Quartz Drilling Bits 1681777128

Quartz School for Well Site Supervisors
Module – 3
Drilling Bits & Hydraulics
Section – 1
Drill Bit Technology
C. Alvarez IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology
1/171
3.1. Drill Bit Technology
• Contents:
1. Objectives
2. Drill Bit Types
3. Bit Design
4. Rock Failure Mechanism
5. Drill Bit Classification
6. Bit Selection
7. Bit Evaluation
8. Bit Performance
2/171
1. Objectives:
• By the end of this Section YOU should be able to:
• Recognize different bit types
• Describe various design considerations for roller cone and PDC
bits
• Select bits for various formation types and drilling conditions
• Grade bits using the IADC Dull Grading System
• Utilize the IADC code to describe and compare bits
• Identify important operational aspects that effect bit
performance
3/171
2. Drill Bit Types
• Roller Cone Bits: Milled tooth bits,
4/171
2. Drill Bit Types
• Roller Cone Bits: Tungsten Carbide Inserts bits,
5/171
2. Drill Bit Types
• Natural Diamond bits,
6/171
2. Drill Bit Types
• Natural Diamond bits,
7/171
2. Drill Bit Types
• PDC (Polycrystalline Diamond Compacts) bits
8/171
2. Drill Bit Types
• PDC (Polycrystalline Diamond Compacts) bits
9/171
2. Drill Bit Types
• TSP (Thermally Stable Polycrystalline) bits
10/171
2. Drill Bit Types
• TSP (Thermally Stable Polycrystalline) bits
11/171
2. Drill Bit Types
• Diamond Impregnated Bits
12/171
2. Drill Bit Types
• According to the Cutter Structure: Fixed Cutter Bit or Roller Cone Bit
Drill Bits
Fixed Roller
Cutter Cone
Mill
PDC Diamond Insert
Tooth
Natural Impregnated Roller Journal

TSP Diamond Bearing Bearing
Diamond
Courtesy of
13/171
2. Drill Bit Types
a. Fixed Cutter (Drag Bits) – PDC: Polycrystalline Diamond Compacts
Drill Bits
Fixed Roller
Cutter Cone
Mill
PDC Diamond Insert
Tooth

Diamond
Courtesy of
14/171
2. Drill Bit Types
a. Fixed Cutter (Drag Bit) – PDC: Polycrystalline Diamond Compacts
19 mm
16 mm 13 mm
11 mm
8 mm
15/171
2. Drill Bit Types
a. Fixed Cutter (Drag Bit) – Natural Diamond
Drill Bits
Fixed Roller
Cutter Cone
Mill
PDC Diamond Insert
Tooth

Diamond
Courtesy of
16/171
2. Drill Bit Types
a. Fixed Cutter (Drag Bit) – Cutting Elements: Natural Diamond
• Natural Diamonds
• Size
• Shape
• Quality
Courtesy of
17/171
2. Drill Bit Types
a. Fixed Cutter (Drag Bit) – TSP: Thermally Stable Polycrystalline
Drill Bits
Fixed Roller
Cutter Cone
Mill
PDC Diamond Insert
Tooth

Diamond
Courtesy of
18/171
2. Drill Bit Types
a. Fixed Cutter (Drag Bit) – Cutting Elements: TSP
Courtesy of
19/171
2. Drill Bit Types
• Fixed Cutter (Drag Bit) – Impregnated Diamond Bits
Drill Bits
Fixed Roller
Cutter Cone
Mill
PDC Diamond Insert
Tooth

Diamond
Courtesy of
20/171
2. Drill Bit Types
a. Fixed Cutter (Drag Bit) – Cutting Elements: Impregnated Diamond Powder
• Bit Blades impregnated with grinded, powdered, or granular natural diamond
Courtesy of
21/171
2. Drill Bit Types
b. Roller Cone Bits
• Alternative Names:
Rock Bits Drill Bits
Tri-Cone™ Bits
Fixed Roller
Cutter Cone
Mill
PDC Diamond Insert
Tooth

Diamond
Courtesy of
22/171
2. Drill Bit Types
b. Roller Cone Bits – Mill Tooth Bits
Drill Bits
Fixed Roller
Cutter Cone
Mill
PDC Diamond Insert
Tooth

Diamond
Courtesy of
23/171
2. Drill Bit Types
b. Roller Cone Bits – Cutting Elements: Mill Tooth Bits
• Teeth & Hard facing:
Courtesy of
24/171
2. Drill Bit Types
b. Roller Cone Bits – Inserts Bits
Drill Bits
Fixed Roller
Cutter Cone
Mill
PDC Diamond Insert
Tooth

Diamond
Courtesy of
25/171
2. Drill Bit Types
b. Roller Cone Bits – Insert Bits
• Cutting Elements: Tungsten Carbide Inserts
Courtesy of
26/171
2. Drill Bit Types
b. Roller Cone Bits – Mill Tooth Bits
• Roller Bearing
Drill Bits
Fixed Roller
Cutter Cone
Mill
PDC Diamond Insert
Tooth

Diamond
Courtesy of
27/171
2. Drill Bit Types
b. Roller Cone Bits – Mill Tooth & Insert Bits
• Journal Bearing Drill Bits
Fixed Roller
Cutter Cone
Mill
PDC Diamond Insert
Tooth

Diamond
Courtesy of
28/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Bearing Assembly:
• A bearing is a device that sits between the cone and
its attachment to the leg of the bit to reduce the
force of friction as the cone rotates.
• Roller cone bit bearings must operate under severe
conditions temperature and loads,
• Roller cone bits use three types of bearing in the
bearing assembly:
• Ball bearings;
• Roller bearings;
• Journal bearings.
• Some roller cone bits use all three and some use
only roller and ball bearings.
29/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Bearing Assembly: Roller Bearings & Ball Bearings
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cone.
30/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
Some
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rollerbearing
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bitsdo
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bearing.
31/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Reduce Friction
• Increases RPM Capacity
Courtesy of
32/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Bearing Assembly: Sealed Roller Bearing System
Crowned Roller
Conventional
Roller
Courtesy of
33/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Bearing Assembly: Sealed Roller Bearing System
Crowned Roller
Conventional
Roller
Courtesy of
34/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Bearing Assembly: Roller Bearing Applications:
Non-Sealed
• Short Hours / Economic
• High Temperature
Sealed
• High RPM / Low Weight
• Large Bit Diameter
Courtesy of
35/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Bearing Assembly: Journal Bearings
36/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Bearing Assembly: Journal Bearing (components)
37
37/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Bearing Assembly: Journal Bearing (components)
Main Bearing
Retention Bearing
Thrust Bearing
Pin Bearing
Courtesy of
38/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Bearing Assembly: Journal Bearing – Applications
• All Sealed
• Moderate Sliding Speed
- Low to Moderate RPM
- Small to Medium Bit
Diameter
• High Weights
39/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Bearing Assembly: Main Bearings
Rollers Friction / Journal
40/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Bearing Assembly: Retention Bearings
Balls Threaded Ring
41/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Bearing Assembly: Ball Bearing Retention Failure
42/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Bearing Assembly: Threaded Ring Failure
43/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Bearing Assembly: Sealed Bearings & Lubrication System
44/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Bearing Assembly: Seals
HNBR
Ribbed Texturized
HNBR Texturized
O-Ring
and
HNBR Radial
45/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Cone Design
• Cone Design:
• All the three cones have the same shape with the No 1 cone
having a spear point,
• The basic factor to be decided is the journal or pin angle,
• The journal angle is formed between the axis of the journal
and the horizontal,
• One important factor which affect the journal angle is the
degree of meshing or interfit, (the distance that the crests of
the teeth of one cone extended into the grooves of the other.
46/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Roller Cone Bit Components
Nose Cutter #1
Cutter #3
Inner Row
Gage Row
Heel Row Cutter #2
Lug
Shirttail
Nozzle, Pod & Socket

Bit Bowl Bit Body
Pin
47/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Cone Nomination
#1 Cone
CW
#3 Cone #2 Cone
ConesSet-up
Cones Set-up
48/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Cone Components
Lugs
- 3 per bit
- All 3 are the same
Cutters
- 3 per bit
- All 3 are different
Component Parts
49/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Cone Components
To make 1 Roller
Cone bit it takes:
- 3 lugs,
- 3 cutters,
- 3 sets of
component parts
50/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Cone Design – Journal Angle
51/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Cone Design – Cone Offset or Skew
52/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
Soft Formation Hard formation

53/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
Reduced Offset Increased Offset

– 0º - 2º – 3º - 5º
– Reduced Gage Scraping – Increased Gage Scraping
– More Durable – Less Durable
– Slower Drilling – Faster Drilling
–Abrasive / Hard Formations – Soft / Sticky Formations
54/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Cone Design – Cone Profile
Flat Cone Profile Round Cone Profile

– Minimum Bottom Scraping – Increased Bottom Scraping
– More Durable – Less Durable
– Slower Drilling – Faster Drilling
– Abrasive / Hard Formations – Soft / Sticky Formations
55/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Cone Design
• Cutting Structure:
• Soft Formation bits:
• These types require deep penetration into the

rock so the teeth are long, thin and widely
spaced (to prevent balling),
• The long teeth take-up space, so the bearing

size must be reduced. This is allowable since
the loading should not be excessive in soft
formation.
56/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Cone Design
• Medium Formation Bits:

• These types required to withstand heavier
loads so teeth height is decrease and their
width increased,
• these bits rely on scraping/gouging action with
only limited penetration,
• The spacing of teeth must still be sufficient to
allow good cleaning.
57/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Cone Design
• Hard Formation Bits:

• These do not rely on tooth penetration so the
teeth are shorter than those used for softer
formations
• the teeth must be strong enough to withstand
the crushing/chipping action and sufficient
numbers of teeth should be used to reduce the
unit load,
• Spacing of teeth is lees critical since the ROP is
reduced and the cuttings tend to be smaller.
58/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Cone Design – Cutting Structure
59/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Cone Design – Cutting Structure
Gauge Protection
60/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Cone Design – Cutting Structure (Gauge Protection)
• Shirttail Hardmetal
• All Applications
• Heel Pacs (or G-pacs)
• All Insert and Abrasive
Tooth, High RPM
• TuffGage
• Hard Formation Bits
• GageGuard ( T )
• Directional
• Shirttail Inserts (KP, KPR)
• Deviated Wells
• Lug Pads ( L )
• High RPM / Deviated
• PDC Insert Options ( D )
• Abrasive
• Thermal Cracking
61/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Cone Design – Tooth Cutter Structure
Faster Drilling Slower Drilling

Less Durable More Durable
62/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Cone Design – Tooth Cutter Structure (Tooth Hard Metal)
Cutter Hard facing
63/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Cone Design – Tooth Cutter Structure (Tooth Hard Metal)
Self Sharpening Full Coverage
64/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Cone Design – Tooth Cutter Structure (Hard Metal Types)
Standard Premium
Duraclad Armorclad II
Built-In PMC
Premium Armorclad
65/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Cone Design – Tooth Cutter Structure Comparison
Soft = = = = = = = = = = ==> Hard
66/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Cone Design – Insert Bit Cutter Structure
• The cutting structure for insert bits follows the same
pattern as for milled tooth bits,
• Long chisel shaped inserts are required for soft
formation,
• Short inserts are used for hard formation bits,
• There is little change in the cutting structure of an insert
bit due to wear. This allows an insert bit to be used over
a wider range of formation types than is usually
impossible for a milled tooth bit.
67/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Cone Design – Insert Bit Cutter Structure
68/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Cone Design – Insert Bit Cutter Structure (Soft Formations)
Soft Formation Inserts
69/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Cone Design – Insert Bit Cutter Structure (Medium Formations)
Medium Formation Inserts
70/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Cone Design – Insert Bit Cutter Structure (Hard Formations)
Hard Formation Inserts
71/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Cone Design – Fluid Circulation
Jet Nozzle
72/171
3. Drill Bit Design
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Cone Design – Fluid Circulation
73/171
3. Drill Bit Design
b. Fixed Cutter Bits
• Cutter Material
• The cutter material are formed with high pressure
and temperature process,
• The first stage in the process is to manufacture

artificial diamond crystals,
• The second stage is to mix the artificial diamond

crystals with catalyst/binder in a temperature
exceeding 1400oC and pressure of 750,000 psi.
74/171
3. Drill Bit Design
• Cutter Material
• Shear revisited
• Polycrystalline Diamond Compacts
75/171
3. Drill Bit Design
• Cutter Material – Polycrystalline Diamond Compacts, PDC
19 mm
16 mm 13 mm 11 mm
8 mm
76/171
3. Drill Bit Design
• Cutter Material – Polycrystalline Diamond Compacts, PDC
77/171
3. Drill Bit Design
• Cutter Backrake Angle
Backrake Angle:
BLADE
The angle of orientation of the
cutter from true vertical (90°).
The lower the angle, the closer
PDC CUTTER
to vertical the cutter is, and
therefore is more aggressive
78/171
3. Drill Bit Design
• Body Material
Steel Body
High Precision,
Simple Repair,
Rapid manufacture
79/171
3. Drill Bit Design
• Body Material
Tungsten Carbide Matrix

Erosion Resistant
80/171
3. Drill Bit Design
• Bit Profile
81/171
3. Drill Bit Design
• Bit Profile
There are two general profiles utilized for diamond bits: The “C” profile, which has a small
nose radius and long taper, and the “R” profile which has a short taper and thus larger
nose radius
82/171
3. Drill Bit Design
• Bit Profile
The “C” profile is most common as it provides superior rates of penetration with reasonable
stabilization. The “R” profile tends to be used in very hard formations as the higher applied
weights are applied more evenly over the nose cutting structure.
Additionally, due to the shorter length of the profile, a modification of the “R” will be used for
hard rock sidetracks. Profile variations from the “C” & “R” will compromise between the
penetration rate and durability, depending on the application. The blade profile is generally flat,
though may also appear ribbed, which is known as “ridge set”.
83/171
3. Drill Bit Design
• Bit Profile
84/171
3. Drill Bit Design
• Bit Profile
85/171
3. Drill Bit Design
• Cutter Arrangement
• Cutter Density:
• This is a compromise between reducing the amount of

load per cutter by increasing the number of cutters and
yet keeping the number of cutters small enough to allow
efficient cleaning of the face of the bit,
• Cutter Exposure:
• This is important to ensure good cleaning of the bit face,
• Full exposure provides more space between the bit
body and the formation,
• Partial exposure provide good back-up therefore
support the cutters.
86/171
3. Drill Bit Design
• Cutter Arrangement
• Fluid Circulation:
• Circulation across the bit face must be designed to

remove the cuttings efficiently and also cool the bit
face,
• These requirements may be satisfied by increasing

the fluid flowrate,
• The increased fluid flowrate may however cause

excessive erosion of the face and premature bit
failure.
87/171
3. Drill Bit Design
• Cutting Structure
3 Different types of Fixed Cutter Bits
• PDC Bits
• Natural Diamond / TSP Bits
• Impregnated Diamond Bits
88/171
3. Drill Bit Design
• Cutting Structure – PDC Bits
Use Polycrystalline Diamond Compacts as the primary cutting structure.
Tungsten Carbide Substrate Polycrystalline Diamond Compacts

Courtesy of
89/171
3. Drill Bit Design
• Cutting Structure – PDC Bits
Courtesy of
90/171
3. Drill Bit Design
• Cutting Structure – Natural Diamond Bits
Use exposed surface-set Diamonds as the primary cutting structure.
91/171
3. Drill Bit Design
• Cutting Structure – Natural Diamond Bits
Courtesy of
92/171
3. Drill Bit Design
• Cutting Structure – Thermally Stable PDC Bits (TSP Bits)
Use exposed surface-set Thermally Stable Polycrystalline (TSP) as the
primary cutting structure.
Triangular TSP Stones
93/171
3. Drill Bit Design
• Cutting Structure – Thermally Stable PDC Bits (TSP Bits)
Courtesy of
94/171
3. Drill Bit Design
• Cutting Structure – Diamond Impregnated Bits
Use Diamond Grit set within the bit blades as the primary cutting structure.
Bit Blade Matrix
Diamond Grit
95/171
3. Drill Bit Design
• Cutting Structure – Diamond Impregnated Bits
Courtesy of
96/171
4. Drilling Mechanism
Rock Failure Mechanism
• Two basic types of rock failure:
PDC BIT
CONTINUOUS
a. Shear Failure: SHEARING
b. Compressive Failure:
ROLLER CONE BIT

CYCLIC COMPRESSION
97/171
• Formation Strength:
• Compressive Strength
• Shear Strength
Courtesy of
98/171
• Compressive Failure:
Courtesy of
99/171
• Shear Failure:
PDC BIT
CONTINUOUS
SHEARING
Courtesy of
100/171
• Compressive & Shear Failure:
NATURAL DIAMOND
OR IMPREG BIT
CONTINUOUS
CRUSHING
& ABRASION
Courtesy of
101/171
• Formation Failure with Diamond Bits:
IMPREG DIAMOND BIT:

Hard Formation GRINDING
Soft formation SHEARING
NATURAL DIAMOND BIT:

PLOUGHING/GRINDING
PDC BIT:
SHEARING
F
102/171
• Drilling Mechanism for Bit Type
Gouging & Scraping Mill Tooth

Chipping and Crushing Insert
Shearing PDC
Ploughing Natural Diamond
Grinding Impregnated Diamond
103/171
5. IADC Drill Bit Classification
a. Roller Cone Bits
517G
Features
Cutting Structure Cutting Bearing/Gauge Available
Series Soft Formations w ith
Low Compressive
Structure Type Description (Optional)
Strength and High 1 (1 to 4) Standard A - Air Application
Drillability Roller
Bearing
1 B - Special Bearing Seal
STEEL Medium to Medium 1 refers to the C - Center Jet
Roller
TOOTH Hard Formations w ith
softest formation in D - Deviation Control
BITS High Compressive 2 Bearing Air
Cooled
2 E - Extended Nozzles
Strength a particular Series Roller G - Gauge/Body
Hard Semi-Abrasive and 4 refers to the Bearing
Protection
and Abrasive 3 hardest formation Gauge 3
Formations Protected
H - Horizontal Steering
Soft Formations w ith within the Series Sealed Appl.
Low Compressive
Strength and High 4 Roller
Bearing
4 J - Jet Deflection
L - Lug Pads
Drillability Sealed
M - Motor Application
Soft to Medium Roller Brg -
8-1/2” EHP 51 5 S - Standard Steel Tooth
Formations w ith Low 5 Gauge
Protected T - Two Cone Bit
Compressive Strength
INSERT Sealed W - Enhanced Cutting
Medium Hard
BITS
Formations w ith High 6 Friction
Bearing
6 Structure
Compressive Strength X - Predominantly Chisel
Sealed
Hard Semi-Abrasive Tooth Insert
Frction Brg
and Abrasive 7 Gauge 7 Y - Conical Tooth Insert
Formations
Protected Z - Other Shape Insert
Extremely Hard and
Abrasive Formations 8
104/171
M432
Body Material Steel or Matrix.
Cutter Density PDC: 1 to 4, diamond bits: 6 to 8
(the lower the number, the lighter set the bit).
Cutter Size/Type For PDC cutter, 1 indicates >24 mm, 2
12-1/4” DS66H
is between 14 and 24 mm, 3 is between 8 and 14 mm
and 4 is smaller than 8. For diamond bits, 1 represents
natural diamond, 2 is for TSP, 3 is a combination of
natural diamond and TSP and 4 is for impregnated.
Profile The final digit indicates the general body style
and varies from 1 (flat profile) to 4 (long flanked
turbine style).
Fixed cutter IADC codes are intended only to provide a means for characterizing the general
physical appearance of fixed cutter drill bits. Unlike the IADC classification for roller bits, these
codes do not represent an application guideline.
105/171
a. IADC Codes for Roller Cone Bits
Tooth
1-1
Soft
1
2
1-3
3
2-1
Hard
106/171
a. Roller Cone Bits
Tooth
Soft 4-1
1
Insert
2 4
3 5
6
7
8-3
Hard
8
107/171
Tooth PDC
Soft
1
Insert
2 4
3 5
6
7
Hard
8
108/171
Tooth PDC
Soft
1
Insert
2 4
3 5
6 Diamond
7
Hard 8
109/171
Tooth PDC
Soft
1
Insert
2 4
Impregnated
3 5 Diamond
6 Diamond
7
Hard
8
110/171
6. Bit Selection
Bit Application Spectrum:
PDC
Mill Tooth
Insert
Penetration Rate
Impreg
& Natural
Diamond
Formation Compressive Strength

C. Alvarez
DP IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology
111/171
6. Bit Selection
Bit Application Spectrum:
Which
One ?
112/171
6. Bit Selection
PDC Selection Factors:
Advantages
• Very Fast ROP
• Long Life Potential
Considerations
• Impact Damage
• Abrasiveness
• Stability
Courtesy of
113/171
6. Bit Selection
Mill Tooth Bit Selection Factors:
Advantages
• Fast ROP
• Good Stability
• Economic
Considerations
• Tooth Wear Rate
• Bearing Life
Courtesy of
114/171
6. Bit Selection
Insert Bit Selection Factors:
Advantages
• Cutting Structure Durability
• Range of Formations
• Interbed Tolerance
• Steerability and Stability
Considerations
• Slower ROP
• Bearing Life
Courtesy of
115/171
6. Bit Selection
Natural & Impregnated Diamond Bit Selection Factors:
Advantages
• Very Durable
• Hard Rock Capability
• Low Junk-in-Hole Risk
Considerations
• Slower ROP
• RPM Sensitivity
• High Cost Applications
Courtesy of
116/171
6. Bit Selection
Drill Bit Selection Comparison Chart
117/171
6. Bit Selection
Roller Cone Bits
• Selection Criteria:
• In order to select the best bit for a particular application,
comparison charts are often used,
• These charts contain bit availability from the major suppliers,
• They have been designed in accordance with the IADC,
• The position of each bit in the chart is defined by three numbers
and one character,
• The sequence of numeric characters defines the following:
• Series,
• Types,
• Bearing Features.
118/171
6. Bit Selection
Roller Cone Bits – Selection Criteria.
• Series:
• Series 1-3 apply to milled tooth bits and classified as soft,
medium or hard,
• Series 4-8 apply to insert bits and are classified as soft,
medium, hard and extra hard.
• Types:
• Each series is divided into 4 types according to the hardness
application of the bit,
• For example type 3 is harder bit than a type 2 within the same
series
119/171
6. Bit Selection
• Bearing Features:
There are slight variation in the categories depending on the comparison chart
used for example:
“1” Means a standard roller bearing,
“2” Means air cooled roller bearing,
“3” Means a roller bearing bit with gauge protection,
“4” Means sealed roller bearings are included,
“5” Means both sealed roller bearings and gauge protection included,
“6” Means sealed friction bearing included,
“7” Means both sealed friction bearings and gauge protection
included.
120/171
6. Bit Selection
• Additional Design Features:
• This character is used to define additional features of the bit

for example:
• If a bit is classified as 1-2-4-E, this means the bit is a soft

formation milled tooth bit with sealed roller and extended
nozzles.
• The term soft , medium and hard are very broad categorization
of the geological strata.
121/171
6. Bit Selection
• Formation Types:
• Soft Formations:
• Unconsolidated clays and sands and large flowrate recommended
(500-800 GPM),
• They can be drilled with low WOB (3000 - 5000 lbs/in of bit diameter)
and high RPM (125-250),
• Medium Formations:
• This may include shale, gypsum, shaley lime, sand and Siltstone,
• Generally low WOB (3000 - 6000 lbs/in of bit diameter and (100 - 150
RPM.
122/171
6. Bit Selection
• Formation Types:
• Hard Formations:
• This may include limestone, anhydrite, hard sandstone and
dolomite,
• High WOB may be required (6000-10000 lbs/in of bit diameter),
• A slower RPM (40 - 100 ) this slower RPM is to help
grinding/crushing action.
123/171
7. Drill Bit Evaluation – IADC Dull Grading System
• As each bit is pulled out from the hole, its physical

appearance is inspected and graded according to
the wear it has sustained,
• The evaluation is useful for the following reasons:
• Improve bit type selection,
• Identify the affect of drilling parameters,
• Gain experience on bit life and when to pull
before failure,
• Evaluate bit performance and help their
design.
124/171
Developed in 1992 by the International Association of Drilling Contractors for describing used bits.
The methodology is composed of an 8 character code that describes bit wear and the reason why the bit
was pulled.
Cutting Structure Other
Dull Bearings Dull Reason
Inner Outer Char. Location Seals Gauge Char. Pulled
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 Inner Cutting Structure (All Inner Rows)
2 Outer Cutting Structure (Gauge Row Only)
3 Dull Characteristic (Use Codes, Cutting Structure Only)
4 Location (Where Dull Characteristic Occurs)
5 Bearing / Seals (Condition of Roller Cone)
6 Gauge (What is the Final Gauge Diameter)
7 Other Dull Characteristic (Use Codes, not limited to CS)
8 Reason Pulled (Use Codes, Termination of Bit Run)
125/171

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Tooth Height Measurement - Roller Cone
1 Inner Cutting Structure (All Inner Rows)

2 Outer Cutting Structure (Gauge Row Only)
126/171
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Tooth Height Measurement - Fixed Cutter
2/3 D 1/3 D
1. INNER ROWS 2. OUTER ROWS

2/3 D 1/3 D
3 4 5
2
1 6
0 7 8
8
127/171

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3. Major Dull Characteristics (Use only Cutting Structure Related Codes)
*BC - Broken Cone FC - Flat Crested Wear RG - Rounded Gauge

BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters HC - Heat Checking RO – Ring Out
BU - Balled Up Bit *LC - Lost Cone SD - Shirrtail Damage
*CC - Cracked Cone LN - Lost Nozzle SS - Self Sharpening
*CD - Cone Dragged Wear
LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters
CI - Cone Interference TR - Tracking
OC - Off Center Wear
CR - Cored WO - Washed Out Bit
PB - Pinched Bit
CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters WT - Worn Teeth/Cutters
PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage
ER - Erosion NO - No Dull Characteristics
* Show Cone #’s under Location (4)
128/171

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4. Location - Roller Cone

N - Nose Row Cone #
M - Middle Row 1
G - Gauge Row 2
A - All Rows 3
129/171

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4. Location - Fixed Cutter
C - Cone
N - Nose
T - Taper
G
S - Shoulder G G
G S
S S
G - Gauge T C N C T
S
T
C N N
A - All Areas N
C
130/171

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5. Bearings / Seals
Non-Sealed Bearing Sealed Bearings
0 - No Life Used E - Seals Effective
8 - All Life Used F - Seals Failed
N - Not Able to Grade

X - Fixed Cutter Bit
131
131/171

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6. Gauge - measure in 16’s of an inch.
I - In Gauge 2/16 - 1/8” Out of Gauge
1/16 - 1/16” Out of Gauge 4/16 - 1/4” Out of Gauge
Measuring the Gauge of Roller Cone Bit:
- Pull a ring gauge tightly against 2 of the cutters

- Take a measurement between the 3rd cutter and the ring gauge
- Multiply that measurement by 2/3
132/171

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6. Gauge - measure in 16’s of an inch.
Fixed Cutter Bits
GAUGE WEAR
I : IN GAUGE
1/16” : 1/16” UNDERGAUGE
2/16” : 1/8” UNDERGAUGE
•
•
•
133/171
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7 Other Dull Characteristics (Use all Related Codes)
*BC - Broken Cone FC - Flat Crested Wear RG - Rounded Gauge
BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters HC - Heat Checking RO – Ring Out
BU - Balled Up Bit *LC - Lost Cone SD - Shirrtail Damage
*CC - Cracked Cone LN - Lost Nozzle SS - Self Sharpening
*CD - Cone Dragged Wear
LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters
CI - Cone Interference TR - Tracking
OC - Off Center Wear
CR - Cored WO - Washed Out Bit
PB - Pinched Bit
CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters WT - Worn Teeth/Cutters
PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage
ER - Erosion NO - No Dull Characteristics
134 * Show Cone #’s under Location (4)
134/171
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8. Reason Pulled Or Run Terminated
BHA - Change Bottom Hole RIG - Rig Repair PR – Penetration
Assembly CM - Condition Mud Rate
DMF - Downhole Motor Failure TD - Total Depth
CP - Core Point
DTF - Downhole Tool Failure Casing Depth
DP - Drill Plug
DSF - Drill String Failure TQ - Torque
FM - Formation Change
DST - Drill Stem Test TW - Twist Off
HP - Hole Problems
WC – Weather Conditions
LOG - Run Logs HR - Hours on Bit
LIH - Left in Hole PP - Pump Pressure
135/171
Cutting Structure B G Remarks
INNER OUTER DULL LOCA- BRNG/ GAUGE OTHER REASON
ROWS ROWS CHAR TION SEALS 1/16” CHAR PULLED
The cutting structure is graded from 0 to 8 depending on the proportion of cutting structure
lost (0 = Intact, 8 = 100% worn).
Fixed Cutter Bits Roller Cone Bits
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Inner Cutting
Structure (All Inner Cone 1
Rows)
Outer Cutting
Structure (Gauge
Row Only)
Cone 2
Cone 3
136/171

BF - Bond Failure *BC - Broken Cone LN - Lost Nozzle
BT - Broken Cutters BF - Bone Failure LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters
BU - Balled Up BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters OC - Off-Center Wear
CT - Chipped Cutters BU - Balled Up Bit PB - Pinched Bit
ER - Erosion *CC - Cracked Cone PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage
HC - Heat Checking *CD - Cone Dragged RG - Rounded Gauge
JD - Junk Damage CI - Cone Interference RO - Ring Out
LN - Lost Nozzle CR - Cored SD - Shirttail Damage
LT - Lost Cutter CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters SS - Self Sharpening Wear
NR - Not Rerunable ER - Erosion TR - Tracking
PN - Plugged Nozzle FC - Flat Crested Wear WO - Washed Out Bit
RG - Rounded Gauge HC - Heat Checking WT - Worn Teeth/Cutters
RO - Ring Out JD - Junk Damage NO - No Dull Characteristic
RR - Rerunable *LC - Lost Cone
SS - Self Sharpening Wear * Show Cone under Location 4
TR - Tracking
WO - Washed Out Bit Note that this is for the Primary dull characteristics.
WT - Worn Cutters
NO - No Dull Characteristics
C. Alvarez IPM
Ref QuartzHycalog
: Reed School –PDC
Module 3: Drilling
& Roller Cone Bits & Hydraulics
Product / Section
Technology 1: Drill BitInformation
Reference Technology
137/171
Fixed Cutter – Main Wear Characteristics
POST OR STUD
CUTTERS
NO WEAR WORN BROKEN LOST BOND EROSION

(NO) CUTTER CUTTER CUTTER FAILURE (ER)
(WT) (BT) (LT) (BF)
CYLINDER
CUTTERS NO WEAR WORN BROKEN LOST BOND
(NO) CUTTER CUTTER CUTTER FAILURE
(WT) (BT) (LT) (BF)
Courtesy of
138/171
Dull Characteristics – Some Examples
Fixed Cutter Bits
BF - Bond Failure
BT - Broken Cutters
BU - Balled Up
CT - Chipped Cutters
ER - Erosion
HC - Heat Checking
JD - Junk Damage
LN - Lost Nozzle
LT - Lost Cutter
NR - Not Rerunable
PN - Plugged Nozzle
RG - Rounded Gauge
RO - Ring Out
RR - Rerunable
SS - Self Sharpening Wear
TR - Tracking
WO - Washed Out Bit BU - Balled Up
WT - Worn Cutters
139/171
Roller Cone Bits
*BC - Broken Cone LN - Lost Nozzle
BF - Bone Failure LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters
BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters OC - Off-Center Wear
BU - Balled Up Bit PB - Pinched Bit
*CC - Cracked Cone PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage
*CD - Cone Dragged RG - Rounded Gauge
CI - Cone Interference RO - Ring Out
CR - Cored SD - Shirttail Damage
CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters SS - Self Sharpening Wear
ER - Erosion TR - Tracking
FC - Flat Crested Wear WO - Washed Out Bit
HC - Heat Checking WT - Worn Teeth/Cutters
JD - Junk Damage NO - No Dull Characteristic
*LC - Lost Cone BU – Balled Up Bit (primary)
* Show Cone under Location 4
CD – Cone Dragged (secondary)
Ref : IADC Drilling Manual – Eleventh Edition
140/171
Fixed Cutter Bits
BF - Bond Failure
BT - Broken Cutters
BU - Balled Up
ER - Erosion
HC - Heat Checking
JD - Junk Damage
LN - Lost Nozzle
LT - Lost Cutter
NR - Not Rerunable
PN - Plugged Nozzle
RG - Rounded Gauge
RO - Ring Out
RR - Rerunable
TR - Tracking
CT – Chipped Cutter
WO - Washed Out Bit
WT - Worn Cutters
141/171
Fixed Cutter Bits
BF - Bond Failure
BT - Broken Cutters
BU - Balled Up
ER - Erosion
HC - Heat Checking
JD - Junk Damage
LN - Lost Nozzle
LT - Lost Cutter
NR - Not Rerunable
PN - Plugged Nozzle
RG - Rounded Gauge
RO - Ring Out
RR - Rerunable
SS - Self Sharpening Wear LT – Lost Cutter
TR - Tracking
WO - Washed Out Bit
WT - Worn Cutters
142/171
Roller Cone Bits
JD - Junk Damage NO - No Dull Characteristic BT – Broken Teeth/Cutters
*LC - Lost Cone
143/171
Fixed Cutter Bits
BF - Bond Failure
BT - Broken Cutters
BU - Balled Up
ER - Erosion
HC - Heat Checking
JD - Junk Damage
La
LN - Lost Nozzle
LT - Lost Cutter
NR - Not Rerunable
PN - Plugged Nozzle
RG - Rounded Gauge
RO - Ring Out
RR - Rerunable
TR - Tracking
WO - Washed Out Bit
RO – Ring Out
WT - Worn Cutters
144/171
Roller Cone Bits
HC - Heat Checking WT - Worn Teeth/Cutters JD – Junk Damage
*LC - Lost Cone
145/171
Fixed Cutter Bits
BF - Bond Failure
BT - Broken Cutters
BU - Balled Up
ER - Erosion
HC - Heat Checking
JD - Junk Damage
LN - Lost Nozzle
LT - Lost Cutter
NR - Not Rerunable
PN - Plugged Nozzle
RG - Rounded Gauge
RO - Ring Out
RR - Rerunable
SS - Self Sharpening Wear WT – Worn Cutters
TR - Tracking
WO - Washed Out Bit
WT - Worn Cutters
146/171
Roller Cone Bits
*LC - Lost Cone
SD - Shirttail Damage
147/171
Roller Cone Bits
*LC - Lost Cone
TR - Tracking
148/171
Roller Cone Bits
*LC - Lost Cone SS – Self Sharpening Wear
149/171
Roller Cone Bits
*LC - Lost Cone ER – Erosion
150/171
N - Nose Row
M - Middle Row
G - Gauge Row Cone 1, 2 or 3
A - All Rows
C - Cone
N - Nose
T - Taper
S - Shoulder
G - Gauge
151/171

This box is for roller cone bits. Fixed Non Sealed Bearings
cutter bits will always be A linear scale estimating bearing life
designated by "X". used. (0 -No life used, 8 - All life
used, i.e., no bearing life remaining.)
Sealed Bearings
E - Seals Effective
F - Seals Failed
N - Not Able to Grade
C. Alvarez IPM
Ref QuartzHycalog
Module 3: Drilling
Product / Section
152/171

For all Bits
The letter “I” is used to designate bits that are in gauge.
If the bit is under gauge, the amount is recorded to the nearest 1/16” of an inch. For
example, if the bit is 1/8” under gauge, this is reported as 2/16 or often only as 2.
C. Alvarez IPM
Ref QuartzHycalog
Module 3: Drilling
Product / Section
153/171
This is for the Secondary dull char. and it uses the same codes as for the Primary dull char.
BF - Bond Failure
BT - Broken Cutters *BC - Broken Cone LN - Lost Nozzle
BU - Balled Up BF - Bone Failure LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters
CT - Chipped Cutters BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters OC - Off-Center Wear
ER - Erosion BU - Balled Up Bit PB - Pinched Bit
HC - Heat Checking *CC - Cracked Cone PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow
JD - Junk Damage
*CD - Cone Dragged Passage
LN - Lost Nozzle
LT - Lost Cutter
CI - Cone Interference RG - Rounded Gauge
NR - Not Rerunable CR - Cored RO - Ring Out
PN - Plugged Nozzle CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters SD - Shirttail Damage
RG - Rounded Gauge ER - Erosion SS - Self Sharpening Wear
RO - Ring Out FC - Flat Crested Wear TR - Tracking
RR - Rerunable HC - Heat Checking WO - Washed Out Bit
JD - Junk Damage WT - Worn Teeth/Cutters
TR - Tracking
WO - Washed Out Bit *LC - Lost Cone NO - No Dull Characteristic
WT - Worn Cutters
NO - No Dull Characteristics * Show Cone under Location 4
154/171

For All Bits

BHA - Change Bottom Hole Assembly HP - Hole Problems
DMF - Down hole Motor Failure HR - Hours
DSF - Drill String Failure PP - Pump Pressure
DST - Drill Stem Test PR - Penetration Rate
DTF - Down hole Tool Failure TD - Total Depth/Casing Point
RIG - Rig Repair TQ - Torque
CM - Condition Mud TW - Twist Off
CP - Core Point WC - Weather Conditions
DP - Drill Plug WO - Washout -DrillString
FM - Formation Change
C. Alvarez IPM
Ref QuartzHycalog
Module 3: Drilling
Product / Section
155/171
Keys To Dull Bit Grading:
• Know What a Sharp Bit Looks Like
• Normal Dull Conditions
• Sequence of Events
• Paint a Mental Picture of Dull
• Consistency
156
156/171
Keys To Dull Bit Grading: GRADE A LOT OF BITS..!
157/171
8. Drill Bit Performance
• Bit performance is judged on:

• How much footage it drilled,
• How fast it drilled (ROP),
• How much it cost to run ( the capital cost of the bit plus the operating
costs of running it in the hole) per foot of hole drilled.
• The best method of assessing bit performance is by the cost:
C = Overall cost $/ft,

Cb + (Rt + Tt ) Cr Cb = Bit cost ($),
C = Rt = Rotating hrs,
F Tt = Round trip time hrs,
Cr = Rig spread cost ($)
158/171
a. Roller Cone Bits:
• Penetration rate is function of many parameters including:
• WOB,
• RPM,
• Mud properties,
• Hydraulic efficiency.
159/171
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Weight on Bit:
• WOB is required to overcome the compressibility of the formation,
• Once this threshold is exceeded, penetration rate increases with
WOB,
• WOB Limitations:
• Hydraulic Horsepower (HHP) at the bit: If HHP at bit is not
sufficient, the ROP is reduced by:
• Bit Balling: Where the grooves between the teeth of the bit
are clogged by formation cuttings (mostly in soft formation).
160/171
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Weight on Bit:
• WOB Limitations:
• Bottomhole Balling: Where the hole gets clogged-up with fine particles
(occurs mostly with grinding action of hard formation bits).
• The HHP at the bit is calculated by:
Pb . Q
HHP b = Q = Flowrate (gpm),
Pb = Pressure drop across the bit (psi),
1714
161/171
a. Roller Cone Bits - Weight On Bit Vs ROP
High HHP @ Bit

ROP Medium HHP @ Bit
Low HHP @ Bit
WOB
ROP vs. Hole Cleaning
162/171
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Weight on Bit Limitations:
• Formation Types: WOB is limited in soft formation where excessive

weight will only bury the teeth into the rock and cause an increased
torque with no ROP increase.
• Hole Deviation: In some areas WOB will produce bending in the

drillstring leading to crooked hole. The drillstring should be properly
stabilized to prevent this happening.
• Bearing Life: the greater the load on the bearings, the shorter their
operational hours. WOB must be balanced against bearing life.
• Tooth Life: In hard formations, with larger compressive strength,

excessive WOB will cause the teeth to break. This may be sign that a bit
with shorter, more closely packed teeth or inserts is required. The last
resort is to use either diamond or PDC bits.
163/171
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Rotary Speed:
• The rotary speed will depend on time taken for an individual tooth to
exceed the threshold, penetrate and remove the cuttings. The RPM applied
to the bit will be function of:
• Type of Bit: In general, lower RPMs are used for insert bits than for
milled tooth bits. This is to allow the inserts more time to penetrate
the formation. The insert crushes a wedge of rock and then forms a
crack which loosens the fragment of rock.
• Type of Formations: Harder formations are less easily penetrated
and so require low RPM. A high RPM may cause damage to the bit or
the drillstring.
164/171
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Rotary Speed
Soft Formation
ROP Hard Formation
RPM
ROP vs. RPM
165/171
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Mud Properties:
• In order to prevent an influx of formation fluids into the wellbore, mud
hydrostatic pressure should be slightly higher (safety margin),
• The overbalance forces the liquid part of the mud into the formation
and deposit the solids part as filter cake,
• In porous formation this will lead to a thick plaster being formed
which prevents any further entry of fluids to the formations,
• this also happens at the bottom of the hole where plaster affects
cutting removal.
• When the tooth penetrates the surface, the compressive strength of

the rock is exceeded, cracks develop which loosen small fragments or
chips from the formation,
166/171
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Mud Properties
• The plastering effect covers up the cracks and prevents mud pressure
being exerted below the chip,
• The differential pressure on the chip therefore is tending to keep the

chip against the formation,
• This is known as the Static Chip Hold down Effect and leads to lower
ROP.
• To reduce the hold down effect:
• Reduce the safety margin (within acceptable level to prevent a kick),
• Reduce the solids content (both clays and drilled solids. Solids
removal is essential to increase drilling efficiency.
167/171
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Mud Properties:
HP
Tooth
Chip
Pore
Pressure
Static Chip Hold Down Effect
168/171
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Mud Properties
• Dynamic chip hold down effect is not significant since the filter cake
is much thinner,
• The hold down may occur when cracks form around the chip, mud
enters the cracks to equalize the pressure,
• In doing so pressure drop is created which tends to hold the chip

against the bottom of the hole,
• In general both static and dynamic hold down effects cause bit
balling and hence reduce the ROP.
169/171
a. Roller Cone Bits
• Mud Properties:
Tooth
Chip
Cracks
Dynamic Chip Hold Down Effect
170/171
• WOB/RPM:
• The basic trend is that PDC bits drill faster with low WOB and high RPM,
• They also require higher RPM than roller cone bits,
• The general recommendation is that the highest RPM that can be achieved
should be used
• PDC bits drill with more torque and RPM than roller cone bits. And the
WOB should be sufficient enough to avoid premature failure.
• Generally, When RPM is increased WOB should be reduced.
171/171

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Quartz School for Well Site Supervisors

Natural Impregnated Roller Journal

Natural Impregnated Roller Journal

Natural Impregnated Roller Journal

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• Moderate Sliding Speed

- Low to Moderate RPM

- Small to Medium Bit

Heel Row Cutter #2

Nozzle, Pod & Socket

Soft Formation Hard formation

Reduced Offset Increased Offset

Flat Cone Profile Round Cone Profile

• Soft Formation bits:

• These types require deep penetration into the

• The long teeth take-up space, so the bearing

• Medium Formation Bits:

• Hard Formation Bits:

Faster Drilling Slower Drilling

Cutter Hard facing

Self Sharpening Full Coverage

Soft = = = = = = = = = = ==> Hard

Soft Formation Inserts

Medium Formation Inserts

Hard Formation Inserts

• The first stage in the process is to manufacture

• The second stage is to mix the artificial diamond

Tungsten Carbide Matrix

• This is a compromise between reducing the amount of

• Circulation across the bit face must be designed to

• These requirements may be satisfied by increasing

• The increased fluid flowrate may however cause

3 Different types of Fixed Cutter Bits

• Natural Diamond / TSP Bits

• Impregnated Diamond Bits

Tungsten Carbide Substrate Polycrystalline Diamond Compacts

Triangular TSP Stones

Bit Blade Matrix

ROLLER CONE BIT

IMPREG DIAMOND BIT:

NATURAL DIAMOND BIT:

Gouging & Scraping Mill Tooth

Formation Compressive Strength

• Additional Design Features:

• This character is used to define additional features of the bit

• If a bit is classified as 1-2-4-E, this means the bit is a soft

• As each bit is pulled out from the hole, its physical

Cutting Structure Other

Tooth Height Measurement - Roller Cone

1 Inner Cutting Structure (All Inner Rows)

1. INNER ROWS 2. OUTER ROWS

Cutting Structure Other

*BC - Broken Cone FC - Flat Crested Wear RG - Rounded Gauge

Cutting Structure Other

4. Location - Roller Cone

Cutting Structure Other

Cutting Structure Other

N - Not Able to Grade