DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, DURGAPUR

CLASS- XI
ENGLISH CORE- TERM I - ASSIGNMENT-2
TOPIC- A PHOTOGRAPH + INTEGRATED GRAMMAR PRACTICE___

TEXTUAL QUESTIONS:
1. What has not changed over the years? Does this suggest something to you?

The sea has not changed over the years as compared to the people in the photograph. The
poet wants to establish the permanence of nature as opposed to the brevity or transience of
human life.

2. What is the meaning of the line, “Both wry with the laboured ease of loss”?

‘Both’ refers to the smile of the mother as she looked at the photograph and explained the
situation to the poet and the smile of the poet as she looks at the photograph and reminisces
about her mother. Both smiles are ironical. Instead of being spontaneous, they have been
brought about with effort and despite a feeling of loss: loss of childhood for the mother and
loss of the mother or the mother’s smile for the poet.

3. What does ‘this circumstance’ refer to?

‘This circumstance’ refers to the pathetic situation the poet finds herself in trying to cope up
with the loss of her mother. Despite the number of years that might have passed, the loss
feels just the same. Words cannot be enough to express this sorrow.

EXTRA QUESTIONS:
1. How does the poet’s mood change from one stanza to the other?/ Discuss the tone of the
poem.
The poet feels surrounded by silence and sorrow beyond what words can convey in the last
stanza. She reminisces about the time when she was a little girl and her mother used to talk
about her good old days and happy times spent with her cousins. This makes her nostalgic.
She is philosophical as she compares the permanence of the sea and the transience of her
mother as she looks at the photograph. Though the tone of the poem keeps changing,
nostalgia seems to be the most predominant tone.

2. Describe the photograph that the poet refers to.

The photograph showed three girls: the poet’s mother and her two cousins, Betty and Dolly.
All three were dressed for the beach. Their hair was ruffled by the sea breeze and they smiled
through their hair for the photograph taken by uncle with the camera. Mother was the eldest
and stood with a cousin on either side. They had gone paddling. The photograph was bound
on a cardboard.

3. What are the Figures of Speech used in the poem?

• Synecdoche: When ‘a part’ represents ‘a whole’ or vice-versa. In ‘transient feet’,
‘feet’ stands for human life – so, part stands for whole.
 • Transferred epithet: When the adjective usually used to describe one thing is
transferred to another. In ‘transient’ feet, transient is life rather than ‘feet’.

• Oxymoron: Combines contradictory words to convey a paradox. Eg. Laboured ease-

‘laboured’ means with effort and ‘ease’ means without effort. Smile which should be
ideally spontaneous was brought about with effort and despite a feeling of loss - loss
of good old times for the mother and loss of the mother/ mother’s smile for the poet.

• Alliteration: Repetition of the same consonant sound in consecutive words. Eg. Stood
still, terribly transient, my mother, silence silences

• Personification: It is used to bestow human qualities on something that is not human.

Eg. ‘Silence silences’. Silence, here, is an entity that has the power to stop the poet
from speaking.

• Allusion: Eg. The cardboard shows me how it was (Reference to photograph as

‘cardboard’ on which it is bound.)

• Metaphor: Eg. The cardboard shows me how it was (Reference to photograph as

‘cardboard’ devoid of feelings and unresponsive as opposed to the poet who feels
nostalgic –as unresponsive as a cardboard)

4. What are the various themes that can be derived from the poem?
• Transience of human life and permanence of nature
• Contrast between planned past and unknown future
• Death leaves one speechless and silence is more eloquent than speech

HOMEWORK: (to be done in the fair literature notebook)

1. Discuss: ‘Now she’s been dead nearly as many years/ As that girl lived.’ Why do you think
does the poem use approximations? (30-40 words)

2. Discuss the commonality of theme between “The Portrait of a Lady” and “A Photograph”
in about 120-150 words.

HOMEWORK: (to be done in the fair language notebook)

Rearrange the following words/phrases to form meaningful sentences:
a. forty/ try/ for/ sit/ more/ minutes/ not to/ at a/ than/ stretch
b. a/ is/ ourselves/ self respect/ give/ gift/ we
c. closely/ for/ Madhya Pradesh/ vies/ Karnataka/ with/ the first place
d. he/ my/ letter/ received/ must have/ by/ now
e. bought/ I/ a pair of/ shoes/ leather/ black/ office/ comfortable/ Italian
(Clue: Adjectives are arranged in this order: determiner, quantity, quality, size, age, shape,
colour, Proper adjective, purpose, noun)
 DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, DURGAPUR
APPLIED MATHEMATICS ASSIGNMENT-2
CLASS – XI
SETS
 Definition:A set is a well-defined collection of objects.
eg. Collection of vowels, collection of Natural numbers, collection of rivers in India, etc
These objects of a set are known as elements of the set.
Generally, capital letters are used to denote a set and small lettersare used to denoteelements of a set.
 Properties of Sets:
1) Objects belonging to the collection are different.
2) Objects of the collection are independent of the order of their arrangements.
 Representation of Sets:
There are two methods of representing a set:
1) Roster or Tabular form:In this form, all the elements of the set are listed within braces { } and
separated by commas.
2) Set-builder form:In this form, the properties satisfied by all the elements of the set are listed.
A={x: property of x}
 Types of Sets:
1) Empty Sets: A set which does not contain any element is called an empty set or the void set or null
set and it is denoted by {} or Φ.
2) Singleton Set: A set consists of a single element, is called a singleton set.
3) Finite and infinite Set: A set which consists of a finite number of elements, is called a finite set,
otherwise the set is called an infinite set.
4)Equal Sets: Two sets A and B are said to be equal, if every element of A is also an element of B or
vice-versa, i.e. two equal sets will have exactly the same element.
5)Equivalent Sets: Two finite sets A and B are said to be equal if the number of elements are equal,
i.e. n(A) = n(B)
 Subset:
A set ‘A’ is said to be a subset of set ‘B’ if every element of set A belongs to set B.
In symbols, A ⊆ B, if x ∈ A ⇒ x ∈ B
Proper Subset: A subset A of a set B is called a proper subset of B if A≠B. Symbolically, A  B.
Superset:If A is a subset of B, then B is known as the superset of A.
In symbols, if A ⊆ B, then B  A.
Note:
 Every set is a subset of itself.
 The empty set is a subset of every set.
 The total number of subsets of a finite set containing n elements is 2n.
 If A ⊆ B and B⊆A, then A=B.
 Power Set
The collection of all subsets of a set A is called the power set of A. It is denoted by P(A).
If the number of elements in A i.e. n(A) = n, then the number of elements in P(A) = 2n.
Let A={1,2}. Then, P(A)={Φ , {1}, {2}, {1, 2}}
 Universal Set
A set that contains all sets in a given context is called the universal set. It is the superset of all other
sets. It is denoted by U /  .
 Venn-Diagrams
Venn diagrams are the diagrams, which represent the relationship between sets. In Venn-diagrams the
universal set U/  is represented by point within a rectangle and its subsets are represented by points
in closed curves (usually circles) within the rectangle.
CL---11: Page 1 of 4
 Formulae to Solve Practical Problems:
Let A, B and C be any three finite sets, then
 n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n (B) – n(A ∩ B)
 If (A ∩ B) = Φ, then n (A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B)
 n(A – B) = n(A) – n(A ∩ B)
 n(B – A)=n(B))–n(A ∩ B)
 n(A ∪ B ∪ C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n(A ∩ B) – n(B ∩ C) – n(A ∩ C) + n(A ∩ B ∩ C)

Example 1:Show that n( P  P  P   )  4

Solution: P    
P  P      , 
 
P  P  P     ,  ,   ,  , 
 n( P  P  P   )  4
Example 2:For any two sets A and B, prove that  A  B   B  
Solution:  A  B   B   A  B '   B
 A   B'  B 
 A   
Example 3: In a group of 400 people in USA, 250 can speak Spanish and 200 can speak English. How
many people can speak both Spanish and English?
Solution:Let S be the set of people who speak Spanish, andE be the set of people who speak English
∴ n(S ∪ E) = 400, n(S) = 250, n(E) = 200, n(S ∩ E) = ?
We know that:
n(S ∪ E) = n(S) + n(E) – n(S ∩ E)
∴ 400 = 250 + 200 – n(S ∩ E)
⇒ 400 = 450 – n(S ∩ E)
⇒ n(S ∩ E) = 450 – 400
∴ n(S ∩ E) = 50

Example 4: Let A and B are two sets such that n(A)=20, n( A  B )  42, n( A  B )  4 .Find
i) n(B) ii)n(A-B) iii)n(B-A)
Example 5: In a group of 50 students, the number of students studying French, English, Sanskrit were
found to be as follows: French = 17, English = 13, Sanskrit = 15, French and English = 09,
English and Sanskrit = 4, French and Sanskrit = 5, English, French and Sanskrit = 3. Find the
number of students who study
(i) French only(ii) English only (iii) Sanskrit only(iv) English and Sanskrit
(v) French and Sanskrit but not English(vi) French and English but not Sanskrit
(vii) at least one of the three languages(viii) none of the three languages.
Solution: Let F be the set of students who study French, E be the set of students who study English and S
be the set of students who study Sanskrit.
Then, n{U) = a +b+c+d+e+f+g +h = 50, n(F) = a +b+d+e = 17,
n{E) = a +b+c+g = 13, n{S) = a +c+d+f = 15, n (F ∩ E) = a +b = 9,
n(E ∩ S) = a +c = 4, n(F ∩ S) = a +d = 5,
n(F ∩ E ∩ S) = a = 3
Solving, we get,
a =3, b=6, c=1, d=2, e=6, f=9, g=3

CL---11: Page 3 of 4
 DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, DURGAPUR
MATHEMATICS STUDY MATERIAL-2
CLASS – XI
SETS
 Definition:A set is a well-defined collection of objects.
eg. Collection of vowels, collection of Natural numbers, collection of rivers in India, etc
These objects of a set are known as elements of the set.
Generally, capital letters are used to denote a set and small lettersare used to denoteelements of a set.
 Properties of Sets:
1) Objects belonging to the collection are different.
2) Objects of the collection are independent of the order of their arrangements.
 Representation of Sets:
There are two methods of representing a set:
1) Roster or Tabular form:In this form, all the elements of the set are listed within braces { } and
separated by commas.
2) Set-builder form:In this form, the properties satisfied by all the elements of the set are listed.
A={x: property of x}
 Types of Sets:
1) Empty Sets: A set which does not contain any element is called an empty set or the void set or null
set and it is denoted by {} or Φ.
2) Singleton Set: A set consists of a single element, is called a singleton set.
3) Finite and infinite Set: A set which consists of a finite number of elements, is called a finite set,
otherwise the set is called an infinite set.
4)Equal Sets: Two sets A and B are said to be equal, if every element of A is also an element of B or
vice-versa, i.e. two equal sets will have exactly the same element.
5)Equivalent Sets: Two finite sets A and B are said to be equal if the number of elements are equal,
i.e. n(A) = n(B)
 Subset:
A set ‘A’ is said to be a subset of set ‘B’ if every element of set A belongs to set B.
In symbols, A ⊆ B, if x ∈ A ⇒ x ∈ B
Proper Subset: A subset A of a set B is called a proper subset of B if A≠B. Symbolically, A  B.
Superset:If A is a subset of B, then B is known as the superset of A.
In symbols, if A ⊆ B, then B  A.
Note:
 Every set is a subset of itself.
 The empty set is a subset of every set.
 The total number of subsets of a finite set containing n elements is 2 n.
 If A ⊆ B and B⊆A, then A=B.
 Power Set
The collection of all subsets of a set A is called the power set of A. It is denoted by P(A).
If the number of elements in A i.e. n(A) = n, then the number of elements in P(A) = 2 n.
Let A={1,2}. Then, P(A)={Φ , {1}, {2}, {1, 2}}
 Universal Set
A set that contains all sets in a given context is called the universal set. It is the superset of all other
sets. It is denoted by U /  .
 Venn-Diagrams
Venn diagrams are the diagrams, which represent the relationship between sets. In Venn-diagrams the
universal set U/  is represented by point within a rectangle and its subsets are represented by points
in closed curves (usually circles) within the rectangle.
CL---11: Page 1 of 4
 Operations of Sets
 Union of sets: The union of two sets A and B, denoted by A ∪ B is the set of all those elements
which areeither in A or in B or in both A and B. Thus, A ∪ B = {x : x ∈ A or x ∈ B}.
 Intersection of sets: The intersection of two sets A and B, denoted by A ∩ B, is the set of all
elements which are common to both A and B.
Thus, A ∩ B = {x : x ∈ A and x ∈ B}
 Disjoint sets: Two sets Aand Bare said to be disjoint, if A ∩ B = Φ.
 Intersecting or Overlapping sets: Two sets A and B are said to be intersecting or overlapping if
A∩B≠Φ
 Difference of sets: For any sets A and B, their difference (A – B) is defined as a set of elements,
which belong to A but not to B.
Thus, A – B = {x : x ∈ A and x ∉ B}
Also, B – A = {x : x ∈ B and x ∉ A}
 Symmetric difference of Sets: For any two sets A and B, symmetric difference is written as,
A  B = (A-B) ∪(B-A)= {x : x ∉ A ∩ B}
 Complement of a set: Let U be the universal set and A is a subset of U. Then, the complement of
A is the set of all elements of U which are not the element of A.
Thus, A’ = U – A = {x : x ∈ U and x ∉ A}
Some Properties of Complement of Sets
 A ∪ A’ = ∪
 A ∩ A’ = Φ
 ∪’ = Φ
 Φ’ = ∪
 (A’)’ = A

A∪B A∩B A A–B

 Laws of Algebra of Sets:
1) Idempotent Laws: For any set A, we have
 A∪A=A
 A∩A=A
2) Identity Laws: For any set A, we have
 A∪Φ=A
 A∩U=A
3) Commutative Laws: For any two sets A and B, we have
 A∪B=B∪A
 A∩B=B∩A
4) Associative Laws: For any three sets A, B and C, we have
 A ∪ (B ∪ C) = (A ∪ B) ∪ C
 A ∩ (B ∩ C) = (A ∩ B) ∩ C
5) Distributive Laws: If A, B and Care three sets, then
 A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)
 A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)
6) De-Morgan’s Laws: If A and B are two sets, then
 (A ∪ B)’ = A’ ∩ B’
 (A ∩ B)’ = A’ ∪ B’
7)A – B = A ∩ B’
B – A = B ∩ A’

CL---11: Page 2 of 4
 Formulae to Solve Practical Problems:
Let A, B and C be any three finite sets, then
 n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n (B) – n(A ∩ B)
 If (A ∩ B) = Φ, then n (A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B)
 n(A – B) = n(A) – n(A ∩ B)
 n(B – A)=n(B))–n(A ∩ B)
 n(A ∪ B ∪ C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n(A ∩ B) – n(B ∩ C) – n(A ∩ C) + n(A ∩ B ∩ C)

Example 1:Show that n  P  P    4

Solution: P    
P  P      , 
 
P  P P     ,  ,  ,  ,  
 n  P P    4
Example 2:For any two sets A and B, prove that  A  B   B  
Solution:  A  B   B   A  B '   B
 A   B'  B 
 A   
Example 3: In a group of 400 people in USA, 250 can speak Spanish and 200 can speak English. How
many people can speak both Spanish and English?
Solution:Let S be the set of people who speak Spanish, andE be the set of people who speak English
∴ n(S ∪ E) = 400, n(S) = 250, n(E) = 200, n(S ∩ E) = ?
We know that:
n(S ∪ E) = n(S) + n(E) – n(S ∩ E)
∴ 400 = 250 + 200 – n(S ∩ E)
⇒ 400 = 450 – n(S ∩ E)
⇒ n(S ∩ E) = 450 – 400
∴ n(S ∩ E) = 50

Example 4: Let A and B are two sets such that n(A)=20, n( A B)  42, n( A B)  4 .Find
i) n(B) ii)n(A-B) iii)n(B-A)
Example 5: In a group of 950 persons ,750 can speak in Hindi and 460 can speak in English. Find :
i) How many can speak both Hindi and English 260
ii)How many can speak Hindi only? 490
iii)) How many can speak English only? 200

Example 5: In a group of 50 students, the number of students studying French, English, Sanskrit were
found to be as follows: French = 17, English = 13, Sanskrit = 15, French and English = 09,
English and Sanskrit = 4,French and Sanskrit = 5, English, French and Sanskrit = 3. Find the
number of students who study
(i) French only(ii) English only (iii) Sanskrit only(iv) English and Sanskrit
(v) French and Sanskrit but not English(vi) French and English but not Sanskrit
(vii) at least one of the three languages(viii) none of the three languages.
Solution: Let F be the set of students who study French, E be the set of students who study English and S
be the set of students who study Sanskrit.
Then, n{U) = a +b+c+d+e+f+g +h = 50, n(F) = a +b+d+e = 17,
n{E) = a +b+c+g = 13, n{S) = a +c+d+f = 15,n(F ∩ E) = a +b = 9,
n(E ∩ S) = a +c = 4, n(F ∩ S) = a +d = 5,
CL---11: Page 3 of 4
n(F ∩ E ∩ S) = a = 3
Solving, we get,
a =3, b=6, c=1, d=2, e=6, f=9, g=3

(i) Number of students studying French only = e = 6

(ii) Number of students studying English only = g = 3
(iii) Number of students studying Sanskrit only =f= 9
(iv) Number of students studying English and Sanskrit but not French = c = 1
(v) Number of students studying French and Sanskrit but not English = d = 2
(vi) Number of students studying French and English but not Sanskrit = b = 6
(vii) Number of students studying at least one of the three languages = a + b + c + d + e+f+g = 30
(viii) Number of students studying none of the three languages =h= 50-30 = 20
 Answer the following questions:
1. List all the elements of the following set:
 n 
(i) A   x : x  2 ,1  n  3, n  N  , (ii) B = { x : x is a positive integer and a divisor of 9}
 n 1 
2. If A={1, {2}, 3}, find P(A).
3. Two finite sets have m and n elements. The total number of subsets of the first set is 56 more than
the total number of subsets of the second set. Find the values of m and n.
4. Let U={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, A={1, 2, 3, 4}, B={2, 4, 6, 8} and C={3, 4, 5, 6}. Find
(i)  A  B  (ii)  A  C  (iii)  A  B  (iv)  B  C  (v) A'  B'
' ' '

5. For any two sets A and B, prove that

(i)  A  B   B  A  B (ii)  A  B    B  A   A  B    A  B 
6. Out of 100 students; 15 passed in English, 12 passed in Mathematics, 8 in Science,6 in English and
Mathematics, 7 in Mathematics and Science; 4 in English and Science; 4 in all the three. Find how
many passed
(i) in English and Mathematics but not in Science
(ii) in Mathematics and Science but not in English
(iii) in Mathematics only
(iv) in more than one subject only
 Sums from NCERT related to the above topic.

CL---11: Page 4 of 4
 DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, DURGAPUR
SESSION: 2023-24
ASSIGNMENT - 2
SUB: PHYSICS CLASS: XI WEEK: 2ND

TOPIC: MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION

SUB-TOPIC: Equations of motion& Graphical representation of motion

❖ Average speed = Total distance covered / Total time taken.

s ds
❖ Instantaneous speed: lim =
t →0 t dt

❖ Average velocity is defined as the displacement ( x ) per unit time interval ( t ) in which displacement
takes place.
❖ The three equations of motion are as follows:
(a) v = u  at
1
(b) s = ut  at 2
2
(c) v = u  2as
2 2

where, u is initial velocity, v is the final velocity, t is the time,s is the displacement and a is the
acceleration of the body.

❖ Graphical representation of motion: (Velocity-time graphs)

(a) It represents constant velocity.

 (b) It represents uniform acceleration.

(c) It represents uniform retardation.

(d) It represents that starting with an initial velocity, it is accelerating uniformly.

(e) Non-uniform acceleration.

(f) From A to B: uniform acceleration, B to C: constant velocity, C to D: uniform retardation.

Home Assignment:
Q1 A car is moving along a straight highway with a speed of 126 kmph and is brought to stop within a
distance of 200 m. What is the retardation of the car and how long does it take to stop the car?
Q2 Which of the following graphs preferably not showing a one-dimensional motion of an object? Give
reason in support of your answer.
Q3 A body moves with uniform acceleration. It is found that it covers a distance of 9 m in 5th second and
15 m in 8th second. Find
(i) its initial velocity and acceleration.
(ii) the distance covered in 20th second.

Q4 Calculate the total distance and

displacement between
t=0 s to t=10 s from the given v-t graph.

****************
 DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, DURGAPUR
SESSION: 2023-24
ASSIGNMENT-2

SUB: CHEMISTRY CLASS: 11

Relative Atomic Masses

In the beginning, the atomic masses of all the elements were obtained by comparing with the mass of hydrogen taken
as 1(because it was the lightest element). But by doing so, the atomic masses of most of the elements came out to be
fractional. Hence the reference was changed to oxygen taken as 16. However, a still better reference which is now
widely accepted, has been found to be carbon taken as 12. On this basis, the relative mass of hydrogen comes out to
1.008 and that of oxygen as 15.9994( or 16). Hence atomic mass of an element may be defined as:

The atomic mass of an element is the number of times an atom of that element is heavier than 1/12 th the mass
of an atom of carbon-12 isotope.

It may be noted that the atomic masses as obtained above are the relative atomic masses and not the actual masses of
the atoms. These masses on the atomic mass scale are expressed in terms of atomic mass units(amu).

One atomic mass unit( 1 amu) is equal to 1/12 th of the mass of an atom of C-12 isotope.

In C-12 scale, the symbol ‘u’ is used instead of amu, though the symbol ‘amu’ is still used quite often in place of ‘u’.

Gram Atomic Mass

The atomic mass of an element expressed in grams is called Gram Atomic Mass.
e.g., Atomic mass of oxygen= 16 u
Gram atomic mass of oxygen( or one gram atom of oxygen)= 16 g

Relative Molecular Mass

The molecular mass of a substance is the number of times the molecule of the substance is heavier than 1/12 th
the mass of an atom of C-12 isotope.
e.g., Molecular mass of H2SO4=2✕At. mass of H+At. mass of S +4✕At. mass of Oxygen
= 2✕1.0 + 32.0 + 4✕16.0= 98.0 u

1
Gram Molecular Mass
The molecular mass of a substance expressed in grams is called Gram Molecular Mass.
e.g Molecular mass of H2SO4 =98.0 u.
Gram Molecular Mass of H2SO4 ( or one gram molecule of H2SO4 )= 98.0 g

Formula mass & Gram Formula mass

Ionic compounds such as NaCl, KNO3, Na2CO3 etc. donot consist of molecules but exist as ions closely packed
together in a three-dimensional space. Hence in such cases the formula is used to calculate the formula mass instead of
molecular mass. Just like molecular mass , it is found by adding the atomic masses of the atoms present in one
formula unit, e.g.,

Formula mass of NaCl= Atomic mass of Na+ Atomic mass of Cl

= 23.0 + 35.5= 58.5 u
Gram formula mass represents the formula mass expressed in grams.

Mole Concept
Avogadro’s number may be defined as the number of atoms present in one gram atom of the element or the number
of molecules present in one gram molecule of the substance.
Avogadro’s number(NA) = 6.022✕ 1023
The amount of substance containing Avogadro’s number of atoms or molecules is called a mole.
A mole may be defined in any one of the following three ways:
1. A mole is defined as that amount of the substance which has mass equal to gram atomic mass if the
substance is atomic or gram molecular mass if the substance is molecular.
e.g., 1 Mole of oxygen atom=16g , 1 Mole of CO2 molecules = 44 g

2. A mole is defined as that amount of substance which contains 6.022✕ 1023 atoms if the substance is
atomic or 6.022✕ 1023 molecules if the substance is molecular.
1 mole of oxygen atoms= 6.022✕ 1023 oxygen atoms
1 mole of CO2 molecules = 6.022✕ 1023 CO2 molecules

3. In case of gases , a mole is defined as that amount of the gas which has a volume of 22.4 litres at STP.
1 mole of oxygen gas = 22.4 litres of oxygen at STP
1 mole of CO2 gas = 22.4 litres of CO2 at STP

2
Question 1. Calculate the molar mass(mass of one mole of substance) of the following:
(i) C6H12O6 (ii) C12H22O11 (iii) CH4N2O( urea)
Question 2. Calculate the Gram formula mass of the following
(i) calcium chloride (ii) sodium bicarbonate (iii) potassium nitrate
Question 3.Which of the following element contains the greatest number of atoms?
(i) 4 g He (ii) 46 g Na (iii) 0.40 g Ca (iv) 12 g He
Question 4. In the following question two or more options may be correct.
0.5 mole of CO2 gas at STP is equal to
(i) 3.011 ✕ 1023 molecules of CO2 (ii) 3.011 ✕ 1023 atoms of CO2
(iii) 88 g of CO2 (iv) 22 g of CO2
Question 5. Calculate the mass of one atom of C-12 in grams.
Question 6. Hydrogen gas is prepared in the laboratory by reacting with dilute HCl with granulated zinc.
Following reaction takes place.
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas liberated at STP when 32.65 g of zinc reacts with HCl.
Question 7. Two elements X and Y combine to form two compounds XY 2 and X3Y2. 0.1 mol of XY2 weighs
10 g and 0.05 mol X3Y2 weighs 9 g. Calculate the atomic masses of X and Y.
Question 8. A black dot used as a full stop at the end of a sentence has a mass of about one attogram.
Assuming the dot is made up of carbon, calculate the approximate number of carbon atoms present in the dot.
( 1 attogram= 10-18 g)
Question 9. Calculate the volume of SO2 at STP obtained by burning 500 g of a sample which contains 96%
Sulphur and 4% sand by weight.
Question 10. How much volume(in cm3) of methane is required to produce 22 g CO2 (g) after combustion at
STP?

3
 DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, DURGAPUR
SESSION: 2023-24
ASSIGNMENT – II
CLASS: XI
SUB: BIOLOGY
____________________________________________________________________________
BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
Kingdom Monera
 Kingdom Monera consists of prokaryotic organisms only. Two major groups of Monera include:
Archaebacteria (ancient bacteria) and Eubacteria (true bacteria). Eubacteria is of further two types; bacteria
and cyanobacteria. Some other groups of monerans are mycoplasma, rickettsiae and actinomycetes.

Archaebacteria
 Archaebacteria are a group of the most primitive prokaryotes found in most harsh habitats. Archaebacteria are
of three major types: methanogens, halophiles and thermoacidophiles. Methanogens are obligate anaerobes
found in gut of several ruminant animals like cows and buffaloes. These bacteria are responsible for
production of methane (biogas) from the dung of these animals. Halophiles are "salt-loving bacteria" as they
are found to live in environments with a very high salt concentration. Thermoacidophiles are found in hot
Sulphur springs.
 Archaebacteria differ from other bacteria in having a different cell wall structure. Peptidoglycan wall of
archaebacteria. This feature is responsible for their survival in extreme conditions.

Eubacteria
 Eubacteria are characterized by the presence of rigid cell wall and a flagellum (if motile).
 Bacteria occur almost everywhere. They are present in soil, live in extreme habitats such as hot springs,
deserts, snow and deep oceans where very few other life forms can survive, some live as parasites.
 Bacteria are divided into four categories based on their shape: the spherical coccus (pl.: cocci), the rod-
shaped bacillus (pl: bacilli), the comma-shaped vibrium (pl.: vibrio) and the spiral spirillum (pl.: spirilla).
 The bacterial structure is very simple, they are very complex in behavior. Compared to many other
organisms, bacteria as a group show the most extensive metabolic diversity.
 Bacterial cell wall is characterized by peptidoglycan and teichoic acid.
 The bacterial cell structures that are present external to the cell wall are glycocalyx or capsule, flagella,
fimbriae and pili. The structures internal to the cell wall include plasma membrane, mesosome, nucleoid,
cytoplasm, etc. Nucleoid represents the genetic material of bacteria.
 Bacteria show both autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition. Autotrophic bacteria can be chemoautotrophic
(e.g. nitrifying bacteria) and photoautotrophic (e.g., purple bacteria, green sulphur bacteria). Heterotrophic
bacteria can be saprotrophic (saprophytic bacteria), symbiotic (e.g., Rhizobium, Frankia, etc.) and
parasitic (e.g., Vibrio cholerae).
  Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria oxidise various inorganic substances such as nitrates, nitrites and
ammonia and use the released energy for their ATP production. They play a great role in recycling
nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus iron and sulphur.
 Some are pathogens causing damage to human beings, crops, animals, etc. Cholera, typhoid, tetanus,
citrus canker are well known diseases caused by different bacteria.
 Bacteria reproduce mainly by fission. Sometimes, under unfavorable conditions they produce spores. They
also reproduce by a sort of sexual reproduction by adopting a primitive type of DNA transfer from one
bacterium to the other.
 Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) have chlorophyll a, similar to green plants and are photosynthetic
autotrophs. The cyanobacteria are unicellular, colonial or filamentous. The colonies are generally
surrounded by gelatinous sheath. They often form blooms in polluted water bodies. Some of these
organisms can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialized cells called heterocysts, e.g., Nostoc and Anabaena.
 Mycoplasma, the smallest monerans, are pleomorphic (flexible in shape as they lack cell wall) and are
called PPLOS (Pleuro-pneumonia like organisms). These are insensitive to antibiotics that affect cell wall
synthesis like penicillin because cell wall is absent. Mycoplasma can survive without oxygen. They can
live as saprotrophs or are parasitic on humans, plants and animals.

Answer these questions

Q1 Read the following statements regarding methanogens and select the correct option.

(i) They are included in the group Archaebacteria.

(ii) They are responsible for the production of biogas in gobar gas plants.
(iii) They live in hot Sulphur springs.
(iv) They are strictly anaerobic.

(a) Statements (i) and (ii) are correct.

(b) Statements (i), (ii) and (iv) are correct.
(c) Statements (ii), (iii) and (iv) are correct.
(d) All statements are correct.
 Q2 Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the structure of a typical bacterial cell?

(a) Cells possess naked circular DNA which is folded to form nucleoid.
(b) Cells are surrounded by a peptidoglycan cell wall and a mucilaginous sheath.
(c) Cells possess well developed membrane bound cell organelles.
(d) Ribosomes in these cells are 70S in nature.
Q3. Cyanobacteria are classified under which of the following kingdoms?
(a) Monera
(b) Protist
(c) Fungi
(d) Plantae
Q4 Photosynthetic pigments of cyanobacteria (blue green algae) include
(a) chlorophyll a
(b) carotenes
(c) xanthophylls
(d) all of these
Q5 Cyanobacteria are used in agricultural fields for crop improvement because they cause
(a) N, fixation
(b) algal blooms
(c) photosynthesis
(d) all of these

Q6. Select the correct statement regarding heterocyst.

(a) These are present in some filamentous cyanobacteria such as Nostoc and Anabaena.
(b) These cells are specialised to perform N,-fixation.
(c) These cells contain enzyme nitrogenase
(d) All of these
Q7 Which of the following statements is incorrect?
(a) Pathogenic bacteria cause 90% of human diseases.
(b) A large number of antibiotics are produced by actinomycetes (e.g., Streptomyces), which are a class of fungi.
(c) N,-fixing bacteria pick up free N, from soil atmosphere and convert it into nitrogenous compounds.
(d)Archaebacteria differ from other bacteria in having a different cell wall structure and this feature is
responsible for their survival in extreme conditions.
Q8 Select the pair that consists of plant or animal bacterial diseases.

(a) Cholera and typhoid

(b) Citrus canker and crown gall
(c) Malaria and dengue
(d) Both (a) and (b)
Q9 -------------- is the most common method of reproduction in bacteria.
(a) Binary fisson
(b) Endospore formation
(c) Conjugation
(d) Sexual reproduction
Q10 Mycoplasmas are classified under which of the following kingdoms?

(a) Monera (b) Fungi

(c) Protista (d) Plantae

 DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, DURGAPUR
Computer Science Assignment-2 (2023-24)
CLASS- XI

Computer System Origination

1. Software: -
Software is a set of instruction/programs necessary to run the computer hardware.

Software is the collection of computer program, procedures and documentation that

performs different tasks in a computer system.

2. Types of Software: -
Software can be broadly classified into two three categories:
➢ System Software
➢ Application Software

3. System Software:
The software that controls internal computer operations is called System software. System
software directs the computer what to do, when to do and how to do.

The major operations of system software are: -

➢ It provides a platform for running application software.

➢ It reads data and instructions through the input devices.

➢ It translates all data and instructions into computer-understandable form and vice

versa.

➢ It controls all devices attached to the computer system

➢ It processes and generates the result on the output devices.

(CL-XI/CS/Assignment-2/2023-24/Page 1 of 4)
4. Types of System Software: -
System software can be further classified into the following categories:

1. Operating System

2. Language Processor

3. Device driver

4. Utility Software

5. Operating System: -
An Operating System is a program which acts as an interface between a user and the
hardware (i.e., all computer resources) and supervises the working of computer system i.e.
it monitors and controls the hardware and software of the computer system.

Examples: -

desktop/laptop- Windows, Linux, Macintosh, Ubuntu,

Mobile-Android , iOS, etc.

6. Language Processor: -
A language processor is a special type of a computer software that can translates the
source code into an object code or machine code.

There are three type of language processors:

• Assembler

• Interpreter - python, Basic , logo

• Compiler - C, C++

7. Assembler: -

It is a translator program that translate assembly language code to machine level code.

8. Interpreter:

An interpreter is a type of system software that translate the source code written in high
level language to machine code line by line.

Examples-

Basic, Logo, Cobol, Python etc.

(CL-XI/CS/Assignment-2/2023-24/Page 2 of 4)
9. Compiler: -

A Compiler is also a type of system software that translate the source code written in high
level language to machine code at one go.

Examples-

C, C++, Java etc

10. System utility: -

Utilities are those application program that assist the computer by performing the
housekeeping functions like backing up disk or scanning/cleaning viruses or arraigning
information etc.

Some commonly used utility software are:

• Anti-virus software

• File Management Tools

• Compression Tools

• Disk Management Tools

11. Device Drivers: -

Device Drivers are the programs that store instructions to drive and use different hardware
devices.

Like audio, video, scanner, camera etc. requires device driver to work.

12. Application Software: -

Application software is the set of programs necessary to carry out operations for a
specified application.

Application software further divided into two types:

(a) General Purpose Software

(b) Customized software

13. General Purpose Software: -

The application software developed for the common users for day to day application
and uses.

(CL-XI/CS/Assignment-2/2023-24/Page 3 of 4)
 For example-

Spreadsheet tool LibreOffice Calc or Microsoft Excel can be used by any computer
user to do calculation or to create an account sheet.

14. Customized Software: -

These are custom or tailor-made application software, that are developed to meet the
requirements of a specific organization or an individual.

Some examples of customized Software: -

i. Inventory Management System and Purchasing System:

ii. Payroll System

iii. Financial Accounting

iv. Hotel Management:

v. Reservation System:

Simple Question Answers: -

1. Name the part of computer which is responsible for processing.
2. Name the primary memory which is volatile.
3. Write down the various capabilities of a computer.
4. What is booting?
5. Distinguish between Primary memory and Secondary memory.
6. Define microprocessors.
7. Why are language processors used? List their types.
8. Explain briefly the functions of operating system.

***************

(CL-XI/CS/Assignment-2/2023-24/Page 4 of 4)