PAN AFRICAN UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE FOR BASIC SCIENCES, TECHNOLOGY

AND INNOVATION

(PAUSTI)

PhD. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

(Power Systems Option)

PUE 4105: Advanced Power System Modelling and Simulation

Assignment I: 15 Bus System Power Flow Analysis with voltage profile enhancement

Prepared By

Yalew Gebru Werkie EE400-0003/2023

Supervisor: Prof.JL.Munda

July 1, 2023

Nairobi, Kenya
 Acknowledgement
I would like to express our sincere gratitude to Prof.JL.Munda for giving me the opportunity
to work on this topic and supervising me to accomplish the goal. Also, I am very grateful
to get detail teaching the course (Advance Power System Modelling and Simulation) and
guidance throughout the semester and next education life.
I am also grateful to work in the Pan African University Institute for Basic Sciences,
technology and Innovation (PAUSTI) at the Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture &
Technology (JKUAT).
Finally, I would like to express me profound gratefulness to African Union (AU) for
providing constant support and encouragement for the studies of this program.

i
 Execute Summary
This simulation presents the examination of the voltage profile of electric power systems
based on power flow analysis by the Newton Raphson method. The aim of power flow
analysis is to obtain information about the voltage profile of the system under operating
conditions in a steady state in order to evaluate the performance of the electric power
system and analyze the conditions of new additional loading connected on 14 bus IEEE of
both normal and emergency conditions. The results of the analysis show that there are
several loads buses which voltage values are poor in case of bus 15 connected. In
anticipation of a greater voltage drop, reactive power injection is carried out in the form of
mounting a certain value synchronous condensers on these buses by observation of voltage
violation buses and obtained a greater and greater voltage magnitude range to 0.92 pu <
𝑉𝑏𝑢𝑠 < 1.05𝑝𝑢.

ii
 Table of Contents
Acknowledgement ...............................................................................................................i
Execute Summary ............................................................................................................. ii
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. iii
List of Figures ...................................................................................................................iv
List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... v
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Background ..............................................................................................................1
1.2 Aim of Simulation Work .........................................................................................2
2. Per Unit System Representation ............................................................................... 2
3. Methods of Voltage Control in Power System ......................................................... 3
4. Power flow analysis .................................................................................................... 4
4.1 Bus Classification in Power System .......................................................................4
4.2 Admittance Matrix Formulation ...........................................................................4
4.3 Newton Raphson Power Flow Method ..................................................................5
4.4 Power-flow Algorithm by Newton Raphson Method ...........................................9
5. Procedures for using PSAT Toolbox ...................................................................... 10
6. Analyzing 15_Bus Power System Data ................................................................... 10
7. Simulation Results and Discussion ......................................................................... 13
7.1 Condition 1: Bus 15 Considering High Demand ................................................13
7.2 Condition 2: Bus 15 Considering Medium Demand ..........................................15
7.3 Condition 3: Bus 15 Considering Low Demand .................................................16
Condition 3: Bus 15 Considering Low Demand ........................................................18
7.4 15-Bus System with Compensation ......................................................................18
7.4.1 Condition 1: Connect Synchronous Condenser at Bus 15 .........................18
7.4.2 Condition 2: Connect Synchronous Condenser at Bus 15 and 12 .............20
7.4.3 Condition 3: Connect Synchronous Condenser at Bus 15, 12, and 3 ........21
Condition_1: connect synchronous condenser at bus 15 ......................................23
Condition_2: connect synchronous condenser at bus 15 and 12 .........................23
Condition_3: connect synchronous condenser at bus 15, 12, and 3 ....................23
8. Discussion of Results ................................................................................................ 23
9. Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 25
References ......................................................................................................................... 26

iii
 List of Figures

Figure 1. 3-bus single line diagram with admittance representation ................................... 4

Figure 2. Single line diagram of n-Bus Power System Representation ............................... 6
Figure 3. Flow chart showing power flow study using the Newton Raphson ..................... 9
Figure 4. Given 15-Bus power system ............................................................................... 13
Figure 5. Base case single line diagram of 15-Bus on PSAT with bar voltage level ........ 14
Figure 6. Base case single line diagram of 15-Bus on PSAT with bar voltage level ........ 15
Figure 7. Bus voltage profile of 15 bus system before compensation when (P=0.45 pu and
Q=0.10 pu) ......................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 8.Base case single line diagram of 15-Bus on PSAT with bar voltage level ......... 17
Figure 9. Bus voltage profile of 15 bus system before compensation when (P=0.29pu and
Q=0.020pu) ........................................................................................................................ 17
Figure 10. Single line diagram on PSAT working window 15-Bus power system with
synchronous compensator @bus 15 ................................................................................... 19
Figure 11. 15 bus voltage profile after the insertion of synchronous compensator @bus 15
............................................................................................................................................ 19
Figure 12. Single line diagram on PSAT working window 15-Bus power system with
synchronous compensator @bus 15 and 12 ....................................................................... 20
Figure 13. 15 bus voltage profile after the insertion of synchronous compensator @bus 15
and 12 ................................................................................................................................. 21
Figure 14. Single line diagram on PSAT working window 15-Bus power system with
synchronous compensator @bus 15,12 and 3 .................................................................... 22
Figure 15. 15 bus voltage profile after the insertion of synchronous compensator @bus
15, 12, and 3 ....................................................................................................................... 22
Figure 16. 15 bus voltage profile with and without synchronous condensers
(compensators) ................................................................................................................... 24

iv
 List of Tables
Table 1. Type of buses in the power flow problem. ............................................................ 4
Table 2. Generator data ...................................................................................................... 10
Table 3. Bus data................................................................................................................ 11
Table 4. Line data .............................................................................................................. 11
Table 5. Grid summary when bus 15 loading variations ................................................... 18
Table 6. Grid summary when Synchronous Condensers ................................................... 23

v
1. Introduction
In power system research, power flow is a crucial and fundamental component. It aids in
parameter calculations for various power flow scenarios. It builds up the software needed
to operate, manage, and monitor over the power system. In this document to simulate a
steady state system as well, this IEEE 14-bus system performs both with and without
reactive power injections.

1.1 Background

Power flow analysis represents an essential requirement for many power systems
applications as far as network optimization, voltage control, state estimation, and service
restoration are concerned [1]. The main purpose, it is to find the phase voltages at all buses
connected to our system. The load-flow solution is an inevitable tool for power systems.
As the active and reactive powers, voltage magnitudes and angles are involved for each
bus, independent constraints are required to solve for the unknown parameters [2] [3]

Power flow studies are necessary for planning economic operation, scheduling and
exchange of power between utilities. Power flow study is also required for many other
analyses such as transient stability, dynamic stability, contingency and state estimation.
Load flow studies also help in determination of best size as well as the most favorable
locations for power capacitors both for power factor improvement and also for raising
network voltages. Thus, it also helps in determination of best locations as well as optimal
capacity of the proposed generating stations, substations and new lines [4].

Power flow analysis is a tool in the power system to design, plan and operate in a smart
manner. There are two types of load flow analysis types as deterministic and probabilistic
power flow types. The main results of these studies are real and reactive powers, as well as
voltage magnitude and angle at each bus in the system. However, much more useful
information is provided from the study, including line currents and line losses Most of
power flow software platforms are designed in Newton Raphson method for transmission
system [5] [6] [7]

1
1.2 Aim of Simulation Work
The aim of this simulation work was to obtain information on the performance of the
voltage profile in the 14 bus IEEE based on the power flow analysis by the Newton Raphson
method.

The simulation issues include

Applying the Newton-Raphson approach, voltage profile analysis based on power
flow is attempted.
The examination of the electric power system's components is conducted only in
relation to the power flow study in order to derive an equation in mathematics
Voltage variations and voltage angle changes for each bus are the parameters that
were observed.
Voltage evaluation is carried out on the buses, and a value between 0.92 PU and
1.05 PU is expected. The quantity of losses that happen at the smallest amount of
the channel at this voltage value.
Reactive power injection along with synchronous condenser is used to recover the
voltage profile.
The line's flow may be determined. We shouldn't operate too close to the line's heat
or stability constraints, which means that it shouldn't be overloaded.
To examine the steady-state performance of the generator, transformer, and
transmission lines.
The nodal voltages and phase angles provided by the load flow solution allow for
power injection at all buses and power flows along connected power channels.
It is useful in figuring out the ideal placement and capacity for prospective
generating stations, substations, and additional lines.
It decides what the buses' voltage will be. Closed tolerances must be maintained for
the voltage level at certain buses.
etc.

2. Per Unit System Representation

Power is generated at voltages that are not acceptable for long-distance transmission and
the transmission voltages are not suitable for consumption in a residence. When referring
to very large-scale systems with several changes, the usage of different and changing
voltage levels and the solution for the resulting line currents can become highly complex.

2
In order to address this problem and make analysis more useful, to adopt the per unit system
representation. As stated, two of the four base quantities can be set arbitrarily, typically
voltage and power. From there, current and impedance and the per unit values can be
derived from the following relations [8].

Base Voltamperes
Base current = (1)
Base Voltage
Base Voltage
Base Impedance = (2)
Base Current
Actual Voltage
Per unit Voltage = (3)
Base Voltage
Actual Power
Per unit Power = (4)
Base Power
Actual Current
Per unit Current = (5)
Base Current
Actual Impedance
Per unit Impedance = (6)
Base Impedance

3. Methods of Voltage Control in Power System

Voltage profile in power systems contains useful information about system stability margin
including the effect of load-generation pattern, line outage and reactive power
compensation [9] [10]. Therefore, different types of voltage control methods such as:
Using excitation control or voltage regulators at generating stations
By using tap changing transformers
Using induction regulators
By using shunt reactors
By using shunt capacitors
Using synchronous condensers
In this simulation, a synchronous condenser is essentially an over-excited, no-load
synchronous motor. Synchronous phase modifiers are another name for synchronous
condensers. Near the load end is a synchronous condenser that has the ability to inject or
absorb reactive power. A synchronous phase modifier hence enhances the voltage profile.

3
4. Power flow analysis

4.1 Bus Classification in Power System

Each bus has four associated quantities. These are real power P, reactive power Q, phase
angle δ, voltage magnitude |V|, and others. Two of the four parameters in a load flow
analysis are stated, while the other two must be determined by solving equations. At starting
point of solving power flow problems is to identify the known and unknown variables in
the system. Based on these variables, buses are classified into three types: slack, generation,
and load buses as shown in Table 1 [4] [11].

Table 1. Type of buses in the power flow problem.

Bus type Voltage Voltage Real power Reactive power

Magnitude Angle
Slack/Swing Specified Specified Unknown Unknown
Generator/PV Specified Unknown Specified Unknown
Load/PQ Unknown Unknown Specified Specified

4.2 Admittance Matrix Formulation

The admittance matrix of a power system is an abstract mathematical model of the system.
It consists of admittance values of both lines and buses. The Y-bus is a square matrix with
dimensions equal to the number of buses. This matrix is symmetrical along the diagonal.

The first necessary piece required in the power flow solution is the admittance matrix, or
Ybus. A power system with detail admittance parameters shown in Figure 1 [11] [12].

Figure 1. 3-bus single line diagram with admittance representation

4
If we apply KCL at bus 1, then can be:

𝐼1 = 𝐼01 + 𝐼12 + 𝐼13 (7)

= 𝑉1 𝑦10 + (𝑉1 − 𝑉2 )𝑦12 + (𝑉1 − 𝑉3 )𝑦13

Where, V1, V2, V3 are voltage values at bus 1, 2, 3 respectively.

= 𝑉1 (𝑦10 + 𝑦12 + 𝑦13 ) + 𝑉2 (−𝑦12 ) + 𝑉3 (−𝑦13 )
= 𝑉1 𝑌11 + 𝑉2 𝑌12 + 𝑉3 𝑌13 (8)
Where, 𝑌11 = 𝑦10 + 𝑦12 + 𝑦13
𝑌12 = −𝑦12
𝑌13 = −𝑦13
Similarly, by applying KCL at buses 2 and 3 can analysis the values of I2 and I3 like
equation (8). Finally, admittance matrix can be form as:
𝐼1 = 𝑉1 𝑌11 + 𝑉2 𝑌12 + 𝑉3 𝑌13
𝐼2 = 𝑉1 𝑌21 + 𝑉2 𝑌22 + 𝑉3 𝑌23
𝐼3 = 𝑉1 𝑌31 + 𝑉2 𝑌32 + 𝑉3 𝑌33
𝐼1 𝑌11 𝑌12 𝑌13 𝑉1
[𝐼2 ] = [𝑌21 𝑌22 𝑌23 ] [𝑉2 ] (9)
𝐼3 𝑌31 𝑌32 𝑌33 𝑉3

In a more general form of power system represent as:

𝐼𝑏𝑢𝑠 = [𝑌𝑏𝑢𝑠 ]𝑉𝑏𝑢𝑠 (10)

4.3 Newton Raphson Power Flow Method

The aid of Taylor's series expansion and first order approximation, the Newton Raphson
technique of load flow analysis iteratively converts a collection of non-linear simultaneous
equations into a set of linear simultaneous equations. For the Newton-Raphson approach,
the load flow equations are non-linear in terms of the real and imaginary bus voltage parts.

Power flow analysis plays a very important role in power system planning, control and
operation to ensure that power systems are operated efficiently [13]. It is very crucial for
all calculations relating to the network since it concerns the network performance in its
steady-state operating conditions. Since load-flow is a non-linear problem, it must be
solved iteratively hence the use of any of the following methods: The Newton-Raphson,
and fast decoupled methods [14] [4]

5
The Newton-Raphson method (NR) is used in this research work because of its faster
convergence that makes it to find its relevance in large power systems. The number of
iterations required to obtain a solution is not dependent on the size of the network. In
addition, the Newton-Raphson method is well suited for software computations. Simply
stated, it has a very high convergence speed compared to other iterative solution methods
and its convergence criteria are specified to ensure convergence for bus real power and
reactive power mismatches which give direct control of the accuracy specified for the
load flow solution [15] [11] The power flow equation is formulated in polar form due to
the fact that in the power flow problem, real power and voltage magnitude are specified
for the voltage-controlled buses [13] [11] [16].

Figure 2. Single line diagram of n-Bus Power System Representation

Figure 2 has the n-bus equations that model the system as a whole can be obtained as
𝑛

𝐼𝑖 = ∑ 𝑌𝑖𝑗 𝑉𝑗 (11)
𝑗=1

In polar form, the power system parameters are change as

𝑛

𝐼𝑖 = ∑|𝑌𝑖𝑗 | |𝑉𝑗 |∠(𝛼𝑘𝑗 + 𝛿𝑗 ) (12)

𝑗=1

The complex power at bus i is represented as

𝑃𝑖 − 𝑄𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖′ ∗ 𝐼𝑖

6
 𝑛

𝑃𝑖 − 𝑄𝑖 = |𝑉𝑖 |∠−𝛿𝑖 ∑ 𝑌𝑖𝑗 ∗ |𝑉𝑗 |∠(𝛼𝑖𝑗 + 𝛿𝑗 ) (13)

𝑘=1

Separating the real and the imaginary parts, we have

𝑛

𝑃𝑖 = ∑|𝑉𝑖 ||𝑉𝑗 | |𝑌𝑖𝑗 | cos(𝛼𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗 ) (14)

𝑗=1

𝑄𝑖 = − ∑|𝑉𝑖 ||𝑉𝑗 | |𝑌𝑖𝑗 | sin(𝛼𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗 ) (15)

𝑗=1

A set of linear equations involving a Jacobian matrix are produced through expanding
equations (14) and (15) in a Taylor series. These mathematical equations provide the linear
relationship between small changes in voltage angle and small changes in real power, as
well as small changes in voltage magnitude and small changes in reactive power. i.e.

(𝑖) (𝑖) (𝑖) (𝑖)

𝜕𝑃2 𝜕𝑃2 𝜕𝑃2 𝜕𝑃2
⋯ ⋯
𝜕𝛿2 𝜕𝛿𝑛 | 𝜕|𝑉|2 𝜕𝑉𝑛 (𝑖)
(𝑖) ∆𝛿2
∆𝑃2 ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
𝜕𝑃𝑛 | 𝜕𝑃𝑛
(𝑖) (𝑖) (𝑖) (𝑖) ⋮
⋮ 𝜕𝑃𝑛 𝜕𝑃𝑛
(𝑖) ⋯ ⋯ ∆𝛿𝑛
(𝑖)
∆𝑃𝑛 𝜕𝛿2 𝜕𝛿𝑛 𝜕|𝑉|2 𝜕|𝑉|𝑛
______ = _________________________ ______ (16)
(𝑖) (𝑖) (𝑖) (𝑖) (𝑖)
∆𝑄2 𝜕𝑄2 𝜕𝑄2 𝜕𝑄2 𝜕𝑄2 ∆𝑉2
(𝑖)
⋯ ⋯
⋮ 𝜕𝛿2 𝜕𝛿𝑛 | 𝜕|𝑉|2 𝜕|𝑉|𝑛 ⋮
(𝑖)
[∆𝑄𝑛 ] ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ (𝑖)
[ ∆𝑉𝑛 ]
(𝑖) (𝑖) | (𝑖) (𝑖)
𝜕𝑄𝑛 𝜕𝑄𝑛 𝜕𝑄𝑛 𝜕𝑄𝑛
⋯ ⋯
[ 𝜕𝛿2 𝜕𝛿𝑛 𝜕|𝑉|2 𝜕|𝑉|𝑛 ]

In the newton Raphson equation, bus -1 consider as slack bus. The Jacobin metrics gives
(𝑖)
the linearized relationship between small change in voltage angle ∆𝛿𝑛 and voltage
(𝑖)
magnitude ∆|𝑉𝑛 | with small change in real and reactive power ∆𝑃𝑛 (𝑖) and ∆𝑄𝑛 (𝑖) .

∆𝑃 𝐽 𝐽12 ∆𝛿
[ ] = [ 11 ][ ] (17)
∆𝑄 𝐽21 𝐽22 ∆|𝑉|

Assume that the n-bus number of single line diagram, from the power system (n-1) real
power constraints and (n-1-m) reactive power constraints and the Jacobian matrix is the
order of (2n-2-m) (2n-2-m).

J11 is the order of (n-1) x (n-1):

7
 𝑛
𝜕𝑃𝑖
= ∑|𝑉𝑖 | |𝑉𝑗 ||𝑌𝑖𝑗 | sin(𝛼𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗 )
𝜕𝛿𝑖
𝑗≠1

𝜕𝑃𝑖
= −|𝑉𝑖 ||𝑉𝑗 ||𝑌𝑖𝑗 | sin(𝛼𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗 ) 𝑗≠𝑖
𝜕𝛿𝑗

J12 is the order of (n-1) x (n-1-m)

𝑛
𝜕𝑃𝑖
= 2|𝑉𝑖 ||`𝑌𝑖𝑗 | + ∑ |𝑉𝑗 ||𝑌𝑖𝑗 | cos(𝛼𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗 )
𝜕|𝑉|𝑖
𝑗≠1

𝜕𝑃𝑖
= −|𝑉𝑖 ||𝑌𝑖𝑗 | sin(𝛼𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗 ) 𝑗≠𝑖
𝜕𝑉𝑗

J21 is the order of (n-1-m) x (n-1)

𝑛
𝜕𝑄𝑖
= ∑|𝑉𝑖 | |𝑉𝑗 ||𝑌𝑖𝑗 | cos(𝛼𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗 )
𝜕𝛿𝑖
𝑗≠1

𝜕𝑄𝑖
= −|𝑉𝑖 ||𝑉𝑗 ||𝑌𝑖𝑗 | cos(𝛼𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗 ) 𝑗≠𝑖
𝜕𝛿𝑗

J22 is the order of (n-1-m) x (n-1-m)

𝑛
𝜕𝑄𝑖
= −2|𝑉𝑖 ||𝑌𝑖𝑗 | sin(𝛼𝑖𝑗 ) − ∑|𝑉𝑖 | |𝑉𝑗 ||𝑌𝑖𝑗 | sin(𝛼𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗 )
𝜕|𝑉|𝑖
𝑗≠1

𝜕𝑄𝑖
= −|𝑉𝑖 ||𝑌𝑖𝑗 | sin(𝛼𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗 ) 𝑗≠𝑖
𝜕|𝑉|𝑗

(𝑘) (𝑘)
The term ∆𝑃𝑖 and ∆𝑄𝐼 represent differences between specified values and calculated
values respectively.

(𝑘) (𝑘)
∆𝑃𝑖 = 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ − 𝑃𝑖 (18)

(𝑘) (𝑘)
∆𝑄𝑖 = 𝑄𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ − 𝑄𝑖 (19)

The new estimated for bus voltage is ∆V and ∆δ represent voltage magnitude and voltage
angle respectively.

(𝑘+1) (𝑘) (𝑘)

𝛿𝑖 = 𝛿𝑖 + ∆𝛿𝑖 (20)

|𝑉𝑖 |(𝑘+1) = |𝑉𝑖 |(𝑘) + ∆|𝑉𝑖 |(𝐾) (21)

8
4.4 Power-flow Algorithm by Newton Raphson Method
There are many iterative solutions using Newton-Raphson method algorithm:

Step 1: Load buses (P, Q specified), flat voltage starts. For voltage-controlled buses (P,
|𝑉|∠𝛿 specified), δ is set equal to zero (0).

Step 2: Load buses, Pi (k) and Qi(k) are calculated and ∆Pi(k) and ∆Qi(k) are calculated.
Step 3: For voltage-controlled buses, Pi(k) and ∆Pi(k) are calculated
Step 4: The elements of the Jacobian matrix are calculated.
Step 5: The linear simultaneous equations are solved directly by triangle factorization and
Gaussian elimination.
Step 6: The new voltage magnitudes and phase angles are computed.
Step 7: The process is continued until the residuals ∆Pi(k) and ∆Qi(k) are less than the
specified accuracy.

Flow chart for power flow study using the Newton-Raphson iterative method is shown in
Figure 3.

Figure 3. Flow chart showing power flow study using the Newton Raphson

9
5. Procedures for using PSAT Toolbox

The analysis uses a base power of 100 MVA and a voltage system or base voltage of 132
kV for the rest of the system for convenience.

1. Opening the MATLAB software and also write PSAT in command window, enter
it, and parallelly opening the Simulink working window.
2. Place the required elements from the PSAT library of the platform.
3. But the bus bars should be the first to be placed to connect other elements and
you can rearrange for the neatness of the network.
4. Double click the feature to set the specifications and parameters of the element
and fill it from the tables data”.
5. Now set one of the generators as a reference/ swing bus.
6. Finally, run the power flow and see the summary report and if error exists which
has to be debugged.

6. Analyzing 15_Bus Power System Data

A 15-bus power system is specified as shows in Figure 4 below. The problem is to perform
power flow analysis on the system without synchronous compensators using Power system
analysis toolbox in MATLAB Simulink (PSAT 2.11). Generator, bus and line data are
given in Tables 2, 3, 4 respectively as shown below.

Some assumptions have been made for the use of analysis in PSAT toolbox in MATLAB
Software like the system voltage used for as base voltage. In this simulation uses 132 kV
base voltage for this simulate purpose.

Table 2. Generator data

Generator bus No. 1 2 3 4 5

MVA 615 60 60 25 25
𝒙𝒍 (𝒑. 𝒖. ) 0.2396 0.00 0.00 0.134 0.134
𝒓𝒂 (𝒑. 𝒖. ) 0.00 0.0031 0.0031 0.0014 0.0014
𝒙𝒅 (𝒑. 𝒖. ) 0.8979 1.05 1.05 1.25 1.25
𝒙′𝒅 (𝒑. 𝒖. ) 0.2995 0.1850 0.185 0.232 0.232
𝒙′′
𝒅 (𝒑. 𝒖. ) 0.23 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12
𝑻′𝒅𝒐 7.4 6.1 6.1 4.75 4.75

10
 𝑻′′𝒅𝒐 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.06
𝒙𝒒 (𝒑. 𝒖. ) 0.646 0.98 0.98 1.22 1.22
𝒙′𝒒 (𝒑. 𝒖. ) 0.646 0.36 0.36 0.715 0.715
𝒙′′
𝒒 (𝒑. 𝒖. ) 0.4 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12
𝑻′𝒒𝒐 0.00 0.3 0.3 1.5 1.5
𝑻′′𝒒𝒐 0.033 0.099 0.099 0.21 0.21
H 5.148 6.54 6.54 5.06 5.06
D 2 2 2 2 2

Table 3. Bus data

Bus 𝐏𝐆 𝐐𝐆 𝐏𝐋 𝐐𝐋 Bus 𝐐𝐆𝐦𝐚𝐱. 𝐐𝐆𝐦𝐢𝐧.

No. (𝐩. 𝐮. ) (𝐩. 𝐮. ) (𝐩. 𝐮. ) (𝐩. 𝐮. ) Type* (𝐩. 𝐮. ) (𝐩. 𝐮. )
1 2.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 10.0 -10.0
2 0.4 -0.424 0.2170 0.1270 1 0.5 -0.4
3 0.00 0.00 0.9420 0.1900 2 0.4 0.00
4 0.00 0.00 0.4780 0.00 3 0.00 0.00
5 0.00 0.00 0.0760 0.0160 3 0.00 0.00
6 0.00 0.00 0.1120 0.0750 2 0.24 -0.06
7 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3 0.00 0.00
8 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 0.24 -0.06
9 0.00 0.00 0.2950 0.1660 3 0.00 0.00
10 0.00 0.00 0.0900 0.0580 3 0.00 0.00
11 0.00 0.00 0.0350 0.0180 3 0.00 0.00
12 0.00 0.00 0.0610 0.0160 3 0.00 0.00
13 0.00 0.00 0.1350 0.0580 3 0.00 0.00
14 0.00 0.00 0.1490 0.0500 3 0.00 0.00
15 0.00 0.00 0.2900 0.0200 3 0.00 0.00

Table 4. Line data

From Bus To Bus R (p.u.) X (p.u.) Line charging (p.u.) Tap ratio
1 2 0.01938 0.05917 0.0528 1

11
1 5 0.05403 0.22304 0.0492 1
2 3 0.04699 0.19797 0.0438 1
2 4 0.05811 0.17632 0.0374 1
2 5 0.05695 0.17388 0.0340 1
3 4 0.06701 0.17103 0.0346 1
4 5 0.01335 0.04211 0.0128 1
4 7 0.00 0.20912 0.00 0.978
4 9 0.00 0.55618 0.00 0.969
5 6 0.00 0.25202 0.00 0.932
6 11 0.09498 0.1989 0.00 1
6 12 0.12291 0.25581 0.00 1
6 13 0.06615 0.13027 0.00 1
7 8 0.00 0.17615 0.00 1
7 9 0.00 0.11001 0.00 1
9 10 0.03181 0.08450 0.00 1
9 14 0.12711 0.27308 0.00 1
10 11 0.08205 0.19207 0.00 1
12 13 0.22092 0.9988 0.00 1
13 14 0.17093 0.34802 0.00 1
13 15 0.1800 0.3600 0.00 1
14 15 0.1200 0.2600 0.00 1

12
 Figure 4. Given 15-Bus power system

7. Simulation Results and Discussion

The 15-bus system is drawn in MATLAB PSAT toolbox as shown below in Figure 4. And
the network is activated and ready for running to obtain the power flow results. As the
rectangular shape at the top of the buses shows the additional (extend bus), the name of it
is bus 15 from standard 14 bus IEEE. At bus 15 and the low voltage side of buses are
indicated as different color which means they are shedding by voltage level because of the
high demand which has included on bus 15 connected new planning to the IEEE 14-bus
system. Based on the load variation condition of the new (load) demand at bus 15, in this
simulation considering three load variation from 0.29 pu.-0.9 pu.

7.1 Condition 1: Bus 15 Considering High Demand

Active power (0.9 pu.) and reactive power (0.2 pu.) that are provided for the first time by
the professor are connected to bus 15. Figure 5 shows a 15-bus network with various
voltage standards applied to each individual bus by color paintiing. The right side of the
picture has a voltage bar, and the voltage level is colored with various buses. In contrast,
the network with blue color indicates the worst voltage profile condition, similar to bus 15,
while the network with red color indicates an acceptable voltage profile around 0.9 pu.

13
 Figure 5. Base case single line diagram of 15-Bus on PSAT with bar voltage level

Figure 6. Bus voltage profile of 15 bus system before compensation when (P=0.9pu and
Q=0.20pu)

As demonstrated by the power flow manipulation result for the base case (the system
without a synchronous compensator), the Newton-Raphson algorithm takes only a few
milliseconds and correctly converges after only a few iterations. Figure 6 shows the bus
voltage profile of the base case system as shown figure. The voltage profile here ranges
from 1.0 p.u. to 0.571 p.u. and most of the buses are experiencing under voltage since the
transmission voltage tolerance given is 5%. Actually, except buses 1 and 2 the rest bus
voltages are out of the limit. This is happened because of the lack of reactive power
generation, and addition of extra load bus (bus 15) from the standard IEEE 14-bus system

14
and may be as a bus is far from the generations, it will have high transmission loss and high
voltage drop on the transmission system.

7.2 Condition 2: Bus 15 Considering Medium Demand

Active power (0.45 pu.) and reactive power (0.1 pu.) that are provided half of the heavy
loading which is connected at bus 15. Figure 6 shows a 15-bus network with various voltage
standards applied to each individual bus. The right side of the picture has a voltage bar, and
the voltage level is colored with various buses. In contrast, the network with blue color
indicates the worst voltage profile condition, similar to bus 15, while the network with red
color indicates an acceptable voltage profile greater than 0.9 pu.

Figure 6. Base case single line diagram of 15-Bus on PSAT with bar voltage level

15
Figure 7. Bus voltage profile of 15 bus system before compensation when (P=0.45 pu and
Q=0.10 pu)

The bus voltage profile for the basic case system is shown in Figure 7. Since the
transmission voltage tolerance specified is 5%, the voltage profile spans from 0.665 p.u. to
1.0 p.u., and the majority of the buses are experiencing undervoltage. Actually, all of the
bus voltages outside of buses 1 and 2 are beyond the limit. Due to the absence of reactive
power generation and the occurrence of an additional load bus (bus 15) from the IEEE 14-
bus standard system, there will be a significant transmission loss and high voltage drop on
the transmission system.

7.3 Condition 3: Bus 15 Considering Low Demand

Professor gives active power (0.29 pu) and reactive power (0.020 pu), which connect to
bus 15. The 15-bus network in Figure 8 has different voltage standards applied to each
individual bus. A voltage bar and several buses are used to color the voltage level on the
right side of the image. As opposed to this, a network-colored red denotes a voltage profile
that is acceptable and more than 0.9 pu, whereas a network-colored blue denotes the worst
voltage profile scenario, comparable to bus 15.

16
 Figure 8.Base case single line diagram of 15-Bus on PSAT with bar voltage level

Figure 9. Bus voltage profile of 15 bus system before compensation when (P=0.29pu and
Q=0.020pu)

Figure 9 shows the bus voltage profile of the base case system as shown below. The voltage
profile here ranges from 1.0 p.u. to 0.72565 p.u. and most of the buses are experiencing

17
under voltage since the transmission voltage tolerance given is 5%. Actually, except buses
1, 2, and 3 the rest bus voltages are out of the limit. This is happened because of the lack
of reactive power generation, and addition of extra load bus (bus 15) from the standard
IEEE 14-bus system and may be as a bus is far from the generations, it will have high
transmission loss and high voltage drop on the transmission system.

Table 5. Grid summary when bus 15 loading variations

Voltage Voltage Maximum

Conditions
minimum maximum iteration
Condition 1: Bus 15 Considering
0.571 1.000 9
High Demand

Condition 2: Bus 15 Considering

0.665547 1.000 7
Medium Demand

Condition 3: Bus 15 Considering

0.725965 1.000 7
Low Demand

In Table 5, the grid summary of the specified system simply shows the voltage profile and
maximum iteration. Most bus voltages are below the designated voltage limit, according to
the overall system report. In order to resolve this poor voltage connecting Synchronous
condenser, by the poor voltage bus monitoring approach.

7.4 15-Bus System with Compensation

According to Figures 6, 8, 10, the base case system has a problem with voltage limits
violation (high voltage drop at most buses). A reactive power mitigation system, such as a
STATCOM, synchronous condenser, shunt reactor, SVC, etc., is expected to be used. The
synchronous condenser is utilized in this scenario to generate reactive power and maintain
bus voltage. To injecting reactive power to the network and raise the bus voltage, a
synchronous generator is utilized as a synchronous condenser.

7.4.1 Condition 1: Connect Synchronous Condenser at Bus 15

Reactive power issues are now being addressed by the system by injecting reactive power
into bus 15, which should also enhance the bus voltage profiles. Figure 10 shows the system

18
single line diagram with synchronous compensators solely applied to bus number 15. And
it is evident that while all bus voltages have increased, not all buses are operating within
the parameters of the norm, with Bus 12 having an unacceptable voltage profile.

Figure 10. Single line diagram on PSAT working window 15-Bus power system with
synchronous compensator @bus 15

Figure 11. 15 bus voltage profile after the insertion of synchronous compensator @bus 15

In order to address the reactive power issue, the system has been designed to compensate
by injecting reactive power into select buses but not all. the sync condenser was plugged
onto bus 15. Trial and error are used to determine the placement and size of the reactive

19
power injection. Therefore, using trial and error sizing, compensator is placed here to bus
15.
According to Figure 11, the voltage level of the solution converges after 5 iterations in
0.0837 seconds. After adjustment, the bus voltage profile varies from 0.899265 p.u. to 1.03
p.u.
7.4.2 Condition 2: Connect Synchronous Condenser at Bus 15 and 12

By injecting reactive power into buses 15 and 12, the system is now addressing reactive
power concerns, which should help improve the bus voltage profiles. The system single
line diagram for bus number 15 alone is shown in Figure 12 together with synchronous
compensators. While it is clear that all bus voltages have increased, Bus 3 has an
inappropriate voltage profile, indicating that not all buses are functioning within the
accepted range.

Figure 12. Single line diagram on PSAT working window 15-Bus power system with
synchronous compensator @bus 15 and 12

20
Figure 13. 15 bus voltage profile after the insertion of synchronous compensator @bus 15
and 12

The system has been created to make up for the reactive power issue by injecting reactive
power into some buses, but not all of them. On bus 15 and 12, the synchronous
condensers were connected. The site and size of the reactive power injection are chosen
through trial and error. Therefore, compensators are installed in buses 15 and 12 utilizing
trial-and-error sizing.
The voltage level of the solution converges after 5 iterations in 0.0837 seconds, as shown
in Figure 13. The bus voltage profile ranges from 0.917245 p.u. to 1.03 p.u. after
compensation of reactive power.

7.4.3 Condition 3: Connect Synchronous Condenser at Bus 15, 12, and 3

The system bus voltages are maintained and are within the designated limit (0.92
p.u≤VBus≤1.05 p.u), even if the system real power overloading is not decreased. Figure 14
displays the single-line diagram of the system following the application of synchronous
compensators at buses 15, 12, and 3. And it is obvious that all bus voltages have been
raised. All of the buses in the 15-bus system have voltage profiles that are within the
professor's prescribed standards.

21
 Figure 14. Single line diagram on PSAT working window 15-Bus power system with
synchronous compensator @bus 15,12 and 3

Figure 15. 15 bus voltage profile after the insertion of synchronous compensator @bus
15, 12, and 3
Reactive power injection into some buses, but not all of them, is how the system was
designed to address the reactive power issue. The sync condensers were linked to buses 12,
3, and 15. Reactive power injection is placed at a certain location and is of a specific size.
As a result, buses 15, 3, and 12 all utilize compensators that were sized by trial and error.

22
After three iterations in 0.0837 seconds, the voltage level of the solution converges, as
illustrated in Figure 15. Following adjustment for reactive power, the bus voltage profile
spans from 0.942211 p.u. to 1.05 p.u.

Table 6. Grid summary when Synchronous Condensers

Voltage Voltage Maximum

Conditions minimum maximum iteration

Condition_1: connect synchronous

0.899265@ 4
condenser at bus 15 1.01
bus-12

Condition_2: connect synchronous

0.917245 @ 3
condenser at bus 15 and 12 1.000
bus-3

Condition_3: connect synchronous

0.942211@ 1.05 3
condenser at bus 15, 12, and 3
bus-10

In Table 6, the grid summary of the specified system simply shows the voltage profile and
maximum iteration. It is clearly shown that the weak buses with voltage magnitude less
than 0.95 p.u. have been maintained to 0.92 p.u. to 1.045 p.u. by connecting three
synchronous compensators step by step at buses 15, 12, and 3 so that all bus voltages are
improved even the stranger bus (bus 15) and other distant buses to the generators and
compensators.

Therefore, the suggestion and the measurement taken to alleviate that exaggerated voltage
drop is effective as of the resulted presented in this section.

8. Discussion of Results
The 15-bus power network was simulated for this simulation research, and the outcomes
were verified using the Newton-Raphson method load flow analysis technique. Figure 16
displays the simulation results for each of the conditions. This demonstrated the validity
and accuracy of the PSAT toolbox results. The figure's voltage profile shows the
incremental load at bus 15 as well as the synchronous condensers linked to the various
buses. When the generation and absorption of reactive power are balanced, the voltage

23
profile is flat. The estimated numbers showed a flat voltage profile, and they may be utilized
as benchmarking data to infer conclusions about the voltage profile of the network.

Figure 16. 15 bus voltage profile with and without synchronous condensers
(compensators)

24
9. Conclusion

The power flow problem given has been successfully solved using Newton Raphson
method in MATLAB PSAT toolbox even if the given system is derived from standard IEEE
14-bus system with an extra PQ bus or bus 15 considering variable demands. When the
network is simulated without synchronous compensators, most of the components are
getting overloaded. The buses voltage profile between the specified limit of 0.92𝑝𝑢. > 𝑉𝑏𝑢𝑠
voltage levels are not in the standards range. However, after the application of synchronous
compensators (condenser), the absorbed reactive power maintains, the weak bus voltages
and it has in standard voltage level, but the generators are still overloaded because the
compensator are absorbing reactive power only. The PSAT toolbox Newton Raphson
power flow method has better results in terms of accuracy and computational time.

Normally, the Newton Raphson power flow method converged in few iterations and action
taken to alleviate the high voltage drop issue in the transmission is effective in maintaining
bus voltages and reducing real power loss in PSAT toolbox in MATLAB software
solutions. The voltage profile each bus is in standard limit after connected synchronous
condenser at worst bus.

25
References

[1] K. T. a. A. V. A. Dimitrovski, "Reliable Algorithms for Power Flow," in Power Flow

Analysis uncertinity , Innovations in Power Systems Reliability,, 2011, pp. 329-358.

[2] B. F. W. a. G. B. S. A. J. Wood, Power generation, operation, and control, : John Wiley

& Sons, 2013.

[3] S. M. I. C. A. C. F. I. a. D. V. M. I. Alfredo Vaccaro, "An Affine Arithmetic-Based

Methodology," IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS,, vol. 25, no. 2, 2010.

[4] J. Das, Power system analysis: short-circuit load flow and harmonics:, CRC press,,
2002..

[5] G. V. a. K. H. J. W. Shim, " “Stochastic Eigen-Analysis of Electric Power System With

High Renewable Penetration: Impact of Changing Inertia on Oscillatory Modes,”,"
IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 4655-4665, 2020.

[6] H. Saadat, Power system analysis, New York : McGraw-Hill, , 1999..

[7] A. Sharma, M. Saini2 and M. Ahmed, "POWER FLOW ANALYSIS USING NR METHOD,"
in ICRSTM-17, January, 2017.

[8] J. A. Boudreaux, Design, Simulation, and Construction of an IEEE 14-Bus Power,

Louisiana State University , Design, Simulation, and Construction of an IEEE 14-Bus
Power .
[9] " electricaleasy.com," 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.3. Methods of Voltage
Control in Power Systemelectricaleasy.com/2018/04/voltage-control-in-power-
system.html. [Accessed 30 6 2023].

[10] P. N. J. B. a. M. G. L. Kundur, Power system stability and control., New York: McGraw-

hill, , 1994..

[11] G. a. Sarma, Power System Analysis and Design, United state of America : Chris

Carson, 2008.

[12] M. A. Haq1, Syafii1, H. D. Laksono1 and a. G. Hidayat1, "Voltage profile evaluation

based on power flow analysis using Newton Raphson method: Central and South
Sumatera Subsystem," in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineerin,
2019.

26
[13] S. H, Power System analysis, Tata : McGraw Hill Ltd, 2002..

[14] "Development of Newton-Raphson Power-flow Method Based on Second Order

Multiplier," in 2017 Nineteenth International Middle East Power Systems

Conference (MEPCON), Menoufia University, , Egypt,, 2017.

[15] Y. S. A.-H. M. E.-S. a. A. N. A. E. A. M. Eltamaly, "“Optimum power flow analysis by

Newton raphson method, a case study,," ” Ann Fac Eng Hunedoara,, vol. 16, no. 4,
pp. 51-58, 16, no. 4, pp. 51-58s, 2018..

[16] "Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT)," Jan 2020. [Online]. Available:

https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/91079-power-system-
analysis-toolbox-psat. [Accessed 30 6 2023].

27