NAME 123: Fluid Mechanics

Hydraulic machines:
reciprocating and centrifugal pumps,

Lecture slides by:

Dr. Md. Mashiur Rahaman
Associate Professor
Dept. of NAME, BUET
E-mail: mmzran@gmail.com
Fluid Machines: Introduction
Fluid Machines (machines are energy conversion devices) are called Turbo-
machinery which transfers energy between a fluid system and its
mechanical system (e.g. rotor).
Two primary categories of Turbo-machinery are:

•  Turbines which extract hydraulic energy available in a fluid and convert it
into mechanical energy (power) to rotate a shaft.
•  Pumps, Fans, Blowers and Compressors which impart hydraulic energy
to a fluid by converting the mechanical energy available in a shaft.

A fluid contains hydraulic form of energy:

Hydraulic Energy (Power) = Pressure Energy (Potential) + Velocity Energy
(Kinetic) = Pressure x Flow rate = γHQ

A rotating shaft contains mechanical form of energy:
Mechanical Energy (Power) = Torque x Angular Speed = Tω
Fluid Machines: Introduction (cont.)
Depending on the Energy conversion mechanism Turbines are classified into two
groups according to “Degree of Reaction” :

•  Impulse Turbine: Pelton Wheels (used for high head, low discharge
installations)
•  Reaction Turbine: Kaplan Turbine (used for low head, high discharge
installations)

Degree of Reaction (DR) is the ratio of static pressure drop (pressure energy
converted) in the rotor to the total pressure drop (total hydraulic energy available)
in the turbine.

[DR <0.5 indicates an impulse turbine and DR>0.5 indicates a reaction turbine]

Depending on the Energy conversion mechanism Pumps/Fans/Blowers/

Compressors are classified into two groups:
•  Roto dynamic Type: Centrifugal Pump, Submersible Pump (high discharge, low
head)
•  Positive Displacement Type: Reciprocating Pump, Gear Pump (low discharge,
high head)

[Pumps can be arranged in series to add head and in parallel to add discharge]
Performance Parameters/ Technical Specifications
[Pumps can be arranged in series to add head and in parallel to add discharge]
Performance Parameters/ Technical Specifications:
Turbine Pump/Fan/Blower/Compressor
Positive Displacement
Reaction type Impulse type Rotodynamic type
type
1. Power output, Po Power output / 1. Discharge, Q Head
Torque, T Torque
2. Speed, n Speed 2. Head, H Discharge
3. Efficiency, η Efficiency 3. Efficiency Efficiency
4. Discharge, Q Head 4. Power input, Pi Power input
5. Head, H Discharge 5. Speed, n Speed

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Pump: Introduction
A device which converts mechanical energy from a shaft into
hydraulic (pressure) energy of a liquid. A pump is a device used to
move fluids, such as liquids or slurries. A pump displaces a volume
by physical or mechanical action.

Pumps fall into two major groups:

•  positive displacement pumps and
•  rotodynamic pumps.

For example, reciprocating pumps and gear pumps are positive
displacement pumps whereas centrifugal pumps and submersible
pumps are rotodynamic pumps.
 Rotodynamic Pumps
Centrifugal Pump Pump: A device which converts mechanical energy from a shaft into hydraulic (pressure)
energy of a liquid. A pump is a device used to move fluids, such as liquids or slurries. A pump
displaces a volume by physical or mechanical action. Pumps fall into two major groups: positive
A centrifugal pump is a rotodynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to
displacement pumps and rotodynamic pumps. For example, reciprocating pumps and gear
pumps are positive displacement pumps whereas centrifugal pumps and submersible pumps are
increase the pressure and flow rate of a fluid. Centrifugal pumps are the most
rotodynamic pumps.

common type of pump

Centrifugal pump used to move liquids through a piping system. The

fluid enters Aandthe pump

centrifugal pump is a impeller
rotodynamic pumpalong or near
that uses a rotating impeller toto the
increase
flowrate of a fluid. Centrifugal pumps are the most common type of pump used to move
rotating axis and is
the pressure

accelerated by the impeller, flowing radially outward or axially into a diffuser

liquids through a piping system. The fluid enters the pump impeller along or near to the rotating
axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radially outward or axially into a diffuser or
or volute chamber,
volute chamber,from
from where where
it exits intoit
the exits
downstream into the Centrifugal
piping system. downstream pumps are piping system.
Centrifugal pumps are typically used for large discharge through smaller
typically used for large discharge through smaller heads.

heads.
Identification of different major parts of a centrifugal pump:

1. Pump impeller and Pump

casing
2. Electric Motor 3
3. Coupling
4. Pump inlet (suction side)
5
5. Pump outlet (delivery side)

2 4

1
Centrifugal Pump (cont.)

(a) (b)
Fig-2 A centrifugal pump casing (a) with impeller (b) without
A centrifugal pump casing (a) with impeller (b) without impeller
impeller
Schematic Diagram Centrifugal Pump
Centrifugal Pump Impeller

(a) (b)
(a)  Sectional view of a centrifugal pump casing;
Fig-4 (a) Sectional view of a centrifugal pump casing; (b) Photograph
of(b)  Photograph of closed type centrifugal pump impeller
closed type centrifugal pump impeller
Different Types of Centrifugal Pump Impeller
Application and Specification of Centrifugal Pump
Application

•  Centrifugal pumps are used in buildings for pumping the general water supply,
as a booster and for domestic water supplies.
•  The design of a centrifugal pump makes them useful for pumping sewage and
slurries.
•  They are also used in fire protection systems and for heating and cooling
applications.
•  Beverage industry: Used to transfer juice, bottled water, etc.
•  Dairy industry: Used to transfer dairy products such as milk, buttermilk,
flavored milk etc.
•  Various industries (Manufacturing, Industrial, Chemicals, Pharmaceutical,
Food Production, Aerospace etc.) – for the purposes of cryogenics and
refrigerants.
•  Oil Energy – pumping crude oil, slurry, mud; used by refineries, power
generation plants.

Specifications

Pumps are commonly rated by horsepower, flow rate, outlet pressure in feet (or
meters) of head, inlet suction in suction feet (or meters) of head.
Reciprocating Pump: Introduction
A reciprocating pump is a hydraulic machine which converts the
mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. This is a positive displacement
pump. Here a certain volume of liquid is collected in the enclosed volume
and is discharged using pressure to the required application. Reciprocating
pumps are more suitable for low volumes of flow at high pressures.
Reciprocating Pump: Application, Advantage and Disadvantage
The main application is:

•  Oil drilling operations

•  Pneumatic pressure systems
•  Light oil pumping and
•  Feeding small boilers condensate return, etc.

Advantages:

1. High pressure is obtained at the outlet.

2. Priming process is not needed in this pump.
3. Reciprocating Pump provides high suction lift. 4. It is also used for air.

Disadvantages:

1. It requires high maintenance, because of more wear and tear of the

parts. 2. Low flow rate (it discharges a low amount of water).
3. They are heavy and bulky in size.
4. The initial cost is High.
Difference between Reciprocating and Centrifugal Pump
Pump Selection Criteria
The type of pump selected for a particular installation should be
determined on the basis of the following fundamental
considerations.

•  Yield of the well or water source.
•  Daily needs and instantaneous demand of the users.
•  The “usable water” in the pressure or storage tank.
•  Size and alignment of the well casing.
•  Total operating head pressure of the pump at normal delivery
rates, including lift and all friction losses.
•  Difference in elevation between ground level and water level in
the well during pumping.
•  Availability of power.
•  Ease of maintenance and availability of replacement parts.
•  First cost and economy of operation.
•  Reliability of pumping equipment.
Pump in serial: Head Added
Pumps in Serial - Heads Added
When two (or more) pumps are arranged in serial, their resulting pump
When two (or more) pumps are arranged in serial, their resulting pump performan
performance curve is obtained by adding their heads at same flow rate as indicated
obtained by adding their heads at same flow rate as indicated in the figure below.
in the figure.

•  Centrifugal pump in series

Figure 7: are
Pumpsused to [5].overcome larger system head loss than
in series

one pump can handle alone. For two identical pumps in series the head will be
twice the head of a single pump at the same flow rate. With constant flow rate
the combined head moves from 1 to 2. In practice the combined head and flow
rated moved along the system curve to 3.
•  If one of the pumps stops, the operation point moves along the system
resistance curve from point 1 to point 2 - head and flow rate are decreased.
•  Series operation of single stage pumps is seldom encountered - more often
multistage centrifugal pumps are used.
Pump in parallel: Flow Rate Added
Pumps in Parallel - Flow Rate Added
When two or more pumps are arranged in parallel their resulting performance curve
When two or more pumps are arranged in parallel their resulting performanc
is obtained by adding their flow rates at the same head as indicated in the figure.
obtained by adding their flowrates at the same head as indicated in the figure belo

•  Centrifugal pumps in parallel are used to overcome larger volume flows than one
Figure 8: Pumps in parallel [5].
pump can handle alone. For two identical pumps in parallel the flow rate will
double (moving from 1 to 2) compared to a single pump if head is kept constant.
Centrifugal pumps in parallel are used to overcome larger volume flows than one
In practice the combined head and volume flow moves along the system curve as
handle alone. For two identical pumps in parallel the flowrate will double (movin
2) compared to a single pump if head is kept constant. In practice the combined
indicated from 1 to 3.
volume flow moves along the system curve as indicated from 1 to 3.
•  If one of the pumps in parallel or series stops, the operation point moves along
the system resistance curve from point 3 to point 1 - the head and flow rate are
If one of the pumps in parallel or series stops, the operation point moves along
decreased. resistance curve from point 3 to point 1 - the head and flow rate are decreased.
Pump System Curve
Pump system curve represents the resistance offered by the system ie., the
pressure developed by the pump is high enough to overcome the resistance
offered by the system. This pressure is also called as “Total Head”. The total
head is the sum of two components. They are
•  Static Head
•  Friction Head
Pump System Curve : Static Head
Static head is the difference in height between the starting elevation of
pumping liquid to the destination of pumping liquid to be pumped. The
Static head as two components. They are the Static suction head (Hs)
and Static discharge head (Hd). The Static Head is independent of flow.

•  Static suction head (Hs):

The Static suction head refers the lifting the liquid relative to the pump
centre line. The Static suction head is positive if the liquid level is above
pump centerline, and negative if the liquid level is below pump
centerline.

•  Static discharge head (Hd)

The Static discharge head refers the vertical distance between the pump
center line and the surface of the liquid in the destination tank or vessel.
Pump System Curve : Static Head (cont.)
Pump System Curve : Static Head (cont.)
Pump System Curve : Friction Head
•  The friction head is the frictional loss due to the pipes, valves and
pipe fittings. Friction head is also called “Dynamic head loss”.
•  Unlike static head, the friction head depends on flow rate and
property of the liquid. Normally the friction head is proportional to
the square of the flow rate.
Pump System Curve : Total Head
Pump Performance Curve
The pump performance curve is represented the total head in the y-
axis and the flow in the x-axis, which is graphically shown in the below
pump characteristic curve. As per the curve, the head gradually
decreases with increasing flow.
Pump Operating Point
When both the system curve and pump curve were merged as shown
in the below figure. The intersection of system curve and pump curve
is called as pump operating point. The corresponding head and flow
are called “Rated Head” and “Rated Flow”.
Pump Operating Point (cont.)
As the resistance of a system increases, the head will also increase.
This, in turn, causes the flow rate to decrease and will eventually
reach zero. A zero flow rate is only acceptable for a short period
without causing to the pump to burn out.