DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, BULANDSHAHR

CLASS-X

CHAPTER-LIFE PROCESSES

TOPIC – TRANSPORTATION (2)

PREPARED BY - DEEPAK KUMAR SAMANT

WORKING OF HEART/ CIRCULATION OF BLOOD:-

Circulation of blood is of three types

(i)Single circulation-Blood passes through the heart only one time. Ex-Pisces.

(ii)Intermediate circulation- The oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood gets mixed up.

Ex-Amphibians.

(iii)Double circulation- Both the types of blood do not get mixed up. Ex-Mammals.

DOUBLE CIRCULATION:-
.Circulation of blood in human body was discovered by William Harvey.

.Double circulation means the blood passes through the heart twice to supply oxygenated blood to
different parts of the body.

. In this case the Oxygenated and De-oxygenated blood do not get mixed up because the heart is four
chambered and the right and left sides are separated by septa.

. Double circulation involves

(I)Pulmonary circulation

(II)Systemic circulation

(I)PULMONARY CIRCULATION:-

When the deoxygenated blood from right ventricle moves through pulmonary artery to
lungs where it gets oxygenated and then oxygenated blood moves from lungs through Pulmonary vein
to right auricle , such type of circulation is called Pulmonary circulation.
(II)SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

When the oxygenated blood from left ventricle moves through Aorta to different parts
of the body where it become deoxygenated , and then the deoxygenated blood moves from different
parts of the body to right auricle through Superior and Inferior vena cava, such type of circulation is
called Systemic circulation.
CARDIAC CYCLE
It is the Cyclic events which take place between two heart beats. It involves

(i)Joint diastole

(ii)Auricular systole

(iii)Ventricular systole

Systole- Contraction of heart chamber(muscles)

Diastole –Relaxation of heart chamber(muscles)

(i)JOINT DIASTOLE

During both auricle and ventricles are at a relaxed state .During this auricular filling takes place
ie the right auricle is filled with deoxygenated blood and left auricle is filled with oxygenated blood
simultaneously.

It takes total 0.4 second

(ii)AURICULAR SYSTOLE

When both the auricles are filled they contract simultaneously which leads to flow of blood into
the ventricles ie deoxygenated blood into right ventricle and oxygenated blood into left ventricle. When
the ventricles are filled the bicuspid and tricuspid valves close leading to the first heart sound that is
“LUBB”.

It takes 0.15 seconds.

(iii)VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE

Here both the ventricles contract and the deoxygenated blood enters into Pulmonary artery
from right ventricle and oxygenated blood enters into Aorta from left ventricle. At the end of this step
when blood moves through Pulmonary artery and Aorta the Semi Lunar valves close producing second
heart sound ie “DUP”.

It takes 0.25 second.

Total time of one cardiac cycle =0.4+0.15+0.25 =0.8 seconds.

So total number of heart beats per minute is 60/0.8 =75 .

So the normal heart beat is taken as 72-80 times per minute.(Also known as “Heart rate”).
BLOOD PRESSURE
Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by blood on the artery wall during the contraction and
relaxation of the ventricles.

The contraction is called “Systole” and the relaxation is called “Diastole”.

During the contraction of ventricles the pressure exerted by the blood on the artery wall is
called Systolic pressure. Similarly the pressure exerted on the artery wall during relaxation is called
Diastolic pressure.

The normal Systolic and Diastolic pressure is 120 mmHg and 80mmHg respectively.

Blood pressure is measured by an instrument called “Sphygmomanometer”.

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
It includes lymph, lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels and capillaries.

(i)LYMPH:-

Some amount of plasma proteins and blood cells escapes into the intercellular space in the
tissue to form tissue fluid or lymph.

(ii)LYMPHATIC CAPPILARIES:-

These are thin walled capillaries forming a network in every organs.

(iii)LYMPHATIC VESSELS:-

The lymphatic capillaries unite to form lymphatic vessels. They help in putting the lymph into the
vein so that it will move back to heart again.

(iv)LYMPHATIC NODES:-

These are oval or kidney shaped structures found in group in the course of the lymphatic
vessels. they are rich in phagocytes and lymphocytes. They provide immunity.

FUNCTIONS OF LYMPH:-

1.Carry digested and absorbed fat from intestine into blood.

2.It contains the lymphocytes to provide immunity.