Lect 05

ECE
546
Lecture ‐ 05
Transmission Lines
Spring 2022
Jose E. Schutt-Aine
Electrical & Computer Engineering
University of Illinois
jesa@illinois.edu
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 1
Maxwell’s Equations
B
 E   Faraday’s Law of Induction
t
D
 H  J  Ampère’s Law
t
D   Gauss’ Law for electric field
B  0 Gauss’ Law for magnetic field
Constitutive Relations
B  H D  E
Why Transmission Line?

z
Wavelength : 
propagation velocity
=
frequency
Why Transmission Line?
In Free Space
At 10 KHz :  = 30 km
At 10 GHz :  = 3 cm
Transmission line behavior is prevalent when the
structural dimensions of the circuits are comparable
to the wavelength.
Justification for Transmission Line
Let d be the largest dimension of a circuit
circuit
If d << , a lumped model for the circuit can be used
Justification for Transmission Line
circuit
If d ≈ , or d >  then use transmission line model
Modeling Interconnections
Mid-range
Low Frequency Frequency High Frequency
LT
CT/2 Zo
CT/2
or
Short LT/2 LT/2
Transmission
Line
CT
Lumped
Reactive CKT
Single wire near ground
d
+
h
1   4h 
for d << h, Zo = ln  
2   d 
Zo = 120 cosh -1 (D/d)
2
C=
 4h   4h
ln   L= ln
 d  2 d
Single wire between
grounded parallel planes
ground return
h/2
+ d
h/2
1   4h 
Zo = ln 
2    d 
Wires in parallel near ground
+ + d
for d << D, h
  
Z O  69 /  r log10  4h / d  1   2h / D 
2

Balanced, near ground
+ d
for d << D, h
 
  2D / d 

Z O  276 /  r  log10 


 1   D / 2h 
2

Open 2‐wire line in air
Zo = 120 cosh -1 (D/d)
Parallel-plate Transmission Line
a 
a
L= w
w
C= a
Types of Transmission Lines
r Air er
Coplanar line
Coaxial line Waveguide
er er er
Slot line
Microstrip Stripline
Coaxial Transmission Line

b

a
TEM Mode of Propagation
b
L =  ln a
2
C = ln(b/a)
Coaxial Air Lines

b

a
Infinite Conductivity
 /
Zo  ln  b / a 
2
Finite Conductivity
 /  1/ a  1/ b  
Zo  ln  b / a  1  1  j 
2  4  f  ln(b / a ) 
Coaxial Connector Standards

b

a
Connector Frequency Range

14 mm DC - 8.5 GHz
GPC-7 DC - 18 GHz
Type NDC - 18 GHz
3.5 mm DC - 33 GHz
2.92 mm DC - 40 GHz
2.4 mm DC - 50 GHz
1.85 mm DC - 65 GHz
1.0 mm DC - 110 GHz
Microstrip
Microstrip
Microstrip Characteristic Impedance

100
90
80 h = 21 mils
h = 14 mils
Zo (ohms)
h = 7 mils
70
60
50
40
30
0 1 2 3
W/h
dielectric constant : 4.3.
Telegraphers’ Equations
L
I
V C
-
z
L: Inductance per unit length.
C: Capacitance per unit length.

V I Assume V
 L   j LI
z t time-harmonic z
dependence
I V I
 C   jCV
z t V , I ~ e jt z
TL Solutions
L
I
V C
-
z
  V   2V I  2V
      j L   j LjCV   2
LCV
z  z  z z z 2
  I   I2
V 2 I
      j C   j LjCI   2
CLI
z  z  z z z 2
TL Solutions
(Frequency Domain)
z
Zo 
forward wave
backward wave
Forward Wave
 Backward  Wave
   LC V ( z )  V e  j z  V e  j z
L V  j z V  j z
Zo  I ( z)  e  e
C Zo Zo

    
Forward Wave Backward Wave
TL Solutions
1
Propagation constant    LC Propagation velocity v 
LC
v
L Wavelength 
Characteristic impedance Zo  f
C

   
V ( z , t )  V cos t   z   V cos t   z 
V V
I ( z, t )  cos t   z   cos t   z 
Zo Zo
 
Reflection Coefficient
At z=0, we have V(0)=ZRI(0)

But from the TL equations:
V (0)  V  V
ZR
V V V  V   V  V
I (0)   Zo
Zo Zo
Which gives V   RV
Z R  Zo
where  R  is the load reflection coefficient
Z R  Zo
Reflection Coefficient
- If ZR = Zo, R=0, no reflection, the line is matched
- If ZR = 0, short circuit at the load, R=-1
- If ZR inf, open circuit at the load, R=+1
V and I can be written in terms of R
V ( z )  V e  j z   R e  j z  V ( z )  V e  j z 1   R e 2 j z 
V  j z V e  j z
I ( z)  e   R e  j z  I ( z)  1   R e 2 j z 
Zo Zo
Generalized Impedance
V ( z)  e  j z   R e  j z 
Z ( z)   Z o   j z  j z 
I ( z)  e   R e 
 Z R  jZ o tan  l  Impedance
Z  l   Z o   transformation
Z
 o  jZ R tan  l  equation
Generalized Impedance
- Short circuit ZR=0, line appears inductive for 0 < l < /2
Z (l )  jZ o tan  l
- Open circuit ZR  inf, line appears capacitive for 0 < l < /2
Zo
Z (l ) 
j tan  l
- If l = /4, the line is a quarter-wave transformer
Z o2
Z (l ) 
ZR
Generalized Reflection Coefficient
Backward traveling wave at z Vb ( z )
( z )  
Forward traveling wave at z V f ( z )
V e  j z V 2 j z 2 j  z
( z )   j z
 e   R e
V e V
Reflection coefficient
(l )   R e 2 j l
transformation equation
1  ( z ) Z ( z)  Zo
Z ( z)  Zo ( z ) 
1  ( z ) Z ( z)  Zo
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)
V ( z )  V e  j z 1   R e 2 j z  We follow the magnitude of the
voltage along the TL
V ( z )  V e  j z 1   R e 2 j z  V 1   R e 2 j z
Maximum and minimum
magnitudes given by
Vmax  1   R 
Vmin  1   R 
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)
Define Voltage Standing Wave Ratio as:
Vmax 1   R
VSWR  
Vmin 1   R
It is a measure of the interaction between
forward and backward waves
VSWR – Arbitrary Load
Shows variation of amplitude along line
VSWR – For Short Circuit Load
Voltage minimum is reached at load
VSWR – For Open Circuit Load
Voltage maximum is reached at load
VSWR – For Open Matched Load
No variation in amplitude along line
Application: Slotted‐Line Measurement
‐ Measure VSWR = Vmax/Vmin
‐ Measure location of first minimum
Application: Slotted‐Line Measurement
At minimum, ( z )  pure real    R
Therefore, (d min )   R e 2 j dmin    R
So,  R    R e 2 j dmin
VSWR  1  VSWR  1  2 j dmin

Since  R  then  R    e
VSWR  1  VSWR  1 
 1 R 
and Z R  Z o  
 1   R 
Summary of TL Equations
Voltage Current
V  j z
V ( z )  V e  j z
1   R e 2 j  z
 I ( z)  e 1   R e 2 j z 
Zo
 Z R  jZ o tan  l 
Impedance Transformation  Z  l   Z o  
Z
 o  jZ R tan  l 
2 j  l
Reflection Coefficient Transformation   ( l )   R e
Reflection Coefficient – to Impedance  Z ( z )  Z o 1  ( z )
1  ( z )
Z ( z)  Zo
Impedance to Reflection Coefficient  ( z ) 
Z ( z)  Zo
Determining V+
For lossless TL, V and I are given by
V ( z )  V e  j z 1   R e 2 j z 
reflection coefficient
at the load V e  j z
I ( z)  1   R e 2 j z 
Z  Zo Zo
R  R
Z R  Zo
At z = ‐l, VS  Z S I (l )  V (l )
Determining V+
this leads to
ZS
VS  V e  j l
1   e
R
2 j  l
 Z   R 
 V e  j l
1   e 2 j  l
o
or
  j l  j l Z S  j l Z S  j l 
VS  V  e  Re  e  R e 
 Zo Zo 
  j l  Z S   j l  ZS  
VS  V  e 1     R e 1  
  Z o   Z o 
Determining V+
 ZS  1
Divide through by 1  
 Zo  TS
V  e  j l   S  R e  j l   TSVS
1
 ZS  Zo Z S  Zo
with TS  1    and S 
 Zo  Z S  Zo Z S  Zo
TSVS e  j l
From which V 
1   S  R e 2 j l
TL Example

Zs = 25  IR
+ +
o
V s= 1e j0 V
Is Zo =50  VR ZR = 75 
- -
z
d
A signal generator having an internal resistance Zs = 25 
and an open circuit phasor voltage Vs = 1ej0 volt is connected
to a 50‐ lossless transmission line as shown in the above
picture. The load impedance is ZR= 75  and the line length
is /4.
Find the magnitude and phase of the load current IR.
TL Example – Cont’

Zs = 25  IR
+ +
o
V s= 1e j0 V
Is Zo =50  VR ZR = 75 
- -
z
d
TsVs e  j l Zo 50
V  Ts    2/3
1   R  s e 2 j l Z s  Z o 50  25
Z s  Z o 25  50 Z R  Z o 75  50
s    1/ 3 R    1/ 5
Z s  Z o 25  50 Z R  Z o 75  50
TL Example – Cont’
2  
l    e  j l   j
 4 2
(2 / 3)(1)( j )  j2 / 3
V     j5 / 7
1  (1/ 3)(1/ 5)(1) 1  1/15
V   j 0.714285 V
V 0.714285 0.714285  0.8

IR   R
1     j 1  0.2    j
Zo 50 50
I R   j 0.014285 A
Geometric Series Expansion
Since  S  R e 2 j l  1
V+ can be expanded in a geometric series form
TSVS e  j l 
V  V  TS VS  kS  kR e 2 j kl e  j l
1   S  R e 2 j l k 0
 
TS VS  kS  kR1e
 j  l  2 k 1  j  z
V ( z )  TS VS   e k
S
k  j  l  2 k 1  j  z
R e e
k 0 k 0


v
   
 j  z  2 k 1l   j  z  2 k 1l 
V ( z )  TS VS  kS  kR e v
 TS VS  kS  e k 1
R
v
k 0 k 0
TL Time‐Domain Solution

 (2k  1)l  z 
v( z , t )  TS    v  t 
k
S
k
R s 
k 0  vo 

 (2k  1)l  z 
 TS    v  t 
k
S
k 1
R s
k 0  vo 
at z=0

 (2k  1)l 
v(0, t )  TS    v  t  k
S 
k
R s
k 0  vo 

 (2k  1)l 
 TS    v  t  k
S 
k 1
R s
k 0  vo 
TL Time‐Domain Solution
At z=‐l

 (2k  1)l  l 
v(l , t )  TS    v  t 
k
S
k
R s 
k 0  vo 

 (2k  1)l  l 
 TS    v  t 
k
S
k 1
R s 
k 0  vo 

 2kl 
v(l , t )  TS    v  t 
k
S
k
R s 
k 0  vo 

 2(k  1)l 
 TS    v  t 
k
S
k 1
R  s
k 0  vo 
TL ‐ Time‐Domain Reflectometer
For TDR, ZS = Zo S = 0, and retain only k=1
 2l 
v(l , t )  TS vs  t   TS  R vs  t  
 vo 
Wave Shifting Method
v f 1 (t ) Forward traveling wave at port 1 (measured at near end of line)
v f 2 (t ) Forward traveling wave at port 2 (measured at far end of line)
vb1 (t ) Backward traveling wave at port 1 (measured at near end of line)
vb 2 (t ) Backward traveling wave at port 2 (measured at far end of line)
Wave Shifting Solution*
line length
  delay=
velocity
Z1  Z o
v f 1 (t )  1vb 2 (t   )  TV 1 
1 g 1 (t ) Z1  Z o
vb 2 (t )   2 v f 1 (t   )  T2Vg 2 (t ) Zo
T1 
v f 2 (t )  v f 1 (t   ) Z1  Z o
vb1 (t )  vb 2 (t   ) Z2  Zo
2 
Z2  Zo
v1 (t )  v f 1 (t )  vb1 (t ) Zo
v2 (t )  v f 2 (t )  vb 2 (t ) T2 
Z2  Zo
*Schutt-Aine & Mittra, Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., pp. 529-536, vol. 36 March 1988.
Frequency Dependence of Lumped Circuit Models
– At higher frequencies, a lumped circuit model is no longer

accurate for interconnects and one must use a distributed
model
– Transition frequency depends on the dimensions and relative

magnitude of the interconnect parameters.
0.3 10 9 tr 
0.35
f
10d  r f
Lumped Circuit or Transmission Line?
• Determine frequency or bandwidth of signal

– RF/Microwave: f= operating frequency
– Digital: f=0.35/tr
• Determine the propagation velocity and wavelength

– Material medium v=c/(r)1/2
– Obtain wavelength =v/f
• Compare wavelenth with feature size

– If >> d, use lumped circuit: Ltot= L* length, Ctot= C* length
– If  10d or <10d, use transmission-line model
Frequency Dependence of Lumped Circuit Models
Level Dimension Frequency Edge rate

PCB line 10 in > 55 MHz < 7ns
Package 1 in > 400 MHz < 0.9 ns
VLSI int* 100 um > 8 GHz < 50 ps
* Using RC criterion for distributed effect

Lect 05

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ECE

D   Gauss’ Law for electric field

B  0 Gauss’ Law for magnetic field

Let d be the largest dimension of a circuit

If d << , a lumped model for the circuit can be used

If d ≈ , or d >  then use transmission line model

Zo = 120 cosh -1 (D/d)

Zo = 120 cosh -1 (D/d)

TEM Mode of Propagation

Connector Frequency Range

Microstrip Characteristic Impedance

dielectric constant : 4.3.

C: Capacitance per unit length.

Forward Wave Backward Wave

At z=0, we have V(0)=ZRI(0)

- If ZR = Zo, R=0, no reflection, the line is matched

- If ZR = 0, short circuit at the load, R=-1

- If ZR inf, open circuit at the load, R=+1

V and I can be written in terms of R

At minimum, ( z )  pure real    R

Therefore, (d min )   R e 2 j dmin    R

VSWR  1  VSWR  1  2 j dmin

For lossless TL, V and I are given by

V 0.714285 0.714285  0.8

– At higher frequencies, a lumped circuit model is no longer

– Transition frequency depends on the dimensions and relative

• Determine frequency or bandwidth of signal

• Determine the propagation velocity and wavelength

• Compare wavelenth with feature size

Level Dimension Frequency Edge rate

* Using RC criterion for distributed effect

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