008-013, the Barangay Police Security Officers serving as an auxiliary of the

Philippine National Police are considered force multipliers. Though barangay

police, or "tanod," work on a voluntary-basis, they do not hesitate to risk their

lives just to ensure the security of the people in their respective barangays.

According to De Jesus (2018), Usec. Diño said he would push for a bill that

would grant rights for barangay watchmen to receive medical and housing

benefits, as well as legal assistance and the right to security of tenure. Several

businesses are already introducing programs to help motivate the public, at from

the level of barangay, as a way to help curb rising crime incidences (Samaniego,

2015)3.

Recognizing the important part of barangay tanods as the front line of

defense in the fight against crime, we researchers wanted to know the

Effectiveness of barangay tanod on the maintenance of peace and order in

barangay Baligatan, city of Ilagan, Isabela as an avenue for improving the

security and safety strategies in the local setting.

2
Moore, M. H., & Braga, A. A. (2004). Police performance measurement: A normative
framework. Criminal justice ethics, 23(1), 3-19.
3
Samaniego, 2015

4
Conceptual Framework

The framework uses input-process-output in a vertical manner to clearly

understand the interconnectedness of each factor and variable. Figure 1 presents

the paradigm of the study. In the input box are the demographic profiles of

respondents as to their age, gender, civil status, educational attainment,

occupation, purok, no. of family members, no. of years as resident and the extent

of participation of the barangay tanods in the maintenance of peace and order as

assessed by the community residents. The process box includes collection,

organization, analysis, and interpretation of the data gathered. The output box

shows the outcome of the study: implement the high visibility of barangay tanod

to maintain peace and order and to enhance crime prevention and crime

reduction.

Research Paradigm

5
 PROCESS OUTPUT
INPUT

 Profile of Respondents:  Analysis and

1. Age Interpretation of the
2. Gender following”
3. Civil status  Respondents
4. Educational
attainment 1. Age
5. Occupation 2. Sex
6. Purok 3. Civil status
7. No. of Family 4. Educational Implement the
Member attainment high visibility of
8. No. of Years as 5. Occupation barangay tanod to
Resident 6. Purok maintain peace and
7. No. of Family order, and enhance
Member crime prevention
8. No. of Years as and crime
Resident reduction.
 The extent of
participation of the  The extent of
barangay tanods in the participation of the
maintenance of peace barangay tanods in the
and order as assessed by maintenance of peace
the community and order as assessed
residents relative to the by the community
following dimensions: residents relative to the
2.1. Conduct of following dimensions:
patrolling and traffic 2.1. Conduct of
2.2. Community patrolling and traffic
Relations 2.2. Community
2.3. Monitoring Relations
Illegal Activities 2.3. Monitoring Illegal
Activities

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ FEEDBACK MECHANISM_ _ _ _ _ __

Figure 1. Research Paradigm

Statement of the Problem

6
 This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the barangay tanod in

maintaining peace and order in Barangay Baligatan City of Ilagan, Isabela.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1. Age

1.2. Gender

1.3. Civil Status

1.4. Educational Attainment

1.5. Occupation

1.6 Purok

1.7 No. of Family Member

1.8 No. of Years as Resident

2. What is the extent of participation of the barangay tanods in the maintenance

of peace and order as assessed by the community residents relative to the

following dimensions:

2.1. Conduct of patrolling and traffic

2.2. Community Relations

2.3. Monitoring Illegal Activities

3. Is there a significant relationship between the profile variables of the residence

respondents and their assessment of the Barangay Tanods extent of participation

in the maintenance of peace and order?

7
Hypothesis

There is no significant difference in the perception of respondents about

the different factors affecting the barayag tanod in maintaining peace and order

when they are grouped according to their demographic profile?

Significance of the Study

The result of this study is significant and relevant to the following:

  Philippine National Police of the City of Ilagan. The findings of the

study will be beneficial to the members of PNP City of Ilagan, for it will be their

basis for more vigilant and alert service as they assist Barangay Tanod in

maintaining peace and order in the communities.

Local Government Unit (LGU). This will be beneficial to them, for it will

serve as a baseline for the improvement of their service to the communities and

for creating resolution.

Barangay Official. This research will help them understand more about

their importance in the community, especially in the implementation of peace

and order.

Barangay Council. With the findings of this study, they may realize the

need and priorities of the barangay police. It will motivate them to work with

enthusiasm to maintain peace and order and improve their crime prevention and

reduction efficiency.

8
 Barangay Tanod. The result of this study will serve as an eye opener for

them to improve their duties and responsibilities and how they create a good

relationship with the community.

Community Residents. The results of this study will increased

awareness of how the barangay officials and barangay tanod perform their

duties in the maintenance of peace and order in their barangay.

The Researchers. The result of this study will serve as an avenue for

them to discover the importance of having knowledge about the performance of

the barangay tanods in maintaining peace and order in their respective

barangay.

Future Researchers. The study may serve as a frame of reference for

researchers who would like to dwell on investigating similar field or situation.

Scope and Delimitations

The study focuses mainly on the Effectiveness of barangay tanod on the

maintenance of peace and order in barangay Baligatan, City of Ilagan. The

respondents in this study were the 275 residents of the said barangay who were

chosen randomly.

Definition of Terms

The terms used in this study are operationally and conceptually defined

for better understanding of the readers.

9
 Community relation. Is some mutually beneficial relationships with the

community.

Maintenance of Peace and Order. The protection of life, liberty, and

property, and promotion of the general welfare are essential for the enjoyment

by all the people of the blessings of democracy 4.

Memorandum Circular. This serve as a legal basis on the study.

Patrol - In this study, it refers to group of persons such as barangay police

that are assigned to monitor specific area or purok within the barangay. 

Traffic. Refers to the movement of person, vehicles, goods from one place

to another. It may consist pedestrians ridden or herded animals.

Barangay - In this study, it refers to barrio in its former name, the smallest
local government unit and it is the native Filipino term for village or district.

Barangay ordinance - It is the policy of the local government to respect

the vital role of the barangay public safety officers as an independent,

indispensable instrument in barangay governance 5. 

Barangay Tanod - In this study, it refers to registered group of inhabitants

in a barangay which provides services of preventing crime, maintain safety,
peace and order.

4
https://www.google.com/search?q=+++++Maintenance+of+Peace+and+Order&sxsrf
5
Barangay ordinance meaning - Search (bing.com)

10
 Effectiveness - It means it has an intended or expected outcome, or

produces a deep, clear impression.6

Peaceful Community – means a community where no crime is committed

or at least low crime rates are registered.

Resident – a person who lives in one place on permanent or on a long-

term basis.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

6
https://www.bing.com/search?q=Effectiveness

11
 This chapter includes summaries and quotations from both local and

foreign researchers. The researchers take into consideration the findings of

various authors appropriate and relevant in the study of the respondents’

awareness on the effectiveness of barangay tanod on the maintenance of peace

and order.

A. Related Literature

Foreign

According to Ishmael Mugari, Nomore Thabana (2018)7. Cited that despite

the advent of modern crime control methods, chiefly brought about by

technological advancement, foot patrol has remained as one of the crucial crime

prevention methods in both the developed and developing world. Foot patrols

were widely viewed to be effective in reducing specific crimes/problems such as

assault, loitering, touts, plain robbery and pick pocketing. It was also felt that

reduction in specific crimes within the central business district also lowers the

aggregate crime levels for the whole city. Reduction in fear of crime and

provision of a reassuring presence were also considered to be the major benefits

of foot patrols by community representatives.

Democratic peace theory is probably the most powerful liberal

contribution to the debate on the causes of war and peace. In this paper I
7
Mugari, Ishmael (2018). Foot patrols and crime prevention in Harare Central Business District:
police officers’ perspectives Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 20(2),113-124.
https://doi.org/10.1057/s41300-017-0038-z

12
examine the causal logics that underpin the theory to determine whether they

offer compelling explanations for the finding of mutual democratic pacifism. I

find that they do not. Democracies do not reliably externalize their domestic

norms of conflict resolution and do not trust or respect one another when their

interests clash. Moreover, elected leaders are not especially accountable to peace

loving publics or pacific interest groups, democracies are not particularly slow to

mobilize or incapable of surprise attack, and open political competition does not

guarantee that a democracy will reveal private information about its level of

resolve thereby avoiding conflict. Since the evidence suggests that the logics do

not operate as stipulated by the theory's proponents, there are good reasons to

believe that while there is certainly peace among democracies, it may not be

caused by the democratic nature of those states8.

This book examines the implication of the multiple understandings of this

underdeveloped, but heavily contested concept from within the different

accounts of IR theory. IR theory is deployed in this study through fairly crude

representations using rubber unashamedly the orthodox approach of separating

IR theory into ‘great debates,’ and into separates theories of realism, idealism,

pluralism, liberalism, Marxism, critical theory, constructivism, and post-

structuralist approaches, as well as various connected or sub-discipline, such as

IPE, anthropology, sociology, or peace and conflict studies. It is clear that there is

8
Rosato, S. (2003). The flawed logic of democratic peace theory. American political science
review, 97(4), 585-602.

13
much is problematic with this Eurocentric approach, but it provides a

mechanism through which to view the implication for a concept of peace, and

the theorization, ontology, epistemology, and methodology, suggested by each.

This connection between theories, the way of being, the knowledge system, and

research methodologies they suggest allows for the possibility of evaluating each

theory in terms of the notions of peace the imply.

This is certainly not to dismiss the importance of mainstream IR, but to

caution against its representation as a ‘complete’ discipline, which it clearly is

not. Indeed, there is a serious question as to whether aspects of orthodox

approaches (by which I mean positivist debates from realism, liberalism, and

Marxism) to IR are anti-peace, sometimes purposively, and sometime carelessly.

War, competitions, trade, class, Euro-centricism, patriarchy, individualism,

extraction, and imperialism are their main engines. The three main orthodox

theories are often to offer determinist grand narratives: realism offer an elite and

negative inter-state peace based on inherency; liberalism offer a one-size-fits-all

progressive framework of mainly elite state and international governance with

little recognition of difference; and Marxism offers grass-roots emancipation

from determinist structure of the international political economy via violent state

and global revolution. Yet, as this study shows, in the context of peace, other

possible emerge.

This study is informed by an attempt to establish a broader,

interdisciplinary reading of peace and to embed this within IR. It is worth noting

14
that peace has preoccupied a broad range of thinkers, activist, politicians, and

other figures, in various ways often to do with an interest in, or critique of

violence, influence, power, and politics. These include to name but of few,

Thucydides, Hobbes, Machiavelli, Kant, Locke, Paine, Jefferson, John Stuart Mill,

Gandhi, Freud, Einstein, Lorenz, Mead, Arendt, Martin Luther King, Thoreau,

Foucault, Galtung, Boulding, Freire, Tolstoy, Camus and more. Many other

public figures, religious figures, cultural figures, politicians and officials, as well

as many obscured from Western post-Enlightenment though by their linguistic

or cultural difference, and also turn their hands to describing peace. 11 Yet, there

remains a surprising lack of an explicit debate on peace in IR theory

Crime prevention activities led by neighborhood associations are

common throughout Japan and exemplify the idea in environmental criminology

that communities can be kept safe by residents themselves. In this study, we

surveyed neighborhood associations in Kyoto to test a theoretical model for

social capital and community-based crime prevention that we developed as part

of our earlier work in Kobe. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) based on

survey data and police records for street crimes and residential burglary suggest

that specific efforts by community residents can enrich social capital and lead to

community safety and security both subjectively and objectively. Social capital

had a significant effect on the reduction of street crime, although not for

burglary, and our findings suggest that social capital reduces the fear of crime

and increases a sense well-being for families and seniors. Although these well-

15
being measures are subjective, emotional change is important in a context where

there is no association between actual crime rates and fear of crime. Our research

may offer practical insights for the development of universal methodologies that

can contribute to the prevention of crime and sense of security through

community empowerment9.

It is important to implement operative crime prevention strategies, there are

certain
points that need to be understood when a person is observing crime prevention
strategies.
These are, all the levels of the government should contribute a leadership role.
The
Government of the country as well as the states are required to contribute
towards the
prevention of crime by formulating proper rules and policies. The crime
prevention strategies
should be integrated in a cross-cutting manner, into a social, economic,
educational,
employment, health, housing, urban planning and justice. In all these areas, there
is
prevalence of crime, hence, prevention strategies are required to get incorporated
in a cross-
cutting manner. Strategies are required to be built upon cooperative partnerships
betwee
The prevalence of crime is common in all the societies, whether it is rural or
urban.
The individuals who get involved into criminal acts belong to various categories
such as, they
may be educated or uneducated, they may be wealthy or reside in destitute and
poverty
stricken conditions, they are engaged in different types of occupations such as,
white collar
jobs, blue collar jobs, minority jobs or they may be unemployed. They differ on
the basis of
family backgrounds, religious groups, caste, gender, ethnicity and socio-
economic

9
Crime prevention through community empowerment: An empirical study of social capital in
Kyoto, Japan – Science Direct

16
backgrounds. In most cases, people who get involved into criminal and violent
acts belong to
disadvantaged and marginalized sections of the society, they are not educated
enough and are
usually engaged in minority jobs. These individuals have only one main
objective, that is to
improve their financial positions and living conditions, in order to fulfil this
objective, they
usually get involved into criminal acts such as, stealing, robbery, theft and
burglary. There
have been formulation of crime prevention strategies, which have the main
objective to
prevent the occurrence of criminal acts. In this research paper, the following
areas that have
been taken into account are, models of crime prevention, development of crime
prevention
strategies, kinds of criminal acts, and crime prevention approaches. The primary
aspect that
leads to the prevention of crime is following the path of morality, virtue and
ethics by all the
individuals. The morals and values would enable a person to focus on the
achievement of his
life and career goals and abstain from conducting any kinds of criminal and
violent acts.
The prevalence of crime is common in all the societies, whether it is rural

or urban. The individuals who get involved into criminal acts belong to various

categories such as, they may be educated or uneducated, they may be wealthy or

reside in destitute and poverty-stricken conditions, they are engaged in different

types of occupations such as, white collar jobs, blue collar jobs, minority jobs or

they may be unemployed. They differ on the basis of family backgrounds,

religious groups, caste, gender, ethnicity and socio-economic backgrounds. In

most cases, people who get involved into criminal and violent acts belong to

disadvantaged and marginalized sections of the society, they are not educated

enough and are usually engaged in minority jobs. These individuals have only

17
one main objective, that is to improve their financial positions and living

conditions, in order to fulfil this objective, they usually get involved into criminal

acts such as, stealing, robbery, theft and burglary. There have been formulation

of crime prevention strategies, which have the main objective to prevent the

occurrence of criminal acts. In this research paper, the following areas that have

been taken into account are, models of crime prevention, development of crime

prevention strategies, kinds of criminal acts, and crime prevention approaches.

The primary aspect that leads to the prevention of crime is following the path of

morality, virtue and ethics by all the individuals. The morals and values would

enable a person to focus on the achievement of his life and career goals and

abstain from conducting any kinds of criminal and violent acts10.

It is important to implement operative crime prevention strategies, there

are certain points that need to be understood when a person is observing crime

prevention strategies. These are, all the levels of the government should

contribute a leadership role. The Government of the country as well as the states

are required to contribute towards the prevention of crime by formulating

proper rules and policies. The crime prevention strategies should be integrated in

a cross-cutting manner, into a social, economic, educational, employment, health,

housing, urban planning and justice. In all these areas, there is prevalence of

crime, hence, prevention strategies are required to get incorporated in a cross-

cutting manner. Strategies are required to be built upon cooperative partnerships

10
One approach to crime prevention was based on the concept of the crime prevention triangle:
desire, ability, and opportunity. According to Hallock (2001), as cited in Gubatan (2011)

18
between government institutions and ministries, community and non-

governmental organizations and the business sector and civil society 11.

Local

According to Redoble, Ramos, Vidal and Valdes (2018), it was observed

that many violations are committed due to lack of awareness on the legislation.

This truly shows the importance of disseminating new ordinances. The citizens

claimed that peace and order information dissemination is implemented only to

a moderate extent. Indeed, municipal councils are enacting various ordinances.

As chief executive, the chief of the barangay enforcers is the one who enforce all

laws and ordinances that exist within the barangay and are meant to preserve

public order. However, in practice, there are questions as to their

implementation, proper dissemination, and interest of the local leaders.

Additionally, the barangay residents also reported that the presence of

street lights to avoid crime during night time as peace and order program of

their area is only implemented to a moderate extent. As everyone knows,

lighting, street lighting, in particular, is one basic necessity for a peaceful, crime-

free environment. This is because a well-lit plays discourages the commission of

a crime (Manila Standard,2018).

In the same way, the residence also added that having provided a

handheld radio to all barangay officials is only implemented to a moderate

11
Shaw & Travers, 2007

19
extent. According to one of the barangay captains, one of their strategic approach

in maintaining peace and order is by proving handheld radios to all barangay

officials, Barangay Police Action Team (BPAT) as well as barangay workers to

ensure a steady flow of communication for reporting and quick response. The

presence of this gadget will surely help the enforcers to immediately report to

the concern agency any observations and untoward incidents.

Lastly, the barangay residents declared that the presence of an existing

community disturbance plan as a peace and order program is implemented only

to a moderate extent. Not realizing the fact that another factor which proves

useful in the successful prosecution of the various programs of the Government,

is the involvement of the citizen through the “barangay”, or community in the

campaign against lawlessness, criminality, and other forms of civil disturbances

(Fifth United Congress,1975)12.

Likewise, the barangay should have a working and quality

administrative structure, and frameworks for implementation (Redoble, Ramos,

Vidal, and Valdes,2018), and conduct of planning for the development of their

programs (Mina,2019). The residents also added that the continuation of the

rationalize development of “Pulis sa Baranagay” to strengthen and compliment

the security measures being implemented by the barangays and the mobilization

of barangay enforcers per barangay to augment PNP personnel “Pulis sa

Barangay” for the conduct of Oplan Sita to prevent motorcycle-riding criminals

12
(Fifth United Congress,1975)
20
in executing their plans or both implemented to a moderate extent. The “Pulis sa

Barangay” program was implemented in 2011 as embodied in “BAYANIHAN”

or the barangay peace keeping operations (BPO) which mandates the

organization of Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team (BPAT) As force multipliers

and this program is under the direct supervision of the Philippine National

Police (PNP) in close coordination with barangay officials (Palo,2019).

Chapter 4, Section 391, No. 16, of the Local Government Code 13, mandates

the Sangguniang Barangay, as the legislative body of the barangay, to provide

for the organization of a community brigade, barangay tanod, or community

service unit as may be necessary.

Section 393 (d) of Chapter 4 further states that all duly appointed

members of the barangay tanod brigades or their equivalent, which number shall

not exceed twenty (20) in each barangay, shall be granted insurance or other

benefits during their tenure, chargeable to the barangay of the city or municipal

government to which the barangay belongs.

As a result, the barangay tanod brigade is crucial to crime prevention in

the barangay. It is one of the implementation mechanisms of the Barangay Peace

and Order Committee (BPOC), whose primary responsibility is to keep the

13
Vestil, Justin Anjuli K; Nilda Gallo; and Hayde Quiñanola (June 18, 2008). "Tanods use illegal
guns". Cebu Daily News. Retrieved November 6, 2012.

21
barangay peaceful and orderly. Is it effective to employ barangay tanods in the

vicinity of a barangay to instill crime prevention?

A barangay tanod, also known as a barangay police officer and sometimes

as a BPSO (Barangay Public Safety Officer), is the lowest level of law enforcement

officer in the Philippines. He is a watchman for a barangay who is supervised by

the barangay captain and performs a variety of police functions. Tanods are

front-liners in the preparation and response to any type of atrocities, or public

disorders.

While they work with the Philippine National Police (PNP), they are not

part of the PNP. They do not have the same authority as police officers. Tanods,

on the other hand, supplement the police and fulfill "certain functions which the

police force cannot immediately discharge, particularly with respect to the

implementation of national and local laws within barangays," according to the

Local Government Code of the Philippines. The Department of Interior and Local

Government provides training and a more detailed definition of duties. 14

Tanods may also either be unarmed or armed with simply a baton or

a bolo knife, the latter a type of machete. They are not officially armed with guns,

though some do carry arms. Those who do carry a gun may have obtained a

14
Austria-Cruz, M. C. Performance of Barangay Police Security Officer (BPSO) or Tanod in
Maintaining Peace and Order. International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences (IJELS),
36.

22
private license as a private citizen and not as part of their official tanod duties;

others carrying firearms while on duty may be deemed as doing so illegally.

While often described as volunteers, tanods may be receiving some

payment and other benefits [2] paid out of the barangay's, municipality's, or city's

funds, most of which would come from the Internal Revenue

Allotment supplemented by other sources. Tanods in different parts of the

country may be receiving different pay rates and benefits, being dependent on

the wealth as well as needs of their local communities. In Cebu City, the city

government permits each barangay to pay a tanod an "honorarium" of

4,000 pesos per month. In other places, tanods only receive 300 pesos per month.

In 2004, there were over 700,000 tanods. (There are about 140,000

personnel of the Philippine National Police.) The number of tanods per barangay

varies, however, from city to city or from municipality to municipality. The city

of Cebu authorizes each barangay to hire up to 20 tanods. In 2011, the city

of Baguio, with a population of approximately 325,000, had 392 tanods across 88

barangays, or an average of 4.5 per barangay. In Cagayan de Oro, there are 950

tanods across 56 barangays, or about an average of 17 per barangay. In the

province of Southern Leyte, there were 3,452 tanods as of 2012.

The Barangay Initiated Ronda System is an offshoot of Presidential Decree

No. 1232, which authorizes the formation of community groups as effective

vehicles for organized community participation in crime prevention. Barangay

23
officials organize the aforementioned groups. The Ronda System, which is run by

the Barangay Security and Development Officers or Barangay Tanods, is the

most common community-based crime prevention program implemented by the

Barangay Council (Village Watchmen). According to the interviews, Ronda was

implemented in 1972 and is still in use today.

The barangay tanod brigade is critical to the development and progress of

the barangay. It is one of the implementing mechanisms of the Barangay Peace

and Order Committee (BPOC), whose primary responsibility is to maintain peace

and order in the barangay. Peace and order in local communities translate into a

sense of shared security among citizens. People who feel secure are more likely to

participate in community activities aimed at improving the livelihood and well-

being of all. In this sense, maintaining peace and order is part of laying the

groundwork for genuine, community-based development.

B. Related Studies

Foreign

According to Jerry H Ratcliffe, Evan T Sorg Springer,(2017) 15, generations

of police officers have performed foot patrols. In previous lives, both of your

current authors walked beats across the pond from one another. From the
15
Ratchliffe, J. H. & Sorg Springer E. T (2017). Foot patrol: rethinking the cornerstone of policing
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=according%20to%20jerry%20H.
%20ratcliffe%20evan%20t%20sorg%20springer
%202017&btnG=&fbclid=IwAR0fGAgPx1VbYQkEewmRmtGisILFr8wi4jruu3MNAyvTwFzj3YEwlftt8v0 -
d=gs_qabs&u=%23p%3DEEsjIGVQG6AJ

24
American colonists who patrolled in the night watch to the millennials walking

beats today, foot patrolling has remained a cornerstone of policing. Despite the

enduring nature of its practice, the rationale underlying police foot patrols, and

indeed the mission of foot patrol officers, has not been static. More recently in

Philadelphia, police administrators have rediscovered Peel’s original mission,

but with greater geographic focus fueled by digital technology and grounded in

academic research and theorizing that has emerged since the formation of Peel’s

Metropolitan Police. Partly as a result of the work in Philadelphia (described in

greater detail in the next chapter), departments around the world have begun to

reimagine how police foot patrols might fit into their organizational strategies

and support their organizational mission.

In 2006, new resources were allocated to the police in order to contribute

to greater visibility, more planned crime prevention work and higher detection

rate. Based on this, the Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention (Brå) 16

has been commissioned by the Government to analyze the police’s work. In a

first report 17(Brå 2013:12), we described how the approximately 2,500 new police

officers must be seen as a relatively limited investment in practice. Based on the

various measurements available, we also described how the extra resources have

been distributed among different units and how the result of the work has
16
http://www.unafei.or.jp/english/pdf/RS_No68/No68_13VE_Leones1.pdf

17

25
developed. The report also reveals that the police’s crime prevention work has

become more extensive and more structured since 2006, but that there are

shortcomings in quality, for example in terms of how initiatives are planned and

followed up.

This study was initiated by Brå. It not only highlights the Government’s

investment in the police; it is also intended to provide the decision-makers with a

picture of how police officers perceive the current crime prevention work and

which factors they feel prevent/promote positive development of this work. It

thus becomes a complement to the first report on the investment in more police

officers – and to previous studies. The study is based on the perceptions and

opinions of the crime prevention work obtained from a large group of police

officers. In two separate surveys, almost 350 local police chiefs and officers on

patrol duty,10 among others, answered the question concerning which problems

they feel are the biggest and where they feel there is room for improvement. The

survey for officers on patrol duty was sent out to three police authorities, and the

survey for local police chiefs was conducted on a national scale. These two

surveys constitute a limited foundation for the report and cannot provide a full

picture of the police’s crime prevention work, especially seeing as one of the

surveys – the one for officers on patrol duty – only looks at three authorities and

has a high nonresponse rate. Despite these limitations, however, we believe that

the study – in combination with previous studies – provides valuable insight into

how the studied groups within the police force perceive the crime prevention

26
work. In tandem with this study, a report is presented concerning the police’s

investigations of volume crime (Brå 2013:20). The report is based on surveys,

participant observations and interviews conducted primarily in four counties.

Local

In the study of Police Colonel Edward Guzman, deputy regional director

for operations, presented that Cagayan province has the highest crime incidents

with 1,462; followed by Isabela with 1,173; Nueva Vizcaya with 493; Santiago

City with 230; Quirino with 35, while Batanes had 4 recorded cases. He also said

that there were 186 index crimes, in which rape cases registered as the highest

under crimes against persons with 59, or 31.72 percent of the total, followed by

murder with 33, or 17.74 percent, physical injury with 24, or 12.90 percent, and

homicide with nine, or 4.85 percent. On crimes against property, there were 32

cases of theft, or 17.20 percent of the total, and 17 robbery cases, or 9.14 percent.

There were also 11 motorcycle and one vehicle carnapping cases recorded. 

Guzman further said that even the non-index crimes have also decreased by

31.67 percent, from 3,676 in the same period of last year, to 2,574. 

"However, special laws which include protocols on COVID-19 remain to

be the highest contributor in our incident reports, covering 97.14 percent. This

means that there are still many violators of the [health and safety] protocols set

by the government," Guzman said. He said that the decrease in the number of

27
criminal cases is attributed to the strengthened surveillance and monitoring of

police officers in the different municipalities, as well as the cooperation of the

locals and officials18.

According to Aydinan, J.J.B., & Ayeo-eo, S.P(2020)19 in his he mentioned that it

is a long line that it is important to craft a peacekeeping concept appropriate to

the particular situation of peace and order in the barangay. Realizing the

significance of barangay peace and order programs, it has shown that majority of

the barangay peace and order programs are implemented only to a moderate

extent based on the experience of the citizens. Thus, it is recommended that the

barangay officials together with all the concerned personnel including the chief

of the barangay enforcers, the barangay forces, and barangay workers shall work

altogether to strengthen the peace and order programs in the barangay. This

shall be done with careful planning and well-defined strategies within the

smallest political unit in the Philippines, the barangay level.

In the study of Pascua, et al (2020) 20, on “The Extent of Participation of the

Barangay Police in Crime Prevention in Tuao, Cagayan”. The researchers only

considered selected barangays in the municipality of Tuao due to strain in

transportation and terrain factor. The researchers considered ten barangays with

18
Researches of Police Colonel Edward Guzman, deputy regional director for operations,
presented that Cagayan province
19
Aydinan, J.J.B. & Ayeo-eo, S.P(2020). Implementation of Barangay Peace and
Order Programs: A Situational Analysis
20
Pascua, et al (2020), “The extent of participation of the barangay police in
crime prevention in Tuao, Cagayan”
28
the cooperation of 70 barangay police which were taken in a total enumeration

and 250 residents from the youth, senior citizen, professional, business and

farmer groups with a general total of 320 respondents. The descriptive-

correlational research design was used to assess the variables needed in the

conduct of the study. This method involved the collection of data in order to

achieve the objective regarding the extent of participation of barangay police in

terms of crime prevention. Moreover, descriptive-qualitative was utilized to

determine the most participated and the least participated by the respondents.

The researcher used the following statistical instrument: frequency count and

percentage to assess the profile of the respondents, weighted mean was used to

assessed the extent of participation of the barangay police in crime prevention in

Tuao, Cagayan., Pearson-r was used to test the difference and T-test was also

used to assessed the two-groups of respondents. Based on their study, it can be

said that the barangay police are indeed doing their job well, most especially in

maintaining and sustaining peace and order in their respective barangays. It is

assured that crimes are prevented, since they make sure that they participate to

their duties and attend to their responsibilities as officers. Thus, Tuao East is a

Municipality that assures a safe place to live in for its people in the community.

29
 In the study of Cruz (2020)21 entitled “Performance of Barangay Police

Security Officer (BPSO) or Tanod in Maintaining Peace and Order” conducted in

selected barangays of Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija, which was anchored on the

duties and responsibilities that are provided under the Memorandum Circular

2003-42 with the subject “Guidelines on Professionalizing the Barangay Tanod.

The descriptive method of research was used in the conduct of this study, and

the used of questionnaire checklist. The study aimed to assess the performance of

duties and responsibilities of barangay security police officers. Barangay officials,

barangay police or tanod and other constituents participated in the study. Data

collected by means of respondents’ demographic profile, performance question

assessed by their duties and responsibilities. Employing a descriptive-correlated

design, significant difference was being explored. Interviews with experienced

law enforcers like police personnel and people with reputation were conducted

to support and validate findings. Recommendations on enhancing training

programs for them to efficiently discharge their duties and responsibilities and

amendments to honorarium were proposed to compensate the risk and sacrifices

of barangay tanods in their service. This study was anchored on the duties and

responsibilities that are provided under the Memorandum Circular 2003-42 with

the subject “Guidelines on Professionalizing the Barangay Tanod”.

21
Mary Chris Austria-Cruz. Performance of Barangay Police Security Officer
(BPSO) OR Tanod in Maintaining Peace and Order”(2020) Nueva ecija
University Of Science and Technology, Philippines.
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.51.7
30
 Additionally, in the study of Sumad-on (2020) 22 on the ‘’Effectiveness of

Barangay Tanod in Crime Prevention in Central Region of Angadanan, Isabela’’.

The research was carried out within Angadanan, Isabela’s central area, namely

Barangay Centro I, II AND III. It is bounded by Cauayan City on the north,

Benito Soliven and San Guillermo on the east, Echague on the south and Alicia

on the west. Crime prevention process emanates from the local form of the

government to ensure the safety of all its constituents whom the barangay tanod

has the biggest role within the barangay. The study made a Qualitative-

descriptive research and purposive sampling technique with the used of

questionnaire as a tool in gathering the data from 34 Barangay Tanods and 30

Barangay Officials within the Central Region of Angadanan, Isabela. The

researcher used the following statistical instruments: simple frequency,

percentage, weighted mean, chi-square, and t-test. Results of the study showed

that the barangay tanod are moderately effective in preventing crime because of

improper routine of duties and functions like conduct patrol or ronda, conduct

surveillance to surreptitious person, and detection of hazard in different

establishments and to include lack of sufficient orientation. majority of the

respondent belong to age range 36 -40 years old, male, married, vocational

graduates and have 10-12 years of experience as Barangay Tanod. It also reveals

22
Sumad-on (2020). Effectiveness of Barangay Tanod in Crime Prevention in Central Region of
Angadanan, Isabela
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=sumad%20on
%202020&btnG=&fbclid=IwAR0dZiC1HaYKJenv-
LNggrkHc3vcQy_7EOc0r0Mol8RParPl2qtxJkIQAIs d=gs_qabs&u=%23p%3DC4cpWJQ7z38J

31
that the Barangay Tanods encountered serious problems in crime prevention in

the following aspects: lack of vehicle when conducting patrol, insufficient

training like self-defense techniques, and insufficient equipment like baton,

handcuff and other equipment for crime prevention.

In the study of Dican, et al (2018), “Police visibility: its influence to the

maintenance of peace and order in Baggao, Cagayan.” secure adequate and

reliable data. The researcher used the descriptive method of investigation to

secure adequate and reliable data. The primary respondents of the study are the

Police Officers, while the secondary respondents are the Barangay officials, and

sample residents of 5 barangays in Baggao, Cagayan who are selected for the

year 2017-2018. Police officers and barangay officials are selected using total

enumeration, while the residents are selected using sample techniques.

Researchers utilized the used of questionnaires in the form of checklist type to

gather data of this study. The data was treated with the use of simple frequency

count percentage and weighted mean. Furthermore, Pearson-r and annova were

used to determine the difference among the assessment of the three groups of

respondents. Based on their study, problems encountered in the maintenance of

peace and order are lack of cooperation between the community, government,

state administration and the police. Proactive problem-solving and prevention.

Involvement in the campaign against crime and violence. Complete elimination

of the problem. Reduction in the number caused by the problem. Reduction of

32
the gravity, that is, the harmfulness of the consequences of the incidents caused

by the problem. Creating methods for better incident management.

In the study of Guadamor et al (2017)23 on CRIME MAPPING IN THE

PROVINCE OF CAGAYAN, it was stated that ever since maps have been

available that depict the geographic features of communities, such as streets and

city boundaries, police departments have used such maps to determine patrol

areas and emergency routes as well as to assist patrol officers in finding specific

addresses. Police departments have also mapped crime, a process that, until

recently, involved the manual placement of pins on hand-drawn wall maps. The

emergence of computerized crime mapping as a tool for conducting crime

analysis begins with an introduction to key terms and then describes basic

concepts before presenting a history of crime mapping and information on the

field’s current status and career paths. This research aimed to determine the

different crimes committed in Cagayan province from 2014 to 2015. From the

findings of the study, the researchers came up with the conclusion that the

volume of index and non-index crimes is greater in congested areas and thickly

populated municipality thereby recommend that police visibility is should be in

place to prevent the would-be criminals to commit crimes.

23
Guadamor et al (2017). Crime Mapping in the Province of Cagayan
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=guadamor%20crime
%20mapping&btnG=&fbclid=IwAR1KQOK80QWVlvtfvr5bN4X1yqEXCCTn3YdQLAhRh601m
xexmaUjbVuIaIY - d=gs_qabs&u=%23p%3DxsYeBNPobnwJ

33
 This study determined the implementation of the peace and order

programs with the leadership styles of barangay captains in General Santos City,

Philippines in terms of their vision and mission, barangay plans, policies and

programs. It also includes the effects of the implementation of peace and order

programs in their respective jurisdiction. It was found that the level of

implementation of its programs is effective and the leadership styles was found

to be democratic.

Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions are hereby

presented: 1. The two groups of respondents, the community leaders and the

employees perceived that the level of implementation which includes barangay

mission and vision, and plans, programs and policies is effective. 2. The

leadership styles of the barangay captains in the implementation of the peace

and order programs in the barangays of General Santos City, Philippines was

found to be democratic24.

Jeffrey De Asis Et Al 25, they cited in their study the Effectiveness of the

Barangay Tanods on the Maintenance of Peace & Order in the Municipality of

Bayambang. Specifically, this study sought to determine the profile of the

respondents in terms of age, sex, civil status, highest educational attainment,

monthly family income, number of trainings attended and years of experience as

Barangay Tanods; the level of effectiveness by the Barangay Tanods on the

Maintenance of Peace & Order in their localities as percieved by: the Barangay
24
https://ijisrt.com/assets/upload/files/IJISRT21JAN555.pdf
25
Jeffrey De Asis Et Al /245-Article%20Text-656-1-10-20220903%20(1).pdf

34
Tanods; and constituents; and the problems encountered by the Barangay

Tanods in maintaning Peace & Order on the respective localities as perceived by;

the Barangay Tanods; and Constituents. To ascertain the degree of efficiency of

Barangay Tanods on the Maintenance of Peace & Order in the Municipality of

Bayambang, the researchers used the descriptive approach with the

questionnaire as the primary data collection tool. The researcher further believes

that the respondents are very effective at carrying out their duties and

obligations based on the data they collected and examined. The respondents

further claimed that they are very effective in their capacity as first responders.

They also asserted that their patrolling and hazard recognition tasks are quite

effective

CHAPTER III

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

This chapter presents the methodology used in the study. It includes the

discussion of the following: research design, description and selection of

respondents, data gathering procedure, instruments used, and the statistical

treatment of data.

Research Design

35
 A descriptive survey was used in the study. A descriptive survey

according to Fraenkel and Wallen 26 , describes a given state of affairs as fully and

carefully as possible, it summarizes the characteristics of individuals or groups

or the physical environment. This methodology is most appropriate since this

study assessed the Effectiveness of barangay tanod on the maintenance of

peace and order in barangay Baligatan, City of Ilagan.

Selection and Description of Respondents

There were two hundred seventy-five (275) respondents in this study,

who were randomly selected among the residents of the barangays of Baligatan

in the City of Ilagan. The types of respondents in this study were from the

different puroks of the barangay or community residents.

Locale of the Study

This study was conducted at barangay Baligatan, City of Ilagan, Isabela, to

determine the effectiveness of barangay tanod on the maintenance of peace and

order implemented by barangay officials.

Data Gathering Instruments

26
Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in
education.

36
 The items related to the duties and responsibilities of barangay police as

embodied in Republic Act No. 7160, or the Local Government Code of 1991 and

DILG Memorandum Circular 2003-42 were found pertinent and relevant in this

study. To some extent, the researchers modified the items to capture its essence

in this study. The questionnaire used with regard to the Effectiveness of

barangay tanod on the maintenance of peace and order in barangay Baligatan,

City of Ilagan consists of two parts. The first part contains the profiles of the

respondents as to their age, gender, civil status, highest educational attainment,

and occupation and the second part contains the perceived level of the

respondent’s views on the effectiveness of the barangay tanod in maintaining

peace and order in terms of: Conduct of patrolling and traffic, Community

Relations and Maintenance of peace and order.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers secured first permission to conduct the study from their

Research Adviser, which was duly approved by the Dean of the College of

Criminal Justice Education, Criminology Department. The researchers also

sought permission from the barangay captain of the barangay of Baligatan in the

City of Ilagan. Upon approval, the researchers immediately and personally

floated the questionnaire to ensure 100% retrieval. Furthermore, the researchers

utilized close monitoring during the administration of the questionnaire to

ensure clarification on issues deemed extremely technical by the respondents.

37
 The researchers first organized the data gathered after retrieval according

to its classification. The researchers immediately set-up tables for data entries,

which made the work organized and easy to understand.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The data gathered in this study were treated using the following

statistical tools:

1. To determine the demographic profile of the respondents Frequency

and Percentage Count was used, by using the following formula:

P= X 100%

Where:

38
 P = Percentage Count

f = Frequency

N = Number of Cases

100 % = Constant

2. Weighted Mean. This was used to determine the Effectiveness of

barangay tanod on the maintenance of peace and order in barangay

Baligatan, city of Ilagan, Isabela, with the following formula:

wf

WAM =

Where:

WAM = weighted arithmetic mean

W = weight

F = frequency

N = number of respondents

3. To test for a significant difference in the perception of respondents

about the different factors affecting the barayag tanod in maintaining

39
 peace and order when they are grouped according to their

demographic profile using an ANOVA, F- test. This was accomplished

through the use of a computer-aided statistic, the concept of ANOVA,

and the F-test at a level of significance Alpha of 0.05. 

4. The hypothesis was tested using a computer aided statistic applying

the concept of Chi-square C – test at 0.05 level of significance. 

Data Analysis Procedure

The four-point Likert scale was used by the researchers to measure the

Effectiveness of barangay tanod on the maintenance of peace and order in

barangay Baligatan, city of Ilagan, Isabela .

The data gathered were interpreted using the following scale with its

corresponding descriptive remark:

Numerical value Scale Descriptive Remarks

4 3.25-4 Well-Participated

3 2.5-3.24 Participated

2 1.75-2.49 Sometimes Participated

40
1 1.00-1.74 Not Participated

Chapter 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the data gathered, which were taken from the

survey conducted among the respondents, who are residents of different puroks

of barangay Baligatan in the City of Ilagan. The subsequent discussion presents

the findings of the study, including the analysis and interpretation of the data

gathered.

Problem 1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents?

Table 1

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of

Community Respondents According to Age

41
 AGE BRACKET FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

21-25 yrs 50 18.18%

26-30 yrs 44 16%

31-35 yrs 42 15.27%

36-40 yrs 22 8%

41-45 yrs 41 14.90%

46-50 yrs 36 13.10%

51 yrs and above 40 14.55%

TOTAL 275 100%

Table 1 presents the frequency and percentage distributions of community

respondents according to age.

The table reflects that most of the respondents are in the age bracket of 20–

25 with a frequency count of 50 or 18.18%, followed by the age bracket of 26–30

with a frequency count of 44 or 16%, the age bracket of 31–35 with a frequency

count of 42 or 15.27%, the age bracket of 41–45 with a frequency count of 41 or

14.90%, the age bracket of 51 years and above with a frequency count of 40 or

14.55%, the age bracket of 46–50 with a frequency count of 36 or 13.10%, and the

age bracket of 36–40 with a frequency count of 22 or 8%.

42
 This finding indicates that the respondents are generally of mature age,

which makes them capable of giving valid information in the areas subject to this

study.

Table 2

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the

Community Respondents According to Gender
GENDER FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

MALE 136 49.45%

FEMALE 139 50.55%

TOTAL 275 100%

Table 2 presents the frequency and percentage distributions of community

respondents according to gender.

43
 As can be gleaned from the table, the majority of the respondents are

female, with a frequency distribution of 139, or 50.55%, while male respondents

have a frequency distribution of 136, or 49.45%.

This means that male residents in the study were in their work place at the

time of the survey.

Table 3

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of

Community Respondents According to Civil Status

CIVIL STATUS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

SINGLE 77 28%

MARRIED 182 66.18%

WIDOW 16 5.82%

TOTAL 275 100%

44
 Table 3 presents the frequency and percentage distributions of community

respondents according to civil status.

As shown in the table, the majority of the respondents are married with a

frequency count of 182, or 66.18%, followed by singles with a frequency count of

77, or 28%, and the least is a widow with a frequency count of 16, or 5.82%.

With the provided information, it can be considered that respondents,

regardless of their status, may extend similar valid perception on the areas

subject of the study.

Table 4

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of

Community Respondents According to Educational Attainment

EDUCATIONAL FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

ATTAINMENT

College Graduate 141 51.27%

Vocational graduate 32 11.64%

High school Graduate 92 33.45%

45
 Elementary Graduate 10 3.64%

TOTAL 275 100%

Table 4 presents the frequency and percentage distributions of community

respondents according to educational attainment.

According to the table, college graduates have a higher frequency count of

141, or 51.27%, followed by high school graduates with a frequency count of 92,

or 33.45%, vocational graduates with a frequency count of 32, or 11.64%, and

elementary graduates with a frequency count of 10 or 3.64%.

This implies that the respondents are intellectually capable of

comprehending the aspects involved in this study.

Table 5
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Community Respondents
According to Occupation
Occupation Frequency Percent
Farmer 1 .4
Housewife 9 3.3
N/A 31 11.3
Others 1 .4
Private Employee 75 27.3
Public Employee 74 26.9
Self Employed 81 29.5
Tricycle Driver 1 .4
Vendor 2 .7

46
 Total 275 100.0
Table 5 presents the frequency and percentage distributions of community

respondents according to occupation.

The table shows that most of the respondents in this study are self-

employed, with a frequency count of 81, or 29.5%, followed by private

employees with a frequency count of 75, or 27.3%, public employee with a

frequency of 74 or 26.9%, while none employee are with frequency of 31 or

11.3%, house wife with a frequency of 9 or 3.3%, vendors with frequency of 2

or .7% and farmer, tricycle driver and others with frequency and percentage of 1

or .4, respectively.

This means that the majority of respondents are self-employed, which

suggests they may be roving the barangay in search of a short-term work as they

observe barangay tanod fulfilling their duties and obligations to uphold peace

and order.

Table 6
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of
Community Respondents According to Purok

Purok Frequency Percent

1-A 27 9.8
1-B 33 12.0
2 19 6.9
3 30 10.9
4 26 9.5
5 63 22.9
6 77 28.0
Total 275 100.0

47
 Table 6 presents the frequency and percentage distributions of community

respondents according to purok.

The table reflects that most of the respondents in this study are from

purok 6 with a frequency and percentage of 77 and 28.0%, followed by purok 5

with a frequency and percentage of 63 and 22.9%, purok 1B with a frequency of

33 or 12.0 percent, purok 3 with a frequency and percentage of 30 and 10.9

percent, purok 1A with a frequency and percentage of 27 and 9.8 percent, purok

4 with a frequency and percentage of 26 and 9.5 percent, and lastly, purok 2 with

a frequency and percentage of 19 and 6.9 percent, respectively.

It is reasonable to assume that Purok 6 has the highest population density

in the study area. 

Table 7
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of
Community Respondents According to Number of Family Members

BRACKET NO. OF FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

FAMILY MEMBERS

1-5 187 68%

6-10 82 29.82%

11- above 6 2.18%

48
 TOTAL 275 100

Table 7 presents the frequency and percentage distributions of community

respondents according to number of family members.

The table reflects that most of the respondents, as measured by the

number of family members, are in brackets 1 to 5, with a frequency and

percentage of 187 and 68 percent, followed by family members in brackets 6 to

10, with a frequency and percentage of 82 and 29.82 percent, while brackets 11

and above have a frequency and percentage of 6 and 2.18 percent, respectively.

It can be assumed that the heads of the family are most prepared to have

at least 2 to 3 children due to economic constraints and also presumably to

provide a better life and education for their children.

Table 8
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Community
Respondents According to Number of Residency

BRACKET NUMBER FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

OF YEARS AS A

RESIDENT

1-10 44 16%

11-20 85 30.91%

49
 21-30 87 31.64%

31- above 59 21.45%

TOTAL 275 100

Table 8 presents the frequency and percentage distributions of community

respondents according to the number of years as residents in the barangay.

The table shows that the majority of the respondents are residents of the

barangay, with brackets 21 to 30 years as residents with a frequency and

percentage of 87 and 31.64 percent, followed by brackets 11 to 20 years as

residents with a frequency and percentage of 85 and 30.91 percent, brackets 31

and above years as residents with a frequency and percentage of 59 and 21.45

percent, and brackets 1 to 10 years as residents with a frequency and percentage

of 44 and 16 percent, respectively.

Problem 2. What is the extent of participation of the barangay tanods in the

maintenance of peace and order as assessed by the community residents?

Table 9

Mean Responses and Description of the Respondents on the Effectiveness of

Maintaining Peace and Order in Terms of Conducting Patrol and Traffic

50
 Conduct of patrolling and traffic WEIGHTE QUALITATIVE
D MEAN DISCRIPTIVE

1. Conducts 24 hours patrol/ronda 3.27 Well-Participated

especially in crime prone areas.
2. Carry weapons/equipment in 3.10 Participated
times of patrol/ronda
3. Coordinates with Barangay 3.22 Participated
Officials in conducting
patrol/ronda.
4. Coordinates with the police in 3.24 Participated
maintaining smooth flow of
traffics.
5. Helps to reduce traffic during 3.25 Well-Participated
fiesta, internment, parade,
seminars, activities or events in
the Barangay.
AVERAGE WEIGHTED MEAN 3.22 Participated

Table 9 shows the mean responses and descriptions of the respondents on

the effectiveness of maintaining peace and order in terms of conducting patrol

and traffic.

As can be seen in the table, the respondents rated "well participated" on

items 1 and 5, which require 24-hour patrol, especially in crime prone areas.

helps reduce traffic during fiestas, internments, parades, seminars, or other

activities or events in the barangay, and items 2, 3, and 4 carry weapons or

51
equipment in times of patrol or ronda. Coordinates with barangay officials in

conducting patrols or rondas. Coordinates with the police in maintaining a

smooth flow of traffic are rated as "participated" respectively.

It can be surmised that the respondents perceived the effectiveness of

maintaining peace and order in terms of conducting patrol and traffic with an

overall weighed average mean of 3.22, or with a qualitative description of

"participated" in general. This means that conducting patrol and traffic as duties

and responsibilities of the barangay tanod are very important and effective in

maintaining peace and order.

Table 10

Mean Responses and Description of the Respondents on the Effectiveness of

Maintaining Peace and Order in Terms of Community Relation

Community Relation WEIGHTED QUALITATIVE

MEAN DISCRIPTIVE

1. Does the Barangay Tanods visits 3.29 Well-Participated

houses and place of works?
2. Does the Barangay Tanods 3.15 Participated
propagate in maintaining

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 cleanliness in the Barangay?
3. Does the Barangay Tanods observes 3.13 Participated
suspicious places and activities?
4. Does the Barangay Tanods assist the 3.24 Participated
police and the lupong
tagapamayapa in the execution of
warrants and other judicial
processes such as tracking the
whereabouts of missing persons, in
arresting escaped prisoners and
other fugitives from justice, and in
the recovery of stolen properties?
5. Does the Barangay Tanods helps in 3.32 Well-Participated
delivering assistance to the
community especially when in
times of disasters or calamities?
AVERAGE WEIGHTED MEAN 3.23 Participated

Table 10 shows the mean responses and descriptions of the respondents

on the effectiveness of maintaining peace and order in terms of community

relations.

The table reflects that the respondents rated "well participated" on items

1 and 5. Do the barangay tanods visit houses and places of work? Do the

barangay tanods help in delivering assistance to the community, especially in

times of disasters or calamities? The items 2, 3, and 4, which ask whether the

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Barangay Tanods propagate in maintaining cleanliness in the Barangay, do they

observe suspicious places and activities, and do they assist the police and the

Lupong Tagapamayapa in the execution of warrants and other judicial processes

such as tracking the whereabouts of missing persons, arresting escaped prisoners

and other fugitives from justice, and in the recovery of stolen properties, are

rated as "participated" by the respondents.

The result disclosed that the responses and descriptions of respondent

perceptions on the effectiveness of maintaining peace and order in terms of

community relations were rated with a general weighted mean of 3.23, or with a

qualitative description of "participated’’ in general. This means that close

coordination and communication through the community relations of the

barangay officials and tanod to monitor issues and concerns, problems of

residents, are very important and effective in maintaining peace and order.

Table 11

Mean Responses and Description of the Respondents on the Effectiveness of

Maintaining Peace and Order in Terms of Monitoring Illegal Activities

Monitoring Illegal Activities WEIGHTED QUALITATIVE

MEAN DISCRIPTIVE
1. Provide monitor on 24 hours’ 3.20 Participated
basis in the area.

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 2. Coordinates with the barangay 3.25 Well-Participated
officials in the prevention of
crime and the promotion of
public safety.
3. Implements techniques and 3.20 Participated
programs in unusual incidents.
4. Properly reports any lawless 3.19 Participated
activities to the proper
authorities.
5. Detect all forms of fire hazards 3.23 Participated
and other public safety hazards /
violations and to institute
corrective measure with their
capability.
AVERAGE WEIGHTED MEAN 3.21 Participated

Table 11 shows the mean responses and descriptions of the respondents

on the effectiveness of maintaining peace and order in terms of monitoring illegal

activities.

It can be gleaned from the table that on Item 2, coordination with the

barangay officials in the prevention of crime and the promotion of public safety

were assessed by the respondents with an average weighted mean of 3.25, or

with a qualitative description of "well participated". On the other hand, the

respondents were rated "participated" on the following items: 1, 3, 4, and 5, the

barabgay tanod provides monitoring on a 24 hour basis in the area. Implements

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techniques and programs in unusual incidents, properly reports any lawless

activities to the proper authorities, and detects all forms of fire hazards and other

public safety hazards or violations and institutes corrective measures with their

capability.

The table also reveals that the perceived effectiveness of maintaining

peace and order in terms of monitoring illegal activities was rated with an

overall weighted mean of 3.21. or with a quantitative description of

"participated''. It implies that monitoring illegal activities as duties and

responsibilities of the barangay tanod is an effective strategy for maintaining

peace and order.

Problem 3

Is there a significant relationship between the profile variables of the

residence respondents and their assessment of the Barangay Tanods extent of
participation in the maintenance of peace and order?

Table 12
Significant Relationship Between the Profile Variables of the
Residence Respondents and Their Assessment of the
Barangay Tanods Extent of Participation in the Maintenance of Peace and
Order
As to Probability Decision Remark

Ho is There is no significant
Age .090
Accepted Relationship

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 Ho is There is no significant
Gender .398
Accepted Relationship

Ho is There is no significant
Civil Status .294
Accepted Relationship

Educational Ho is There is no significant

.462
Attainment Accepted Relationship

Ho is There is significant
Occupation .029
Rejected Relationship

Ho is There is significant
Purok .000
Rejected Relationship

No of Years as a Ho is There is no significant

1.00
Resident Accepted Relationship

No. of Family Ho is There is no significant

.912
Members Accepted Relationship

Table 11 shows the significant relationship between the profile variables of

the residence respondents and their assessment of the Barangay Tanods extent of

participation in the maintenance of peace and order using Chi-square C – test at

0.05 level of significance.

As revealed in the table, the probability values for the profile Age, gender,

civil status. Educational attainment, No of Years as a Resident and No. of Family

Members were greater than 0.05. The null hypothesis was accepted. There is no

significant relationship between the profile variables age, gender, civil status.

Educational attainment, no. of years as a resident and no. of family member of

57
the residence respondents and their assessment of the Barangay Tanods extent of

participation in the maintenance of peace and order.

For the occupation and purok, the probability values were less than and

equal to 0.05. The null hypothesis was rejected. There is significant relationship

between the profile variables occupation and purok they lived at and their

assessment of the Barangay Tanods extent of participation in the maintenance of

peace and order.

Results indicate that assessment of the Barangay Tanods extent of

participation in the maintenance of peace and order as perceived by the

respondents are not influenced by the age, gender, civil status. Educational

attainment, no. of years as a resident and no. of family members of the residence

respondents; however, it is affected by their occupation and purok.

This means that the peace and order council of the barangay needs to

improve on the implementation of the different factors stated in this study

because they are very significant and effective in crime prevention and crime

reduction for maintaining peace and order.

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 Chapter 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter summarizes the findings, conclusions and recommendations

derived from the study.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

In this study, the researchers sought to assess the respondent’s perception

on the effectiveness of barangay police in crime prevention in the barangays of

the central district of City of Ilagan.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

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 1.1. Age

1.2. Gender

1.3. Civil Status

1.4. Educational Attainment

1.5. Occupation

1.6 Purok

1.7 No. of Family Member

1.8 No. of Years as Resident

2. What is the extent of participation of the barangay tanods in the maintenance

of peace and order as assessed by the community residents relative to the

following dimensions:

2.1. Conduct of patrolling and traffic

2.2. Community Relations

2.3. Duties and Responsibilities

3. Is there a significant relationship between the profile variables of the residence

respondents and their assessment of the Barangay Tanods extent of participation

in the maintenance of peace and order?

FINDINGS

Based from the results of the analyzed data, the following findings were

obtained:

1. As to demographic profile

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 a. Majority of the respondents are at the age of maturity, female, and most

are married, and college graduates, hence, they are much capable and

credible to make valid perception on the issues subject of this study.

b. The majority of the respondents are self-employed; most of the

respondents belong to purok 6; most of the respondents have a family

number in the bracket of 1–5; and the number of years as a resident of the

barangay is mostly in the bracket of 21–30 years as barangay residents.

2. The extent of participation of the barangay tanods in the maintenance of

peace and order as assessed by the community residents relative to the

following dimensions:

a. Conduct of patrolling and traffic

The extent of participation of the barangay tanods in the

maintenance of peace and order as assessed by the community residents

relative to conducting patrol and traffic is considered "participated" as

predicted by the respondents. Therefore, there is a need to improve this

factor of the study by the barangay officials and tanods, because it is

significant and effective in crime prevention and maintaining peace and

order.

b. Community Relation

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 On the extent of participation of the barangay tanods in the

maintenance of peace and order as an assessment of the community

residents relative to community relations as "participated" as perceived by

the respondents. Therefore, there is a need to enhance this factor of the

study, which suggests that close coordination and communication

through the community relations of the barangay officials can identify the

issues and concerns of residents and be very effective in maintaining

peace and order.

c. Monitoring Illegal Activities

In addition, the extent of participation of the barangay tanods in the

maintenance of peace and order, as assessed by the community resident’s relative

to monitoring illegal activities, was "participated" as perceived by the

respondents. This means that as a factor of the study, the barangay official and

tanod should intensify monitoring illegal activities as an effective strategy for

maintaining peace and order and crime prevention.

3. Is there a significant relationship between the profile variables of the

residence respondents and their assessment of the Barangay Tanods extent of

participation in the maintenance of peace and order?

There is no significant relationship between the profile variables

age, gender, civil status. Educational attainment, no. of years as a resident

and no. of family member of the residence respondents and their

62
 assessment of the Barangay Tanods extent of participation in the

maintenance of peace and order.

On the other hand, there is significant relationship between the

profile variables occupation and purok they lived at and their assessment

of the Barangay Tanods extent of participation in the maintenance of

peace and order.

CONCLUSION

It is along this line that it is important to craft a peacekeeping concept

appropriate to the particular situation of peace and order in the barangay.

Realizing the significance of barangay peace and order programs and activities

The results of the study have shown that the majority of the extent of

participation of the barangay tanods in the maintenance of peace and order, as

assessed and based on the experiences of the citizens by the community

residents, was "participated" in all the factors of the study.

Thus, the barangay officials, together with all the concerned personnel,

shall work together to strengthen the peace and order programs in the barangay.

This shall be done with careful planning and well-defined strategies within the

smallest political unit in the Philippines, the barangay level.

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RECOMMENDATIONS

Based from the findings and conclusions, the researchers highly

recommend the following:

1. To enhance the participation of barangay tanod in maintaining peace and

order, the barangay official should prepare an action plan and a rotational

plan to ensure 24/7 patrolling and roving activity in the barangay.

2. It recommended that barangay officials and tanods look for seminars and

training from government organizations, state universities and colleges

(SUCs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and other sectors that may

offer seminars and training about law enforcement, leadership skills, etc., to

maintain and enhance their performance, roles as peacekeepers.

3. The government should also consider additional incentives, benefits, and

employment welfare for barangay Tanod that may inspire them to give their

best in maintaining peace and order.

4. The barangay officials shall conduct or offer basic self-defense training in

coordination with the PNP among barangay tanod that will help them learn

how to protect themselves and the community while performing their duties

to maintain peace and order.

5. Barangay officials must at all times strictly implement their barangay

ordinance to maintain peace and order, induce public compliance, and

encourage active community involvement in building a crime free society.

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6. There is a need to conduct a parallel study to validate the findings in this

study and a similar study that embarks on barangay maintenance of peace

and order efficiency.

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