COURSE NAME: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I

COURSE CODE: DCE

LECTURER IN CHARGE: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR PETER AINA

SET THEORY

In this section, you will be able learn to:

1. Use set notation to represent unions, intersections, and complements of sets

2. Use Venn diagrams to solve counting problems.

INTRODUCTION TO SETS

In this section, we will familiarize ourselves with set operations and notations, so that we can
apply these concepts to both counting and probability problems.

Definition: A set is a collection of objects, and its members are called the elements of the set.
We name the set by using capital letters, and enclose its members in braces. Suppose we need to
list the members of the chess club. We use the following set notation.

C  Ken, Bob, Tran,Shanti,Eric and A   2,1,0,1,2

If a set is specified by listing its elements, we call it the tabular form of a set; and if it is specified
by stating its property, such as A  x / x is odd , then it is called the set builder form.

Finite and Infinites Sets

A finite set is one whose members are countable, for example the set of student in DCE 1102.

An infinite set is one whose elements are uncountable, for example the set of real numbers,
rational numbers, etc.

A set that has no members is called an empty set. The empty set is denoted by the symbol ∅.

Set Equality

Subsets: Two sets are equal if they have the same elements. A set A is a subset of a set B , if
every member of A is also a member of B . Suppose C  Al, Bob, chris , David , Ed and
A  Bob, David . Then A is a subset of C , written as A  C . Every set is a subset of itself,
and the empty set is a subset of every set.
If every element of a set A is an element of set B , A  B means that A is included in B

Suppose P  a, b, c, d , e, f  and Q  c, d , e, then we say that Q is contained in P , and we use
the symbol  to denote the statement ‘is contained in’, or ‘is subset of’. Thus Q  P, means ‘ Q
is contained in P ’that is, Q is a subset of P .

Proper Subsets: If A is a subset of B and if there is at least one member of B which is not a
member of A , then A is a proper subset of B and we write A  B.

Consider the set B  1,2,3 . The following sets 1,2,3

, 1,2
, 1,3
, 2,3
, 1 , 2
, 3
,  are subset of
B . The set 1,2,3is not a proper subset of B ; whereas all others including  are proper subsets
of B . Thus 1,2,3  1,2,3, but 1,2,3, 1,3,2  1,2,3.

S  x   : 0  x  0 is called a singleton set

Power Set: The collection of all subsets of any set S is called the power set of S . If a set has n
members, where n finite, then the total number of subsets of is S is 2 n . The power set of S is
denoted as 2 S . For example, let A  a, b, c. The subsets of A are
a, b, c
, a, b
, a, c
, b, c
, a
, b
, cand  . The power set of A written p A  2 3 that is
p A  8 subsets.

Find the power set 2 S of the set S  3,4

p A  2 2  4 subsets

S  3,4
, 3, 4
, 

Set Operations

Union of Two Sets

Let A and B be two sets, then the union of A and B , written as A  B , is the set of all
elements that are either in A or in B , or in both A and B .

A  B  x : x  A or x B 
Intersection of Two Sets

Let A and B be two sets, then the intersection of A and B , written as A  B , is the set of all
elements that are common to both sets A and B.

A  B  x : x  A and x B 
A universal set  is the set consisting of all elements under consideration.

Complement of a Set: Let A be any set, then the complement of set A , written as A or Ac , is the
set consisting of elements in the universal set U that are not in A .

Disjoint Sets: Two sets A and B are called disjoint sets if their intersection is an empty set.
Clearly, a set and its complement are disjoint; however two sets can be disjoint and not be
complements.

Venn Diagram

A Venn diagram represents a set as the interior of a circle. Often two or more circles are enclosed
in a rectangle where the rectangle represents the universal set. To visualize an intersection or union
of a set is easy. In this section, we will mainly use Venn diagrams to sort various populations and
count objects

Example 1

Let A  a, b, c, d , e, f  and B  b, g , a. Then

A  B  a, b, c, d , e, f , g

A  B  a, b

Example 2

In a club of 135 men, each plays at least one game. 60 play Table Tennis, 72 play football and 64
play Badminton. If 30 play Badminton and Football, 22 play Football and Table Tennis while 28
play Table Tennis and Badminton. How many people play

(i) all the three games (ii) only one game (iii) Badminton but not Football

Solution

Universal set comprises of 135 men

n F   72, n B  64, n T   60

n B  F   30, n F  T   22, n T  B  28

Table Tennis only  60  22  x  x  28  x  60  22  28  x  60  50  x  10  x

Football only  72  22  x  x  30  x  72  22  30  x  50  30  x  20  x

Badminton only  64  x  28  x  30  x  64  28  30  x  6  x
All the three games

10  x  20  x  6  x  22  x  x  28  x  30  x  135

116  x  135

x  19 men

Only one game

10  x  20  x  6  x  10  19  20  19  6  19  29  39  25  93 men

Badminton but not Football  28  x  6  x  28  19  6  19  9  25  34 men

Quiz

1) In Mrs. Yamamoto's class of 35 students, 12 students are taking history, 18 are taking
English, and 4 are taking both. Draw a Venn diagram and use it determine how many
students are taking neither history nor English.
2) In a survey of 1200 college students, 700 used Spotify to listen to music and 400 used
iTunes to listen to music; of these, 100 used both.
a. Draw a Venn diagram and find the number of people in each region of the diagram.
b. How many used either Spotify or iTunes?
3) In 2016 , 80 college students were surveyed about what video services they subscribed to.
Suppose the survey showed that 50 use Amazon Prime, 30 use Netflix, 20 use Hulu. Of
those, 13 use Amazon Prime and Netflix, 9 use Amazon Prime and Hulu, 7 use Netflix and
Hulu.
3 students use all three services.
a. Draw a Venn diagram and use it to determine the number of people in each region of
the diagram.
b. How many use at least one of these?
c. How many use none of these?
4) A survey of 100 students at a college, finds that 50 take Mathematics, 40 take English, and
30 take History. Of these 15 take English and Mathematics, 10 take English and history,
10 take math and history, and 5 take all three subjects. Draw a Venn diagram and find the
numbers in each region. Use the diagram to answer the questions below.
a) Find the number of students taking math but not the other two subjects.
b) The number of students taking English or math but not history.
c) The number of students taking none of these subjects
5) In a survey of investors it was found that 100 invested in stocks, 60 in mutual funds, and
50 in bonds. Of these, 35 invested in stocks and mutual funds, 30 in mutual funds and
 bonds, 28 in stocks and bonds, and 20 in all three. Draw a Venn diagram and find the
numbers in each region. Use the diagram to answer the questions below.
a) Find the number of investors that participated in the survey.
b) How many invested in stocks or mutual funds but not in bonds?
c) How many invested in exactly one type of investment?

Boolean algebra: It is the branch of algebra in which the values of the variables are the truth values
as true or false, usually denoted as 1 and 0 respectively.

Switch A implies open=0 and closed=1

Switch B implies open=0 and closed=1

Laws or axioms of Boolean algebra

By a Boolean algebra we mean a set B together with two binary operations  and  on B a
singularity operation on B and two specific elements 1 and 0 of B such that the following axioms
hold.

1. For any x and y in B , x  y  y  x

2. For any x and y in B , x  y  y  x Axioms 1 and 2 satisfy Commutative laws
3. For any x, y and z in B , x   y  z   x  y   x  z 
4. For any x, y and z in B , x   y  z   x  y   x  z  Axioms 3 and 4 satisfy Distributive
laws
5. For any x in B , x  0  x.
6. For any x in B , x  1  x.
7. For any x in B , x  x  1.
8. For any x in B , x  x  0.
9. 0  1.

Terminology

x  y is called the meet of x and y

x  y is called the join of x and y

x is called the complement of x

0 is called the zero element

1 is called the unit element

B  ,,,0,1
Theorem1. Uniqueness of the complement: If x  y  1 and x  y  0, then y  x .

Proof

y  y0 by Axiom (5)

y  y   x  x  by Axiom (8)

y   y  x   y  x by Axiom (4)

y  x  y    y  x by Axiom (1)

y  1   y  x  by hypothesis

y   y  x   1 by Axiom (2)

y  y  x by Axiom (6)

WHAT IS LOGIC?

Logic may be defined as the science of reasoning. However, this is not to suggest that logic is
an empirical (i.e., experimental or observational) science like physics, biology, or psychology.
Rather, logic is a non-empirical science like mathematics. Also, in saying that logic is the
science of reasoning, we do not mean that it is concerned with the actual mental (or physical)
process employed by a thinking entity when it is reasoning. The investigation of the actual
reasoning process falls more appropriately within the province of psychology,
neurophysiology, or cybernetics. A statement is said to be logical if it follows a path.

Logical Symbols: These are symbols that connect two or more simple statement together.

Connectives Symbols
Or 
Not 
and 
Than 
if and only if 
only if 
provided that 

In logic, the statement is Boolean (i.e., it is either true or false). The table that represents the
analysis of the logical statement is called the truth table.
Rules

1. Two statements p and q means that p  q are both true when and only when both are true
2. Statement p or q means that p  q is false when and only when both are false
3. Considering the statement p and q means that p  q is true when and only when p and
q either both true or both false.
p q p  q  p  q  p
T T T T
T F F T
F T F T
F F F T

1.
p q p  p  q   p  q   p  q   p
T T F T F T
T F F T F T
F T T T F T
F F T F T T

2
p q r q p  q pr p r
T T T F F T F F
T T F F F T F T
T F T T T T F F
T F F T T T F T
F T T F T T T F
F T F F T F T T
F F T T T T T F
F F F T T F T T

Quiz

1.
p q r q p r  p  r pq  p  r   q
T T T
T T F
T F F
T F T
F T F
F T T
F F F
 F F T

INDICES

Introduction

Any expression written as a n is defined as the variable a raised to the power of the number n, a
is referred to as the base and n is called a power, an index or an exponent of a where n is positive
whole number.

Example

The lowest factors of 2000 are 2  2  2  2  5  5  5. These factors are written as 2 4  5 3 , where
2 and 5 are called bases and the numbers 4 and 3 are called indices.

When an index is an integer it is called a power. Thus, 2 4 is called ‘two to the power of four’, and
has a base of 2 and an index of 4 . Similarly, 5 3 is called ‘five to the power of three’ and has a
base of 5 and an index of 3 . Special names may be used when the indices are 2 and 3 , these being
called ‘squared’ and ‘cubed’, respectively. Thus 7 2 is called ‘seven squared’ and 9 3 is called ‘nine
cubed’. When no index is shown, the power is 1 , i.e. 2 means 21.

Reciprocal or Negative power

The reciprocal of a number is when the index is  1 and its value is given by 1 divided by the
base. Thus the reciprocal of 2 is 2 1 and its value is 1 2 or 0.5 . Similarly, the reciprocal of 5 is
5 1 which means 1 5 or 0.2.

Square root
1
2
The square root of a number is when the index is 1 2 , and the square root of 2 is written as 2
or 2 . The value of a square root is the value of the base which when multiplied by itself gives
the number. Since 2  2  4 , then 4  2 . However,  2   2  4 , so 4  2 . There are
always two answers when finding the square root of a number and this is shown by putting both a
+ and a − sign in front of the answer to a square root problem. Thus 9  3 √9 = ±3 and
1
4 2
 4  2 , and so on.

Laws of indices
 When simplifying calculations involving indices, certain basic rules or laws can be applied, called
the laws of indices. These are given below.

(i) When multiplying two or more numbers having the same base, the indices are added.

Thus 3 2  3 4  3 2 4  36

(ii) When a number is divided by a number having the same base, the indices are subtracted.

35
Thus 2
 35  2  33
3

(iii) When a number which is raised to a power is raised to a further power, the indices are
multiplied. Thus 35   2
 352  310.

(iv) When a number has an index of zero 0  , its value is one 1 Thus 30  1

(v) A number raised to a negative power is the reciprocal of that number raised to a positive power.
1 1
Thus 3  4  4 . Similarly, 3  2 3
3 2

(vi) When a number is raised to a fractional power, the denominator of the fraction is the root of
 3 8 2  3 2 3   2
2 2 6 1
the number and the numerator is the power. Thus 8 3 3
 2 2 and

 2 251  2 5 2   5 
1 1 2 1
25 2
 5 (Note that 2 )

Example 1. Evaluate: (a) 5 2  5 3 (b) 3 2  3 4  3 and (c) 2  2 2  25

From law (i):

(a) 5 2  5 3  5 23  5 5  5  5  5  5  5  3125

(b) 3 2  3 4  3  32 41  37  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  2187

(c) 2  2 2  2 5  2 1 25   2 8  2  2  2  2  2  2  2  2  256

75 57
Example 2. Find the value of: (a) 3 and (b) 4
7 5

From law (ii):

75
(a) 3  7 53  7 2  49
7
 57
(b) 4  5 7 4  53  125
5

Example 3. Evaluate: (a) 5 2  5 3  5 4 and (b) 3  35  32  33    

From laws (i) and (ii):

(a) 5 2  5 3  5 4  5 23 4  51  5

  
(b) 3  35  32  33  36  35  365  3
Example 4. Simplify: (a) 2 3   4
  5
(b) 3 2 , expressing the answers in index form

From law (iii):

(a) 2 3   4
 2 34  212

(b) 3 2   5
 3 25  310

Example 5. Evaluate:
10  2 3

10 4 10 2

10  2 3
 10 6  10 6  10 66  10 0  1
10  10
4 2

23  2 4
Example 6. Find the value of (a) 7 and (b)
32  3

2  25 3  39

From the laws of indices:

23  2 4 27 1 1
(a)  12  2 7 12  2 5  5 
2 2
7 5
2 2 32

(b)
3  2 3

36 1
 3610  34  4 
1
3  39 310
3 81

Example 7. Evaluate (a) 41 2 (b) 16 3 4 (c) 27 2 3 (d) 9 1 2

(a) 41 2  4  2

(b) 16 3 4  2 4 
3 4 3
4
2 4
 23  8
 (Note that it does not matter whether the 4th root of 16 is found first or whether 16 cubed is found
first–the same answer will result.)

(c) 27 2 3  33 23

 332 3  32  9

1 1 1 1
(d) 9 1 2    
9 3
12
9 3

Quiz

1. Simplify the following (i) 2 2 (ii) 4 2 (iii) 5 3 (iv)

1
5
(v)
1
2
(vi) 4
3
2
(vii) 4 3  1
2
2 10
3 1 2
(viii) 16 4 (ix) 81 2 (x) 125 3

2 5 3
2  23 2  24
2
3 1 3 1 9 2
2. Evaluate (i) (ii) (iii   (iv) 243 (v)  
5
(vi)   (vii)   (viii)
4 7 2  16 
2 3
4 4
2 1
 8  3 22  49  2
  (ix) 4 (x)  
 125  4  100 

LOGARITHMS

Introduction

A logarithm or (Log) is another name for a power or index. In other words, the Log of a particular
number is the power that the base must be raised to yield the particular number. It is a mirror image
of an index. The theory of logarithms is important, for there are several scientific and engineering
laws that involve the rules of logarithms.

If a number y can be written in the form a x , then the index x is called the ‘logarithm of y to the
base of a ’, i.e., if y  a x then x  log a y

If m  b n taking the log of both sides log b m  log b b n then log b m  n

Where log b b  1

The y  x n then n  log x y

The log of y to the base x is n

Example 1. 1000  10 3 then 3  log 101000

where 3 is called the log or power or index to which 10 must be raised to get the value 1000

0.01  10 2 then  2  log 100.01

Evaluate the following

(i) x  log 3 9

the log of 9 to base 3  x then it implies that 9  3 x

 9  3  3  3 x  32  3 x

Equating the base

x  2

(ii) x  log 4 2

the log of 2 to base 4  x then it implies that 2  4 x

 21  2 2 x  1  2 x

1
x 
2

Laws of logarithms

There are three basic laws of logarithms, which apply to any base:

i. log x  A  B   log x A  log x B

(a) log 10 2  3  log 10 2  log 10 3

(b) log a m  log a n  log a mn

(c) log 2 5  log 2 7  log 2 5  7  log 2 35

 A
ii. log x    log x A  log x B
B
 3
(a) log 10    log 10 3  log 10 2
2

m
(b) log a m  log a n  log a
n

 15 
(c) log 2 15  log 2 5  log 2    log 2 3
5

iii. log x A m  m  log x A

(a) log 10 3 2  2 log 10 3

(b) log 10 3 x  x log 10 3

From the three basic laws it follows that

log a m
(i) log n m 
log a n

log 2 16 log 2 2 4 4
(a) log 32 16   
log 2 32 log 2 2 5 5

where log 2 2  1 , log a a  1

(ii) log 2 1  0

(a) log 100 1  0  100 0  1

1
(b) log b    log b x 1   log b x
 x

1
(c) log 10    log 10 3 1   log 10 3
3

(d) log e x  In x

Quiz

1. Evaluate the following (i) x  log 3 81 (ii) x  log 2 8

2. Express the following numbers in log form (i) 10 2  100 (ii) 10 4  1000 (iii) 3 2  9

(iv) 2 4  16 (v) 4 3  64 (vi) 3 4  81 (vii) 4 5  1024 (viii) 8 3  512

3. Evaluate the following (i) log 3 9 (ii) log 3 16 (iii) log 4 63

4.Simplify the following using the laws of logarithm

p2q3
(iii) y  4 (iv) 243 5 (v) 64  3 (vi) 10,000 
1 3 3 4 4
(i) y  x x (ii) y  x  x
4 4 2 2 0

p q

3 1
3  49  2
(ix) 121 (xiii) 27 
1 3 4 2
(vii)  2 (viii)   2 (x)   (xi) 2 7 (xii) 3
7 4  100  4 4

3 3 2 2 5
9 2
 3 3  8  3
1
(xiv)   (xv)   (xvi)   (xvii)   (xviii)  
 16   10  7  125  2
8
(xix)  p 
3
4
 

Logarithmic equation

Example 1: Find the value of x in (i) 2001.1  20000

x

Divide through by 200

 1.1  100
x

Take the log of both sides

log 10 1.1  log 10 100

x

 x log 10 1.1  log 10 100

log 10 100 2
x   48.32
log 10 1.1 0.0414

(ii) 5 x  23
x
Take the log of both sides


log 10 5 x  log 10 23  log 10 2  3 x
x

 x log 10 5  log 10 2  x log 10 3

Collect like terms

 x log 10 5  x log 10 3  log 10 2

5
 x log 10    log 10 2
3

log 10 2 0.30103 0.30103

x    1.36
 5  log 10 5  log 10 3 0.2219
log 10  
 3

Logarithm Table

x 1 2 3 5 10
log 10 0 0.30103 0.4771 0.699 1

(iii) log 10 4  log 10 2  2  0.3  0.3  0.6

 10 
(iv) log 10 5  log 10    log 10 10  log 10 2  1  0.3  0.7
2

(v)If 3 x  5

Take log of both sides

log 10 3 x  log 10 5

 x log 10 3  log 10 5

log 10 5 0.699
x   1.4653dp 
log 10 3 0.4771

(vi) 3x 2  9 x  4

 3x 2  3 2 x  4 
Equating the base

 x 2  2x  4  2 x  8

 x 2  2x  8  0

x  4x  2  0  x  4 or x  2
(vii) 2 3 x 1  5 x 1

Take log of both sides

log 10 2 3 x 1  log 10 5 x 1

 3x  1 log 10 2  x  1log 10 5

 3x log 10 2  log 10 2  x log 10 5  log 10 5

 3x log 10 2  x log 10 5  log 10 5  log 10 2

 x3 log 10 2  log 10 5  log 10 5  log 10 2

5
log 10  

 x log 10 2 3  log 10 5   2   0.398
 8  0.204
log 10  
5

Note that 3 log 10 2  0.301  3  0.903

3 log 10 2  log 10 5  0.903  0.699  0.204

Quiz

(i) log 2 x  2  log 2 3  log 2 27

(ii) log 2 2x  5  log 2 4  x  3

(iii) log 2 x  log 2 x  3  2

(iv) log 4 3x  2  2

(v) log 2 3  log 2 2  log 2 6  log 2 8

(vi) log 3 3x  2  2

(vii)  2 log 4 x  log 4 9

(viii) log 5 x 2  x  4  2

(ix) 3 log 2 x   log 2 27

(x) log 3 x 2  1  2

(xi) log 4 x  log 4 x  3  1

(xii) 2 log 3 x  4  log 3 9  2

(xiii) 10 x  5

(xiv) 0.1  5
x

WEEK 8: SOLUTION TO PROBLEMS ON LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS

(i) log 2 x  2  log 2 3  log 2 27

 log 2 x  2  log 2 27  log 2 3

 27 
 log 2  x  2   log 2    log 2 9
 3 

Take the log of both sides

x29 x 7

(ii) log 2 2x  5  log 2 4  x  3

 log 2
2 x  5  3
4  x 
Take log of both sides


2 x  5  2 3  8
4  x 
2x  5  84  x
2x  5  32  8x

27
10 x  27  x   2.7
10

(iii) log 2 x  log 2 x  3  2

 log 2 x  log 2 x  3  2

 
 log 2 x 2  3x  2

Take the log of both sides

 x 2  3x  2 2

 x 2  3x  4  0

 x  4x  1  0

 x  4 or x  1

(iv) log 4 3x  2  2

Take the log of both sides

3x  2  4 2
3x  16  2  3x  18

x  6

(v) log 3 x  log 3 x  2  log 3 x  10

 log 3 x  log 3 x  2  log 3 x  10

 log 3 xx  2  log 3 x  10

 log 3 x 2  2 x  log 3 x  10

Take the log of both sides

 x 2  2 x  x  10
 x 2  3x  10  0

Product=  10x 2 , sum= 2x  5x

 x 2  5 x  2 x  10  0

 xx  5  2x  5  0

 x  2x  5  0  x  2 or x  5

(vi) log 7 x  4  log 7 x  4  log 7 5

 x  4 
 log 7    log 7 5
 x  4 

Take log of both sides


x  4  5
x  4
 x  4  5x  4

 x  4  5x  20

 4x  24  x  6

(vii) log 2 3  log 2 2  log 2 6  log 2 8

 log 2 3  log 2 2  log 2 6 1  log 2 8 1

1 1
 log 2 3  log 2 2  log 2  log 2
6 8

 1 
 
1  6  1
 log 2 6  log 2  log 2  48   log 2    log 2    log 2 2 3  3
48  6   48  8
 
 

(viii) log 3 3x  2  2

Take the log of both sides

 3x  2  3 2
 3x  9  2

11
x
3

(ix)  2 log 4 x  log 4 9

 log 4 x 2  log 4 9

Take the log of both sides

1
 x 2  9  9
x2

1
 x2 
9

Take the square root of both sides

1
x  
3

(x) log 5 x 2  x  4  2

Take the log of both sides

x 2  x  4  52

 x 2  x  4  25

 x 2  x  21  0

 b  b 2  4ac
x , a  1, b  1, c  21
2a

 1  12  41 21  1  1  84  1  85
x  
21 2 2

 1  85  1  85
x or x 
2 2

(xi) 3 log 2 x   log 2 27

 log 2 x 3  log 2 27 1
Take the log of both sides

1
 x 3  27 1 
27

Take the cube root of both sides

1
x 
3

(xii) log 3 x 2  1  2

Take the log of both sides

 x 2  1  32

 x2  8

Take the square root of both sides

x  2 2

(xiii) log 4 x  log 4 x  3  1

 log 4 xx  3  1

Take the log of both sides

x 2  3x  41

 x 2  3x  4  0

x  4x  1  0  x  4 or x  1
(xiv) 2 log 3 x  4  log 3 9  2

  x  4 2 
 log 3  2

 9 

Take the log of both sides

  x  4 2 
    32

 9 
  x  4   81
2

Take the square root of both sides

 x  4   9  x  4  9  x  4  9  5  x  4  9  13

(xv) 10 x  5

Take log of both sides

log 10 10 x  log 10 5

 x  log 10 5

x  0.699

(xi) 0.1  5
x

x
1 1 x 
   5  10 5
 10 

 10  x  5

Take the log of both sides

 log 10 10  x  log 10 5

 x  log 10 5

x   log 10 5

x  0.699
WEEK 9: SURDS

SURDS

of two integers n  0 , is
n
Definition 1: Any number which can be expressed as a quotient
m
called a rational number. Any real number which is not rational is called irrational. Irrational
numbers which are in the form of roots are called surds. For example, 2 , 3, 5 ,  and 3 2 are
irrational numbers while 16 , 3 8 and 5 32 can be expressed in rational form.

Definition 2: A general surd is an irrational number of the form a n b n, a.b , where a a is a rational
number and a n b is an irrational number n while is called a radical.

RULES FOR MANIPULATING SURDS

(i) a b  c b  a  c  b . This is the addition law of surds with the same radicals.

(ii) a d  c d  a  c  d . This is the subtraction law of surds with the same radicals.

(iii) ab  a  b

  
(iv) a b  c d  a  c  bd .

a a
(v) 
b b

   
(vi) a b  c d 
a b
c d

(vii)  b
2
 b  b2

(viii)  b n
 bn
 1
(ix) b n 
bn

1
(x)  x n
n
x

SIMPLIFICATION OF SURDS

5 3

5  3  5  3  15

6 7

6  7  6  7  42

28

28  2  14 or 4 7

Since 4 is a perfect square, we choose 4

28  4  7  2 7

45

Choose the factor that has a perfect square

45  9  5  3 5

3  12

3  12  3  12  36  6

2 6

2  6  12  4  3  2 3

Express the following in the form n () 3 5 () 2 5

3 5  3  5  9  5  45
2 5  2  5  4  5  20

Simplify the following

16 11 1
2
25 25 4

16 4 4 4
 
25 5 5 5

11 11 11
 
25 55 5

9 3 3 3
 
4 2 2 2

12 15 40
3 5 5

12 12
  42
3 3

15 15
  3
5 5

40 40
  8  2 4  2 2
5 5

Addition and Subtraction of Surds

2 3 5 3 8 5 2 5

2 3  5 3  2  3 3  5 3

8 5  2 5  8  2 5

(i) 7 6  4 7  5 7  3 6 (ii) 2 2  5 3  3 2 (iii) 18  2 (iv) 50  18

(i) 7 6  3 6  4 7  5 7  4 6  7

(ii) 2 2  5 3  3 2  2 2  3 2  5 3  5 2  5 3
(iii) 18  2  9  2  2  3 2  2  4 2

(iv) 50  18  25  2  9  2  5 2  3 2  2 2

MULTIPLICATION OF SURDS

Simplify the following


(i) 4  3 7 (ii) 2 3  3 5 (iii) 6 2  3 8 (iv) 5 8  4 3 (v) 3 7  2 6  
(vi) 2 7  3 5 

(vii) 4 3 2 5  3 2 

(i) 4  3 7

4  3 7  4  3  7  12 7

(ii) 2 3  3 5

2 3  3 5  2  3 3  5  6 15

(iii) 6 2  3 8

6 2  3 8  3  6  16  18  4  72

(iv) 5 8  4 3

5 8  4 3  5  4  24  5  4  4  6  40 6


(v) 3 7  2 6 
 
3 7  2 6  3 7  3 2 6  3 7  6 6


(vi) 2 7  3 5 
 
2 7  3 5  2  7  2  3 5  14  3 10


(vii) 4 3 2 5  3 2 
 
4 3 2 5  3 2  4 3  2 5  4 3  3 2  8 15  12 6
Simplify the following

(i)  5 3      5  3 5  4

3  2 (ii) 2 3  2 5 4 3  5 )

(i)  5  3
3  2  5  3  2  3 3  2  15  2 5  3 3  6

(ii) 2 3  2 5 4 3  5   2 3 4 3  5   2 5 4 3  5   8  3  2 15  8 15  2  5

 24  2 15  8 15  10  14  6 15

(iii) 5  3 5  4  5  5  4  3 5  4  5  4 5  3 5  12  7  5

(iv)  2  3  3  2  ) 8 2  3 5 8 2  3 5 

We employ special binomial expansion

x  y x  y   x 2  y 2
x  y x  y   x 2  y 2

(v)  2 3  3 2    2    3
2 2
 2  3  1

 
(vi) 8 2  3 5 8 2  3 5  8 2     3 5 
2 2
 64  2  9  5  128  45  63

(vii)  7 3  ) 3
2
52 5  2

We employ special binomial expansion of perfect square

x  y 2  x 2  2 xy  y 2

x  y 2  x 2  2 xy  y 2

(viii)  7 3    7
2 2
 2 7  3   32
 7  2 21  3  10  2 21

(ix)
3 52 2   3 5 
2 2
 23 5  2 2  2 2   2
 9  5  12 10  4  2  45  8  12 10  53  12 10

Quiz

Simplify the following

(i)  11 2
(ii)  8 2
(i) 112 (i)   () 5 2  () 10 7  ()
6 2 (i) 3 2
2 2 2
 
6 2 (i) 4 5
2
() 2  7 () 3  10 () 3  5  2 () 7  5  10 () 3  5  11 i) 2 3   2

 
() 4 2
2

(i) 12 (ii) 20 () 18 (iii) 90 (iv) 50 (v) 75 (vi) 200 (vii) 128 (viii) 32 (ix) 75 (x) 98
(xi) 28 (xii) 27 (xiii) 8  12 (xiv) 2  32 (xv) 5  20 (xvi) 15  3 (xvii) 3  8

9 9 1
(xviii) 14  2 (xix) 5 2 (xx) 10 17 (xxi) 2 5 (xxii) 2 3 (xxii) (xxiv) (xxv) 6
25 16 4

21 3 7 5 1
(xxvi) (xxvii) 1 (xxviii) 1 (xxix) 2 (xxx) 5
9 4 9 9 4
WEEK 10: RATIONALISING THE DENOMINATOR

To rationalise the denominator of a fraction is convert it to an equivalent fractions with a fractional

(non-surd) denominator

Rationalise the denominator of each of the following

1 5 5 3 5 4 2
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
7 7 7 6 5 6 5

1 1 7 7
(i)   
7 7 7 7

5 5 7 35
(ii)   
7 7 7 7

5 3 5 3 7 5 21
(iii)   
7 7 7 7

5 5 5 5 5 5 5
(iv)    
6 5 6 5 5 65 30

4 2 4 2 5 4 10
(v)   
6 5 6 5 5 30

1. Expand and simplify (i)  5 3   

5  3 (ii) 5 2  3 5 2  3  
2. Hence, rationalise the denominator of each of the following

1 1 6 2 2 3
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
5 3 5 3 5 2 3 5 2 3

1. (i)  5 3  5  3  5     
5  3  3 5  3  5  15  15  3  5  3  2


(ii) 5 2  3 5 2  3  5 2       3 2 2
 25  2  3  50  3  47
 1 1 5 3 5 3 5 3
2. (i)    
5 3 5 3 5 5 53 2

1 1 5 3 5 3
(ii)   
5 3 5 3 5 3 2

6 6 5 2 3 5 12  18 5 4  3  9  2 10 3  3 2
iii)     
5 2 3 5 2 3 5 2 3 47 47 47

(iv)
2 2 3

2 2 3

5 2 3

  
2 2 5 2  3  3 5 2  3 10  2  2 6  5 6  3


5 2 3 5 2 3 5 2 3 47 47

20  2 6  5 6  3 17  3 6
 
47 47

Quiz

1. Simplify the following

81 15 12 81
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) 3 (v) 2 7  7 7 (vi) 8 3  5 3 (vii) 15 6  5 6  4 6
9 5 4 9

(viii) 7 2  5 2 (ix) 8 5  3 5  2 5 (x) 7 10  4 7  5 10  3 6 (xi) 5 7  2 10  3 7

(xii) 3 5  6 3  3 5  4 3 (xiii) 6 3  2 7  4 7  5 3 (xiv) 5 2  6 3  3 2  3

(xv) 6 5  2 7  4 7  5 6 (xvi) 28  27  63  12 (xvii) 7 5  45  20  5 6

(xviii) 5 6  24  3 5  3 (xix) 72  3 8  6 3 108 (xx) 4 2  3 18 (xxi) 2 32  5 2


(xxii) 3 6  2 3  
(xxiii) 2 10 6 2  3 10 (xxiv) 5 2 3 5  2 6   
(xxv) 3 6 4 3  2 8  
2(i) 2 5  34 5  3 (ii) 5 2  3 3 3 2  4 3  (iii) 3 7  2 2  7  4 2 

(iv) 2 3  5 3  1 (v) 2 7  5 2 7  5  (vi) 5 2  3 10 5 2  3 10 


(vii) 10  7  10  7 (viii)  5 2 
2

(ix ) 3 7  2 5 
2
(x)  10  5 
2

(xi) 11  5 5 
2
 2 11 3 7 4 10 3 2 4 3 5 3 5
(xii) (xiii) (xiv) (xv) (xvi) (xvii) (xviii) (xix)
7 6 6 3 7 10 7 6 3

5 7 3 5 2 7
(xx) (xxi) (xxii)
3 10 2 11 5 6

3. Expand and simplify (i)  7 2  7  2  (ii)  10  3  10  3 

(ii)  5  2  5  2  (ii) 6  3 6  3  (ii) 2 3  2 2 3  2 

(ii) 3 2  53 2  5

4. Hence, rationalise the denominator of each of the following

1 1 1 1
(i) (ii) (iii)  3 (iv)
7 2 7 2 10 10  3

1 8 5 10
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
52 52 6 3 6 3

5 7 2 3 3 2 4
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
2 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 5 3 2 5

10  2 2 2 3 2 5 3 2
(i) (ii) (iii)
10  2 2 2 3 2 5 3 2

WEEK 11: QUADRATIC EQUATION

Introduction to quadratic equations

An equation is a statement that two quantities are equal and to ‘solve an equation’ means ‘to find
the value of the unknown’. The value of the unknown is called the root of the equation. A quadratic
equation is one in which the highest power of the unknown quantity is 2 . For example,
x 2  3x  1  0 is called quadratic equation. There are four methods of solving quadratic equations

These are:

(i) by factorization (where possible) (ii) by ‘completing the square’

(iii) by using the ‘quadratic formula’or (iv) graphically .

Example1: Solve the following equations by factorization method

(i) 2 x 2  5 x  3  0

Product =  6x 2 , factors are x and  6 x

Sum =  5x

 2x 2  6x  x  3  0

 2xx  3  1x  3  0

 2x  1x  3  0

 x   1 or x  3
2

(ii) x 2  2 x  8  0

Product =  8x 2 , factors are 4 x and  2 x

Sum =  2x

 x 2  4x  2x  8  0

 xx  4  2x  4  0

 x  4x  2  0

 x  4 or x  2

(iii) 3x 2  11x  4  0

Product =  12x 2 , factors are x and  12 x

Sum =  11x

3x 2  12 x  x  4  0

 3xx  4  1x  4  0

 3x  1x  4  0

 x   1 or x  4
3

Example 2.
(a) The roots of a quadratic equation are 1 and  2 . Determine the equation.
3

If the roots of a quadratic equation are  and  then x   x     0

1
Then   ,   2
3

  3 x   2  0
 x 1

x  13 x  2  0
  
x x 1 2 x 1 0
3 3

 x 2  1 x  2x  2  0
3 3

 x2  5 x  2  0
3 3

 3x 2  5 x  2  0

(b) The roots of a quadratic equation are 5 and  5 . Determine the equation.

  5,   5

 x  5x   5  0

 x  5x  5  0

 xx  5  5x  5  0

 x 2  5 x  5 x  25  0

 x 2  25  0

 x 2  25

 x 2  25  0

Take the square root of both sides

 x  5

Solution of quadratic equations by ‘completing the square’

An expression such as x 2 or  x  2  or  x  3 is called a perfect square.
2 2

Steps to be taken in completing the square method

i. If a  1 , divide the equation by a

ii. Move all constants to the right-hand side

iii. Take half the coefficient of x , square it and add it to both sides of the equation

iv. The left hand side is now a perfect square

Example 1: Solve the following by completing the square method

(i) x 2  10 x  6  0

x 2  10 x  6
2
 10   10 
   5,    25
2 2

x 2  10 x  25  6  25

 x 2  10 x  25  19

x  52  19
Take the square root of both sides

x  5   19

x  5  19

x  5  19  0.64

x  5  19  9.36

(ii) x 2  2 x  1  0

x 2  2 x  1
2
2
  1
2
x 2  2 x  1  1  1

x 2  2x  1  0

x  12  0
x  1x  1  0
x  1 twice

(iii) 3x 2  6 x  5  0

Divide through by 3

5
x 2  2x  0
3

5
x 2  2x  
3
2
2
  1
2

5
x 2  2x  1    1
3

2
x 2  2x  1  
3

x  12   2
3

2 2
x 1     i
3 3

2
x  1 i
3

2 2
x  1 i or x  1 i
3 3

Quiz
1. Solve the following equations by factorization method

(i) x 2  4 x  32  0 (ii) x 2  16  0 (iii) x  2  16 (iv) 2 x 2  x  3  0 (v) 6 x 2  5 x  1  0

2

(vi) 10 x 2  3x  4  0 (vii) x 2  4 x  4  0 (viii) 21x 2  25 x  4 (ix) 8 x 2  13x  6  0

(x) 5 x 2  13x  6  0 (xi) 6 x 2  5 x  4  0 (xii) 8 x 2  2 x  1  0

2. Determine the quadratic equations in x whose roots are (i) 3 and 1 (ii) 2 and  5 (iii)  1 and
1 1
 4 (iv) 2 and  (v) 6 and  6 (vi) 2.4 and  0.7 (vii) 1.2 and 0.4
2 2

3. Solve the following correct to 3 significant figures, by completing the square method:

49
(i) x 2  16 x  7  0 (ii) 2 z 2  7 z  1  0 (iii) x 2  6 x  9  0 (iv) x  7 x  0
2

Solution

(i) x 2  16 x  7  0

x 2  16 x  7
2
 16 
   64
2

x 2  16 x  64  7  64

x 2  16 x  64  71

x  82  71
x  8   71  8.43

 x  8  71

 x  8  71  16.43 or x  8  71   0.43

(ii) 2 z 2  7 z  1  0

2 z 2  7 z  1
 2
7 49
  
2 4

49 49
2z 2  7z   1 
4 4

49 45
2z 2  7z  
4 4
2
 7z  45
z   
 2 4

7z 45
z 
2 4

7z 45 7 z 45
z   
2 4 2 2

7z 45 7 z 9  5 7z 3 5
z     
2 2 2 2 2 2

7z 3 5 7z 3 5
z   6.85 or z    0.15
2 2 2 2

(iii) x 2  6 x  9  0

x 2  6 x  9
2
 6
   9
 2

x 2  6 x  9  9  9  0

x  32  0  x  3 twice
49
(iv) x  7 x  0
2

49
x2  7x  
4
 2
 7 49
  
 2 4

49 49 49
x2  7x    0
4 4 4

4 x 2  28 x  49  0
2
 7 7
 x    0  x  twice
 2 2

(viii) 5 x 2  6 x  5  0

6
x2  x  1
5
2
 6 
2
 3 9
     
 52  5 25

6 9 9
x2  x  1 
5 25 25

6 9 16
x2  x 
5 25 25

25 x 2  30 x  9  16

5 x  32  16
5x  3    16  4i

5x  3  4i

 3  4i  3  4i
x or x 
5 5
WEEK LESSON: Quadratic Formula

From the quadratic formula if ax 2  bx  c  0 then,

 b  b 2  4ac
x
2a

Example 1: Solve the following by quadratic formula

(i) 4 x 2  7 x  2  0

a  4, b  7 and c  2

 7  7 2  442  7  49  32  7  17
x  
24 8 8

 7  17  7  4.123
x 
8 8

 7  4.123  7  4.123
x or x 
8 8

x  0.36 or x  1.39

(ii) x 2  2 x  8  0

a  1, b  2 and c  8

 2  2 2  41 8  2  4  32  2  36
x  
21 2 2

 2  36  2  6
x 
2 2

26 4 26 8
x   2 or x     4
2 2 2 2

b 2  4ac is known as discriminant

Quiz

1: Solve the following by quadratic formula:

(i) 3x 2  11x  4  0 (ii) 2 x 2  5 x  4  0 (iii) 2 x 2  7 x  4  0 (iv) 1.5 x 2  7 x  3  0

(v) 9 x 2  24 x  16  0 (vi) 4 x 2  2 x  9  0 (vii) 2 x 2  5 x  1.125  0

(viii) 4 x 2  11x  3  0 (ix) 3x 2  11x  4  0 (x) 4 x 2  8 x  3  0

(xi) 1.5 x 2  7 x  3  0 (xii) 9 x 2  24 x  16  0 (xiii) 4 x 2  2 x  9  0

(xiv) 2 x 2  5 x  1.125  0 (xv) 4 x 2  7 x  2  0 (xvi) x 2  4 x  32  0 (xvii) 8 x 2  2 x  15  0

1
2. Determine the quadratic equations in x whose roots are (i)  2 and  5 (ii) and  2
3

3. The length of a tennis court is 12.8m more than its width. If the area of a tennis court is 262m 2
, what are its dimensions?

POLYNOMIAL DIVISION
Polynomial is an expression of the form
f x   a  bx  cx 2  dx 3  ...
Polynomial division is required when resolving into partial fractions
Example 1. Divide the following
(i) 2 x 2  x  3 by x  1
2 x 2  x  3 is called the dividend and x  1 is the divisor
2x  3
x  1 2x  x  3
2

 
 2 x 2  2 x  3x  3
 3 x  3  0
  2 x 2  x  3 by x  1  2x  3
(ii) 3x 3  x 2  3x  5 by x  1
3x 2  2 x  5
x  1 3x 3  x 2  3x  5
 
 3x 3  3 x 2  2 x 2  3x  5
 
  2 x 2  2 x  5x  5
 5 x  5  0

 3x 3  x 2  3x  5 by x  1  3 x 2  2 x  5
(iii) 4a 3  6a 2 b  5b 3 by 2a  b
2a 2  2ab  b 2
2a  b 4a 3  6a 2 b  5b 3
 
 4a 3  2a 2 b  4a 2 b  5b 3
  4a b  2ab  2a b  5b
2 2 2 3

  2a b  b   4b
2 3 3

4b 3
4a  6a b  5b by 2a  b  2a  2ab  b 
3 2 3 2 2

2a  b

Quiz
(i) x 2  3x  2 by x  2 (ii) 2 x 2  xy  y 2 by x  y (iii) 3x 2  5 x  2 by x  2
(iv) 10 x 2  11x  6 by 2 x  3 (v) 14 x 2  19 x  3 by 2 x  3 (vi) 5 x 2  x  4 by x  1
(vii) 3x 3  2 x 2  5 x  4 by x  2 (viii) Determine 5x 4  3x 3  2 x  1 x  3
(ix) x 3  3x 2 y  3xy 2  y 3 by x y

1. Solve the following correct to 3 significant figures, by completing the square method:

49
(i) x 2  16 x  7  0 (ii) 2 z 2  7 z  1  0 (iii) x 2  6 x  9  0 (iv) x 2  7 x  0
4

(i) x 2  16 x  7  0

x 2  16 x  7
 2
 16 
   64
 2

x 2  16 x  64  7  64

x 2  16 x  64  71

x  82  71
x  8   71  8.43

 x  8  71

 x  8  71  16.43 or x  8  71   0.43
(ii) 2 z 2  7 z  1  0

2 z 2  7 z  1

2
7 49
  
2 4

49 49
2z 2  7z   1 
4 4

49 45
2z 2  7z  
4 4

2
 7z  45
z   
 2  4

7z 45
z 
2 4

7z 45 7 z 45
z   
2 4 2 2

7z 45 7 z 9  5 7z 3 5
z     
2 2 2 2 2 2

7z 3 5 7z 3 5
z   6.85 or z    0.15
2 2 2 2
(iii) x 2  6 x  9  0

x 2  6 x  9

2
 6
   9
 2

x 2  6 x  9  9  9  0

x  32  0  x  3 twice
49
(iv) x 2  7 x  0
4

49
x2  7x  
4

2
 7 49
  
 2 4

49 49 49
x2  7x    0
4 4 4

4 x 2  28 x  49  0

2
 7 7
 x    0  x  twice
 2 2

(viii) 5 x 2  6 x  5  0

6
x2  x  1
5

2
 6 
2
 3 9
     
 52  5 25

6 9 9
x2  x  1 
5 25 25

6 9 16
x2  x 
5 25 25

25 x 2  30 x  9  16
5x  32  16
5x  3    16  4i
5x  3  4i

 3  4i  3  4i
x or x 
5 5

2: Solve the following by quadratic formula:

(i) 3x 2  11x  4  0 (ii) 2 x 2  5 x  4  0 (iii) 2 x 2  7 x  4  0 (iv) 1.5 x 2  7 x  3  0

(v) 9 x 2  24 x  16  0 (vi) 4 x 2  2 x  9  0 (vii) 2 x 2  5 x  1.125  0

(viii) 4 x 2  11x  3  0 (ix) 3x 2  11x  4  0 (x) 4 x 2  8 x  3  0

Solution

(viii) x  2.443,0.307 (ix) x   1 , 4 (x) x   3 ,  1

3 2 2

(iv) 1.5 x 2  7 x  3  0

a  1.5, b  7, c  3

 7  7 2  41.5 3  7  49  18  7  67
x  
21.5 3 3

 7  67  7  67
x  0.40 or x   5.06
3 3

(v) 9 x 2  24 x  16  0

a  9, b  24, c  16

 24  24 2  4169  24  576  576  24  0 24 4

x    
29 18 18 18 3

(vi) 4 x 2  2 x  9  0
a  4, b  2, c  9

 2  2 2  449  2  4  144  2   140

x  
24 8 8

 2   140  2   1  4  35  2  2 35 i  1  35 i
x   
8 8 8 4

(vii) 2 x 2  5 x  1.125  0

a  2, b  5, c  1.125

 5  5 2  421.125  5  25  81.125  5  16
x  
22 22 4

 5  16  5  4
x 
4 4

54 1 54 9
x   or x  
4 4 4 4

1
2. Determine the quadratic equations in x whose roots are (i)  2 and  5 (ii) and  2
3

(b) 4 x 2  7 x  2  0 (c) x 2  4 x  32  0 (d) 8 x 2  2 x  15  0

Ans (i) 2 x 2  3x  10  0 (ii) 3x 2  5 x  2  0 (b) x  0.36 or x  1.39

3
(c) x  4 or x  8 (d) x  5 or x  
4 2

3. The length of a tennis court is 12.8m more than its width. If the area of a tennis court is
262m 2 , what are its dimensions?

A  262
L  w  262
L  w  12.8m
w  12.8w  262
w 2  12.8w  262
2
 12.8 
   6.4   40.96
2

 2 
w 2  12.8w  40.96  262  40.96
 w 2  12.8w  40.96  302.96
w  6.92  302.96
w  6.9   302.96
w  6.9  302.96
w  6.9  17.41
w  6.9  17.41  10.51  11.0 or w  6.9  17.41  24.31
w  11.0m
L  w  12.8m  11.0  12.8m  23.8m

Problem (i) x 2  3x  2 by x  2

x  y (iii) 3x  5 x  2 by x  2
2
(ii) 2 x 2  xy  y 2 by

(iv) 10 x  11x  6 by 2 x  3 vi) 5 x  x  4 by x  1

2 2

(vii) 3x 3  2 x 2  5 x  4 by x  2 (viii) Determine 5 x 4  3x 3  2 x  1 x  3

Solution

8
(ii) 2 x  y (iii) 3x  1(iv) 5x  2 (v) 7 x  1(vi) 5 x  4 
x 1

2 481
(vii) 3 x 2  4 x  3  (viii) 5 x 3  18 x 2  54 x  160 
x2 x3

(i) x 2  3x  2 by x  2
x5
x  2 x 2  3x  2
 
 x 2  2 x  5x  2
 5 x  10   8

8
 x 2  3 x  2 by x  2  x  5 
x2

WEEK LESSON: THE FACTOR THEOREM

If x  a is a root of the equation

f x   0 , then x  a  is a factor of f  x 
 Example (i) x 2  2 x  8  0 (ii) x 3  7 x  6  0
If x  1,then f 1  1  2  8  5  0
If x  2 ,then f 2  4  4  8  0
x  2 is a factor
x4
x  2 x  2x  8
2

 
 x 2  2x  4x  8
 4 x  8  0

x  2x  4  0  x  2 or x  4
(ii) x 3  7 x  6  0
If x  1,then f 1  1  7  6  12  0
If x  3 ,then f 3  27  21  6  0
x  3 is a factor

x 2  3x  2
x  3 x3  7x  6
 
 x 3  3x 2  3x 2  7 x  6
 
 3x 2  9 x  2 x  6
 2 x  6   0

Then, we factorize x 2  3x  2  x  1x  2

Therefore, the root of the equation are x  3 x  1x  2  x  3, x  1 and x  2

(ii) x 3  2 x 2  5 x  6  0

If x  1,then f 1  1  2  5  6  0

If x  2 ,then f 2  8  8  10  6  4  0

If x  3 ,then f 3  27  18  15  6  0

If x  1,then f  1  1  2  5  6  7  0

If x  2 ,then f  2  8  8  10  6  0
Therefore, the root of the equation are x  1 x  3x  2  x  1, x  3 and x  2

Quiz

Solve by factor theorem (i) 2 x 3  5 x 2  4 x  7  0 (ii) x 2  2 x  3  0 (iii) x 3  x 2  4 x  4  0

(iv) x 3  4 x 2  x  6  0 (v) x 3  2 x 2  x  2  0

REMAINDER THEOREM

If ax 2

 bx  c is divided by x  p  , the remainder will be ap 2  bp  c

Example (i) 3x 2  4 x  5 by x  2

 a  3, b  4, c  5 and p  2

32  42  5  12  8  5  9
2

(ii)Divide x 2  2 x  8 by x  1

p  1 1
2
 21  8  1  2  8  5

(iii)Divide 4 x 2  7 x  9 by x  3
  43  73  9  36  21  9  24
2
p3

(iv)Divide 4 x 2  7 x  9 by x  3

 4 3  7 3  9  36  21  9  66
2
p  3

(v)Divide x 2  3x  2 by x  1 p  1  11  31  2  1  3  2  2

2

If the remainder should be zero then x  p is a factor

ii)Divide 2 x 2  x  3 by x  1

p 1  21  2  11  3  2  1  3  0
Quiz

(1) Divide the following

(i) 3x 2  5 x  2 by x  2 (ii) 2 x 2  x  3 by x  1 (iii) 10 x 2  11x  6 by 2 x  3

(iv) 3x 3  x 2  3x  5 by x  1 (v) 5 x 2  x  4 by x  1 (vi) 3x 3  2 x 2  5 x  4 by x  2

(2)Use remainder theorem to determine the remainder (i) 2 x 3  5 x 2  4 x  7

ii) 3x 3  2 x 2  x  5 by x  2

(iii) x 3  2 x 2  5 x  6 is divided by (a) x  1 and (b) x  2 .

(iv) x 3  6 x 2  11x  6 (v) 2 x 3  x 2  7 x  6  0

(vi) x 3  7 x 2  14 x  8 and hence the cubic equation

(3)Determine the value of a when x  2 is factor of x 3  ax 2  7 x  10

PARTIAL FRACTIONS

In order to resolve algebraic expression to partial fractions:

(i) the denominator must be factorize

(ii) the numerator must be at least one degree less than the denominator
When the degree of the numerator is equal to or higher than the degree of the denominator, the
numerator must be divided by the denominator until the remainder is of less degree than the
denominator. There are three basic types of partial fraction and the form of partial fraction used as
follows:

f x  A B C
  
x  a x  bx  c  x  a x  b x  c
1. Linear factors

f x  A B C
2. Repeated linear factors   
x  a  x  a x  a  x  a 3
3 2

f x  Ax  B C
 
3. Quadratic factors
ax  bx  c x  d  ax  bx  c  x  d 
2 2

11  3 x 7 x 2  5 x  13
 
Example1. Resolve into partial fraction.(i) .(ii)
x 2  2x  3 x 2  2 x  1

3  6x  4x 2  2x3
 
(iii)
x2 x2  3

(ii) x 2  4

11  3 x
.(i)
x  2x  3
2

x 2  2 x  3  x  1x  3

11  3x 11  3x A B
  
x  2 x  3 x  1x  3 x  1 x  3
2

11  3x Ax  3  Bx  1

x  1x  3 x  1x  3
11  3x  Ax  3  Bx  1

When x  1

11  31  A1  3  B1  1  8  4 A  A  2

When x  3
11  3 3  A 3  3  B 3  1  20  4B  B  5

11  3x 2 5 2 5
    
x  2 x  3 x  1 x  3 x  1 x  3
2

7 x 2  5 x  13 Ax  B
 
C


 Ax  B x  1  C x 2  2 
     
ii)
x 2  2 x  1 x 2  2 x  1 x 2  2 x  1

7 x 2  5 x  13  Ax 2  Ax  Bx  B  Cx 2  2C

When x  0

7 x 2  5 x  13  Ax 2  Ax  Bx  B  Cx 2  2C  13  B  2C

When x  1

7 x 2  5 x  13  Ax 2  Ax  Bx  B  Cx 2  2C  15  3C  C  5

Equating the coefficients of x 2 terms gives

7  A  C  C  5, A  2

Equating the coefficients of x terms gives

5  A  B  B  3, A  2

Equating the constant terms gives

13  B  2C  C  5, B  3

7 x 2  5 x  13 2x  3 5
  2 
  
x  2 x  1 x  2 x  1
2

   
3  6 x  4 x 2  2 x 3 A B Cx  D Ax x 2  3  B x 2  3  Cx  D x 2
  2  2 
     
(iii)
x2 x2  3 x x x 3 x2 x2  3

Equating the numerator gives

   
3  6 x  4 x 2  2 x 3  Ax x 2  3  B x 2  3  Cx  D x 2  Ax 3  3 Ax  Bx 2  3B  Cx 3  Dx 2

When x  0 then 3  3B  B  1

Equating the coefficients of x 3 terms gives

 2  AC

Equating the coefficients of x 2 terms gives

4  B  D  4  1 D  D  3

Equating the coefficients of x terms gives

6  3A  A  2

Since A  2  2  A  C  2  2  C  C  4

3  6x  4x 2  2x 3 2 1 3  4x
   2  2

x x 3
2 2
 x x x 3  
2 x 2  9 x  35
Convert into the sum of three partial fractions (i)
x  1x  2x  3
2 x 2  9 x  35 A B C Ax  2x  3  Bx  1x  3  C x  1x  2
   
x  1x  2x  3 x  1 x  2 x  3 x  1x  2x  3
2 x 2  9 x  35  Ax  2x  3  Bx  1x  3  C x  1x  2

Let x  1

2 1  9 1  35  A 1  2 1  3  B 1  1 1  3  C  1  1 1  2

2

 24  6 A  A  4

Let x  2

22  92  35  A2  22  3  B2  12  3  C 2  12  2

2

 45  15B  B  3

Let x  3

2 3  9 3  35  A 3  2 3  3  B 3  1 3  3  C  3  1 3  2

2

 10  10C  C  1

2 x 2  9 x  35 4 3 1
   
x  1x  2x  3 x  1 x  2 x  3
 Quiz

x 2  x  13 6x  5 15  5 x  5 x 2  4 x 3
(i)
 
x  7 x  2
2
(ii)

x  4 x 2  3  iii)

x2 x2  5 
20 x  4 x 2  x 3  7 2x x5

  x  33x  1
2
iv) (v) x 4 (vi) (vii) 2
x  1 x  8
2 2
x  2x  3

3x  1 x 1 x x7
(viii) (ix) 2 (x) 2 (xi) 2
x  3x  4
2
3x  2 x  1 3x  2 x  1 x  16

TRIGONOMETRY FUNCTIONS

1 revolution  2 radians

Converting radians to degree

180 0
 rad

Converting degree to radians

 rad
180 0

RIGHT TRIANGLE TRIGONOMETRY

Degrees 00 30 0 45 0 60 0 90 0 120 0 1350 150 0 180 0

Radians 0     2 3 5 
6 4 3 2 3 4 6
Degrees 210 0 225 0 240 0 270 0 300 0 315 0 330 0 360 0
 Radians 7 5 4 3 5 7 11 2
6 4 3 2 3 4 6

An acute angle is an angle between 0 0 and 90 0 .

Six trigonometric functions

opp b adj a opp b sin 

sin    cos    tan    tan   csc  
1
hyp c hyp c adj a cos  sin 

hyp c hyp c adj a cos 

csc    sec    cot    cot   sec  
1
opp b adj a opp b sin  cos 

SOH CAH TOA

Pythagorean Identities

Definition: Pythagorean Identities for Trigonometric Functions

The Pythagorean identities for the trigonometric equations are given by

sin 2   cos 2   1

cot 2   1  csc 2 

tan 2   1  sec 2 

We can manipulate the Pythagorean identity sin 2   cos 2   1to derive the other identities for
the reciprocal trigonometric functions.

sin 2   cos 2   1

Divide through by sin 2 

sin 2  cos 2  1
 
sin 2  sin 2  sin 2 

cos 2  1
1 
sin 2  sin 2 
cot 2   1  csc 2 

Divide through by cos 2 

 sin 2  cos 2  1
 
cos  cos  cos 2 
2 2

tan 2   1  sec 2 

This means we do not have to memorize all three Pythagorean identities, as we can derive all the
other identities from the most basic one involving the sine and cosine functions.

Let’s find the value of a particular expression by applying an identity, with no other information.
This means the values will always be the same, no matter what the angle is or the value of the
trigonometric function at that angle.

Even-Odd Identities

sin      sin  cos     cos tan      tan 

csc     csc sec     sec cot     cot 

sin  cos 2   1
1  cos  cos 2   cos
1  cot 
Show that (i) sec  sin   tan  (ii) sin 2  cot  sec   sin  (iii)  cot 
1  tan 

1  cot  1  sin x
(iv)  cot  (v) cos 2   sin 2   1  2 sin 2  (vi)  sec x  tan x
1  tan  1  sin x

(i) sec  sin   tan 

1  cos  1  cot    1

2 2

sin 2 
1   cos 
1  cos 2 
(ii) sin 2  cot  sec   sin 

From the left hand side

 cos   1
sin 2     sin 
 sin   cos 
 tan x  sec x
(iii) 1
 tan x 
sec x1  
 sec x 

From the left hand side

sin x 1 sin x  1 sin x  1


cos x cos x  cos x cos x sin x  1  cos x 
    1
 sin x  1   sin x  cos x  cos x  sin x  1 
1   cos x  1  cos x 1  sin x 
1
1  cos x

 cos x    
1
cos x  1 
 
 cos x 

1  cot 
(iv)  cot 
1  tan 

From the left hand side

 cos   sin   cos 

1  
 sin    sin   sin   cos   cos  cos 
    cot 
sin  cos   sin   sin   sin   cos  sin 
1
cos  cos 

(v) cos 2   sin 2   1  2 sin 2 

cos 2   1  sin 2 

From the left hand side

1  sin 2   sin 2   1  2 sin 2 

1  sin x
(vi)  sec x  tan x
1  sin x

From the left hand side take the conjugate of the denominator

 1  sin x  1  sin x  1  sin x 2

  
 1  sin x  1  sin x  1  sin 2 x

sin 2   1  cos 2 

 1  sin x  1  sin x  1  sin x 2 1  sin x 1 sin x

       sec x  cot x
 1  sin x  1  sin x 
2
cos x cos x cos x cos x
 1  sin x
  sec x  tan x
1  sin x

Quiz

Show that

1
(i) sin x cot x  cos x (ii)  cos ec (iii) 2 cos 2 A  1  cos 2 A  sin 2 A
1  cos 
2

cos x  cos 3 x
 sin x cos x (v) 1  cot    1  cot    2 cos ec 2
2 2
(iv)
sin x

sin 2 xsec x  cos ecx 

(vi)  1  tan x
cos x tan x

TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS

Solve (i) 5 sin   3  0

Collecting like terms

3
sin     0.6000
5

  sin 1  0.6000
Sine is negative in the third and fourth quadrants

The acute angle sin 1 0.6000  36 0 52

 52
52   0.87 0
60
  180 0  36 0 52  216 0 52 or

  360 0  36 0 52  3230 8

(ii) 1.5 tan x  1.8  0 for  0  x  360 0

1.8
tan x   1.2000
1.5

Tangent is positive in the first and third quadrants

The acute angle tan 1 1.2000  50012

x  50 012 or x  180 0  50 012  230 012

(iii) 4 sec t  5 for values of t between 0 0 and 3600 .

5
sec t   1.2500
4

t  sec 1 1.2500

Secant is positive in the first and fourth quadrants

The acute angle sec 1 1.2500  36 0 52

t  36 0 52 or t  360 0  36 0 52  3230 8

(iv) 8 sin 2   2 sin   1  0, 0 0  y  360 0

Factorizing 8 sin 2   2 sin   1  0

4 sin   12 sin   1  0

1
4 sin   1  0  sin      sin 1 0.2500
4

1
2 sin   1  0  sin     0.5000
2

  sin 1 0.2500  14 0 29 or   1650 31

  sin 1  0.5000  2100 or   330 0

  14 0 29,1650 31, 210 0 or   330 0

(v) 6 cos 2   5 cos   6  0, 0 0  y  360 0

Factorizing 6 cos 2   5 cos   6  0

3 cos  22 cos  3  0

3 cos   22 cos   3  0  cos  

2
 0.6667
3

3
2 cos   3  0  cos     1.5000
2

The minimum value of cosine is  1 , therefore we neglect cos  1.5000

  cos 1 0.6667  48011, 3110 49

(vi) 2  4 cos 2 A  0  0  A  360 0

2
Collecting like terms cos 2 A   0.5000
4

cos A   0.5000  0.7071

Cosine is positive in the one and fourth quadrants

Cosine is negative in the two and third quadrants

The acute angle cos 1  0.7071  450

A  450 ,1350 ,2250 or A  3150

(vii) Find the value of sin x  cos x   cos x  sin x 

2 2

We will find the value of a particular trigonometric expression by applying a Pythagorean identity.

Since this example involves sine and cosine functions, we recall the Pythagorean identity
sin 2   cos 2   1

sin x  cos x 2  cos x  sin x 2  cos 2 x  sin 2 x  2 sin x cos x   cos 2 x  sin 2 x  2 sin x cos x 
  
 cos 2 x  sin 2 x  2 cos 2 x  sin 2 x  1

 
sin 90 0    cos

 
cos 90 0     sin 

 
sin 90 0    cos

 
cos 90 0    sin 

 
tan 90 0   

sin 90 0  

cos 

cos 

cos 90  
0

 sin  sin 

Simplify 
sin 2   sin 2 90 0   
 
sin 2   sin 2 90 0    sin 2   cos 2   1

(viii) Find 1  tan 2 A , given that ABC is a right triangle at C , where AB  10cm and BC  6cm .

We can find the value of the desired expression using two different methods. Firstly, using
Pythagorean identities, and secondly, using the Pythagorean theorem. Let’s begin with the method
of finding this value using Pythagorean identities.

Method 1

Since this example involves the tangent function, we recall the Pythagorean identity

1  tan 2 A  sec 2 A

By definition, the secant function is

1
sec A 
cos A

sin A  opposite / hypotenuse

BC 6 3
sin A   
AB 10 5

By the Pythagorean identity and the definition of the secant function,

 1
1  tan 2 A 
cos 2 A

cos 2 A  1  sin 2 A

25  9 16
2
3 9
cos A  1     1 
2
 
5 25 25 25

1 25
1  tan 2 A  
16 16
25

Method 2

We could also determine this value by finding the adjacent side of the right triangle from the
Pythagorean theorem and using this to compute the value of tan A ,given as the ratio of the
opposite and adjacent sides. By the Pythagorean Theorem on the right triangle, we have

BC 2   AC 2   AB2
 AC 2   AB2  BC 2
 AC 2  10 2  6 2  100  36  64
Take the square root of both sides

AC  8

BC
tan A 
AC

6 3
tan A  
8 4

We note that this is the same as the ratio of the value given by the sine and cosine of the angle,
since cos 2 A  16 25 implies that cos A  4 5 as A is an acute angle, and hence

sin A 3 5 3 4 3
tan A     
cos A 4 5 5 5 4
 9 16  9 25
2
3
1  tan 2 A  1     1   
4 16 16 16

So far, the examples we have considered involved finding the value of a trigonometric expression
by applying the Pythagorean identities. For some examples, we also used known values of a
trigonometric function or another expression. But what if we want to determine the value of a
trigonometric function from the value of another trigonometric expression? In some cases, we may
need to know what quadrant the angle lies in because the signs of the trigonometric functions can
be different for each quadrant.

The Pythagorean identities involve squares of values of trigonometric functions, so we may need
to take the square root to obtain the value of another trigonometric function, which can be positive
or negative. The sign of the trigonometric functions will depend on which quadrant we consider.

 In the first quadrant, all trigonometric functions are positive.

 In the second quadrant, the sine function is positive.
 In the third quadrant, the tangent function is positive.
 In the fourth quadrant, the cosine function is positive.

The Pythagorean identities allow us to determine the value of a trigonometric function, say cos
, from given the value of another trigonometric function, sin  .From the first Pythagorean identity
sin 2   cos 2   1,we obtain

cos 2   1  sin 2 

cos   1  sin 2 

The cosine function is positive in the first and fourth quadrants and negative in the second and
third quadrants. In other words, the value of the cosine function will depend on the value
of sin  and which quadrant angle  lies.

Now, let’s look at an example where we determine the value of the cosine function from the given
value of the sine value in a particular quadrant, using the Pythagorean identity.

Example

3
(ix) Find cos given that sin    , where 270 0    360 0
5

Answer

In this example, we will find the value of a particular trigonometric function from the value of
another function, in a particular quadrant.
Since this example involves sine and cosine functions, we recall the Pythagorean identity
sin 2   cos 2   1

3
If we substitute sin   
5

2
 3
    cos   1
2

 5 

9 25  9 16
cos 2   1   
25 25 25

Since 270 0    360 0 , this corresponds to the fourth quadrant. We recall from the CAST diagram
that the sign of the cosine function is positive. Thus, taking the positive sign,

16 4
cos    
25 5

In fact, we can write the values of the other trigonometric function in terms of sin𝜃 and using the
value for the cosine function, which follows from the other Pythagorean identities or the definition
of the functions in terms of sine and cosine. For example, for the tangent function, we have

sin 
tan  
cos 

sin 
tan   
1  sin 2 

The sign of each trigonometric function will depend on the sign of sin  and the quadrant in which
angle  lies.

Quiz

(i) 4  7 sin   0

(ii) 3 cos ecA  5.5  0

(iii) 42.32  5.4 cot t   0

(iv) 5 sin 2 y  3, 0 0  y  360 0

(v) 2 cot 2   5, 0 0  y  3600

(vi) 15 sin 2 A  sin A  2  5, 0 0  A  360 0

(vii) 8 tan 2   2 tan   15, 0 0    360 0

(viii) 2 cos ec 2  5 cos ec  12, 0 0    360 0

(ix) 12 sin 2   6  cos , 0 0    360 0

(x) 16 sec   2  14 tan 2  , 0 0    360 0

(xi) 4 cot 2   6 cos ec  6  0, 0 0    360 0

(xii) 5 sec   2 tan 2   3, 0 0    360 0

(xiii) 2.9 cos 2   7 sin   1  0, 0 0    360 0

(xiv) 3 cos ec 2  8  7 cot  , 0 0    360 0

(xv) 6 cos 2   5 cos   6  0, 0 0  y  360 0

2. Solve the following trigonometric equations

1
(i) cot 2 y  1.3, 0 0  y  360 0
2

(ii) 5 cos 2   3 sin   3  0, 0 0    360 0

(iii) 18 sec
2
A  3 tan A  21

(iv) 3 csc 2   5  4 cot  , 0 0    360 0

25
(v) Find the value of cot 2  given that csc 2  
9

(vi)Find the value of sin  cos given that sin   cos  5 4

(vii)Find the value of tan 2   cot 2  given that tan   cot   17

13 
(viii) Given that sin x  ,  x   , find tan x .
7 2
 
(ix) Find the value of sec  given that sec  tan   1 6 , where 0   
2

 3 
(x)Find the value of cos ec sin   tan  cot   cos 2  given that    ,
4
 and sin   
 2 5

MATRICES

The theory of matrices and determinants

Matrices and determinant are mainly used for the solution of linear simultaneous equations. The
coefficients of the variables of simultaneous equations may be shown in matrix form. The
coefficients of x and y in the simultaneous equations

x  2 y  3 , 4x  5 y  6

1 2 
become   in matrix notation
4  5

Similarly, the coefficients of r, p and q in the equations

1.3 p  2.0q  r  7

3.7 p  4.8q  7r  3

4.1 p  3.8q  12r  6

1.3  2.0 1 
 
become  3.7 4.8  7  in matrix notation
 4.1 3.8 12 


The numbers within a matrix are called an array and the coefficients forming the array are called
the elements of the matrix. The number of rows in a matrix is usually specified by m and the
numbers of column by n and a matrix referred to as an ‘ m by n ’ matrix.

1 2 
Thus   is ‘ 2 by 2 ’ matrix
4  5

1 2 1 
  is ‘ 2 by 3 ’ matrix
 4  5 0 
1.3  2.0 1 
 
 3.7 4.8  7  is ‘ 3 by 3 ’ matrix
 4.1 3.8 12 


Matrices cannot be expressed as a single numerical value, but they can often be simplified or
combined and an unknown element values can be determined by comparison methods.

Addition, subtraction and multiplication of matrices

a. Addition of matrices

Corresponding elements in two matrices may be added to form a single matrix.

Add the matrices

 2  1 3 0 
(i).   and  
 7 4   7  4

3 1  4 2 7  5
   
(ii).  4 3 1  and   2 1 0
1 4  3  6 4 
  3

Adding the corresponding elements gives

 2  1  3 0   2  3  1  0   5 1 
          
  7 4   7  4    7  7 4   4  0 0 

3 1  4  2 7  5  3  2 1 7  4   5  5 8  9
       
4 3 1    2 1 0    4   2 3  1 1 0   2 4 1 
1  3   6 4  1  6 43  3  4   7 1 
 4 3 7

b. Subtraction of matrices

If A is a matrix and B is another matrix, then  A  B  is a single matrix formed by subtracting the
elements of B from the corresponding elements of A .

Subtract

 2  1 3 0 
(i).   and  
 7 4   7  4
 3 1  4 2 7  5
   
(ii).  4 3 1  and   2 1 0
1 4  3  6 4 
  3

Subtracting the corresponding elements gives

 2  1  3 0   2  3  1  0    1  1
          
  7 4   7  4    7  7 4   4   14 8 

3 1  4  2 7  5  3  2 1 7  4   5  1 6 1
       
4 3 1    2 1 0    4   2 3  1 1 0    6 2 1
1  3   6 4  1  6 43  3  4    5  7 
 4 3 1

 2  1 3 0   1 0
(i). A   , B    and C    find (i) A  B  C (ii) 2 A  3B  4C
 7 4   7  4   2  4

5 1 
A  B   
 0 0 

5 1   1 0   5 1 1 0   4  1
A  B  C          
 0 0    2  4   0   2 0   4  2 4 

 2  1  4  2
2A  2    
  7 4    14 8 

3 0  9 0
3B  3    
 7  4   21  12 

 1 0  4 0 
4C  4    
  2  4    8  16 

 4  2 9 0  4 0   494 200 
2 A  3B  4C            
  14 8   21  12    8  16    14  21   8 8   8   16

 494 200   1  2
2 A  3B  4C      
  14  21   8 8   8   16   43 32 
  2  1 3 0 
A   , B    find A B
 7 4   7  4

 2  1  3 0 
A  B        C
  7 4   7  4

C11 is the sum of the products of the first row elements of A and the first column of B taken one
at a time

C11  2  3   1 7  6  7  1

C12 is the sum of the products of the first row elements of A and the second column of B taken
one at a time

C12  2  0   1  4  0  4  4

C21 is the sum of the products of the second row elements of A and the first column of B taken
one at a time

C21   7  3  4  7  21  28  7

C22 is the sum of the products of the second row elements of A and the second column of B
taken one at a time

C21   7  0  4   4  0  16  16

 1 4 
A  B   
 7  16 

Simplify

2 7  5  2 
   
 2 1 0  by  5 
6 4   1
 3

The sum of the products of the elements of each row of the first matrix and the elements of the
second matrix, called a column matrix are taken one at a time

2 7  5   2   2  2  7  5   5   1  4  35  5   44 
         
 2 1 0    5     2  2  1  5  0   1     4  5  0     1
6 4    1  6  2  3  5  4   1  12  15  4   23 
 3
 2 7  5  2 5 
   
A   2 1 0  by B   5  6  find A B
6 4   1  7
 3  

The sum of the products of the elements of each row of the first matrix and the elements of each
column of the second matrix, called a column matrix are taken one at a time

2 7  5   2  5   2  2  7  5   5   1 2   5  7   6   5   7  

     
A B   2 1 0    5  6     2  2  1  5  0   1  2   5  1   6  0   7  
6 4    1  7   6  2  3  5  4   1 6   5  3   6  4   7  
 3
 4  35  5  10  42  35   44  17 
   
A B   4  5  0 10  6  0   1 4 
12  15  4  30  18  28   23  76 


1 0 3 2 2 0
   
A  2 1 2  by B   1 3 2  find A B
1 1  3 2 0 
 3 

The sum of the products of the elements of each row of the first matrix and the elements of each
column of the second matrix, called a column matrix are taken one at a time

1 0 3  2 2 0   1  2  0  1  3  3 1  2  0  3  3  2 1  0  0  2  3  0
   
A B  2 1 2  1 3 2    2  2  1  1  2  3 2  2  1  3  2  2 2  0  1  2  2  0
1 1  3 2 0   1  2  3  1  1  3 1  2  3  3  1  2 1  0  3  2  1  0
 3

2  0  9 206 0  0  0  11 8 0
   
A B   4 1 6 43 4 0  2  0   11 11 2
2  3 3 292 0  6  0   8 6 
 13

2 3
2 3 and B    , show that A  B  B  A
1 
A   
1 0  0

2 3  2 3   2  2  3  0 2  3  3  1  4  0 6  3  4 9
A       
1 0  0 1   1  2  0  0 1 3  0  2   2  0 3  0   2 3 

2 3  2 3   2  2  3  1 2  3  3  0  4  3 6  0  7 6
A       
0 1 1 0   0  2  1  1 0  3  1 0   0  1 0  0  1 0 
 4 9  7 6
Since   
2 3  1 0 

 A B  B  A
Quiz

1 2 4 7 6 
    1.3 7.4   
3 1  3  ,C    , D    2 0 
B 4
2
A   ,  2.5
7   1 3   3.9  5
 4
    7  4 
 3 5

 3.1 2.4 6.4 

 
and F    1.6 3.8  1.9  find A B , A C , D  F , A  B  C , 5 A  6B
 5.3  4.8 
 3.4

Show that A  C  C  A

WEEK LESSON

 5 
3
1 2 
A B   
6 5
 1 13 
 4 6 
 3 15 

  6.4 26.1 
A  C   
 22.7  56.9 

 4.8  7.73 
A  B  C   
  6.83 10.3 

18.0  1.0 
5 A  6 B   
  22.0 31.4 
  55.4 3.4 10.1 
 
D  F    12.6 10.4  20.4 
  16.9 25.0 37.9 


  33.5  53.1
C  A   
 23.1  29.8 

Hence they are not equal

The unit matrix

The unit matrix, I , is one in which all elements of the leading diagonal have a value of 1 and all
other elements have a value of zero 0 .

The determinant of a 2 by 2 matrix

a b  a b
    ad  bc
c d  c d
3  4
 
1 6 

3  4 3 4
    18  1 4  18  4  22
1 6  1 6

3 2
7 4

3 2
 12   27   12  14  26
7 4

Calculate the determinant

1 2
3 1 2 3  1.3 7.4
i. ii. iii.
4 7 1 3 2. 5  3.9
 
3 5

solution

7
i. 17 ii.  iii.  13.43
90
The inverse or reciprocal of a 2 by 2 matrix A is A 1

A  A1  I

1 2 a b
A and A 1 
3 4 c d

A  A1  I

1 2a b 1 0
A  A 1  
3 4c d 0 1

a  2c b  2d 1 0

3a  4c 3b  4d 0 1

b  2d  0  b  2d

4
3a  4c  0  a   c
3

Substituting for a and b

4
 c  2c  2d  2d
3 1 0

 4 
3  c   4c 3 2d   4d
0 1
 3 

2
c 0 1 0
3 
0 1
0  2d

2 3
c 1 c 
3 2

1
 2d  1  d   , b  1and a  2
2

2 1
1 2
Thus the inverse of matrix A  1
is A  3 1
3 4 
2 2

Quicker method for obtaining inverse of a 2 by 2 matrix

 p q
For any matrix the inverse may be obtained by:
r s

(i) interchanging the positions of p and s

(ii) changing the signs of q and r
p q
(iii) multiplying this new matrix by the reciprocal of the determinant of
r s

2 1
1 2 1 s q 1 4 2 1 4 2
The inverse of is    3 1
3 4 ad  bc  r p 4  6  3 1 2 3 1 
2 2

3 2
Determine the inverse of
7 4

2 1
3 2 1 4 2 1 4 2 13 13
  
7 4 34   27  7 3 26  7 3 7 3
26 26

1 2
3 1 3 (iii)  1.3 7.4
Determine the inverse of (i) (ii) 2
4 7 1 3 2.5  3.9
 
3 5

7 1 54 60
Ans (i) 17 17 (ii) 7 7 (iii) 0.290 0.551
4 7 30 45 0.186 0.097
 
17 17 7 7

1 2 3 3 4 1  1 4  3    
       
Evaluate (i)  4 5 6  (ii) 2 0 7  (iii)  5 2 6    
7 9  1 3  2  1  4 2     
 8    
1 2 3
  5 6 4 6 4 5
4 5 6  1 2 3  145  48  236  42  332  35  3  12  9  0
7 8 9 7 9 7 8
 8 9 
3 4 1 
  0 7 2 7 2 0
2 0 7 3 4 1  30   21  4 4  7   1 6  0
1 3 2 1 2 1 3
 3  2 

 321  4 11  6  63  44  6  113

Using either of row or column is selected the same result will be obtained

Using the second column

1 4  3
  5 6 1 3 1 3
 5 2 6   4 2   4  4 10  6  22  3  46  15  16  2  36  22
 1  4 2  1 2 1 2 5 6
 

Using the first row

1 4  3
  2 6 5 6 5 2
 5 2 6  1 4 3  14  24  4 10  6  320  2  28  16  66  22
 1  4 2   4 2 1 2 1  4
 
Quiz

3 2 4 1 1 2 4 7 6 8 2  10
(i) 1  1  1 (ii) 2 1  1 (iii)  2 4 0 (iv) 2 3 2
1 2 3  2 1 1 5 7 4 6 8 8

3.1 2.4 6.4

(v)  1.6 3.8  1.9
5.3 3.4  4.8