*When a judgement or statement can be considered as truth?

# How can you determine that a judgement or statement is true or false?

#What are the criteria based on which you can identify a judgement as true and false?

# There are two types of truth:-

1. Material truth
2. Formal truth

*=What is called formal truth?

Mr.X is a shrew. Mr.X lives in the Mars.
Is it true?
=No
Because Mr.X is a man and shrew means high tempered Women. So this subject
and predicate can not be applied together. They can't co-exist. That's why this is
obviously contradictory statement.

✓ A judgement is formally true if it's truth is apparent no reasoning is necessary.

*Apart from being formally true if it is material true also that is actually fact or this
statement refers to the fact or refers to the reality. Mr.X lives in the earth this
judgment is formally truth in this sense that is no obvious contradiction between
subject and predicate. This is material truth.
* Formal truth is called validity and Material truth is simply called truth.

*What is validity?
Truth is applied in case of any judgement, statement, sentence on proposition. Validity is
applied only in case of argument and argument maybe considered as valid on invalid rather
it should be considered as true or false.

*An argument is a group of propositions in which one is claimed to follow from others.
* Validity is applied only in case of argument. Validity can never be applied in case of
statement.

If true statements are used in case of any argument this is called sound argument.

# Theories of Truth:
1. Taste of autth
2. Ta
3. Tas of
4. Taste of
5. Pragm

1.The truth and falsity of an statement is to be determined with reference to an authority. A

judgement is true if comes from an authority of some type.

2. According to this theory a judgement or statement is true if it's truth is apparent self
evident or obvious no reasoning or varification is required to identify weather this is true or
false.
[Apart is always less than the whole]
Nothing is both or not black.

3. A judgement or statement is true if it coheres or consistent with the previously established

fact or judgement.
a. Air is essential to life.
b. The moon is without air.
# Rationalist philosophers are the supporters of the chorens theory.

4. A judgement or statement is true if it is corresponds to the fact or agrees with the reality or
if it represents the fact.
= Milk is white
= Honey is sweet
These who are the empirieists philosophers are the advocates of their theory.
Bertrand Russell, British philosopher= A belief is true if it corresponds the fact. It is false if it
fails to corresponds.

Aristotle= To say of what is that it is not is true or what is not that it is false.

5. A judgement is true if it has responsibility, utility, usefulness and if it can fulfil my

requirements. A judgement is not originated true or false it becomes true by the process of
varification and ideas are instruments on any action.