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02
Structural Design
Guide for
Prestressed Slabs
Structural Design
Guide for
Prestressed Slabs
VOL. 02
STRUCTURE INSIGHT
Chapter 1
What is 1.1 Advantages & Applications of Post-Tensioning 1
Post-Tensioning 1.1.1 Post-tension type 2
1.2 Strength of Prestressing Steel 3
1.3 Design Steps 4
1.4 Loading Conditions 5
1.5 Definition of Member Forces 6
1.6 Thickness or Depth of Section 7
1.7 Post Tension Slab Procedure 8
Chapter 2
Design Flow for 2.1 Choose Tendon Force and Profile 12
Post-Tension 2.1.1 Tendon profile type 12
2.1.2 How to arrange tendon of parabolic shape 13
2.2 Check Final Stresses, Check Initial Stresses 14
2.2.1 Allowable stress for concrete 14
2.2.2 Allowable stress for tendon (Strand) 14
2.2.3 Calculate & check stresses in simple beam 14
2.2.4 Stress distribution according to tendon arrangement 17
2.3 Check Prestress Losses 17
2.3.1 Kind and calculation of loss 18
2.4 Check Flexural Strength 21
2.4.1 Calculation of flexural strength 21
2.5 Check Shear Strength 22
Chapter 3
Post-Tension Design 3.1 Tip for Post-Tension Design 25
Tip and Example 3.1.1 Assumption in post-tension design 25
3.1.2 Arrangement of tendon 26
3.2 Extra Rebar (Additional Rebar) 27
3.2.1 Extra rebar in unbonded type 27
3.2.2 Extra rebar in bonded type 30
3.3 Building Design Example 30
3.3.1 Building information 30
3.3.2 Service stage 30
3.3.3 Calculation of secondary moment 32
3.3.4 Calculation of design moment 32
3.3.5 Calculation of flexural strength (Mn) 32
3.3.6 Check punching shear 33
Chapter 4
Chapter 1
What is
Post-Tensioning
Chapter 1
What is
Post-Tensioning
Post-tensioning is a form of prestressing. Prestressing simply means that the steel is stressed
(pulled or tensioned) before the concrete has to support the service loads. Most precast,
prestressed concrete is actually pre-tensioned-the steel is pulled before the concrete is poured.
Post-tensioned concrete means that the concrete is poured and then the tension is applied-but it
is still stressed before the loads are applied so it is still prestressed.
1.1.
Advantages &
Applications of
Post-Tensioning
Figure 1. Post-Tensioning
It is used for large structural elements such as beams and transfer girders, design advantages
include increased span lengths and load carrying capacity and reduced deflection.
It is typically used in new construction for elevated slabs, slabs-on-grade, beams, and transfer
girders, joists, shear walls, and mat foundations. Light and flexible, the unbonded mono strand can
be easily and rapidly installed – providing an economical solution.
Structural Design Guide for Prestressed Slabs 2
1.2.
Strength of
Prestressing Steel
Immediately after
Step After Anchoring
Prestressing
fpy: Specified yielding strength of prestressing steel (0.90* fpu= 0.90*1,860Mpa = 1,674Mpa)
fpe: Effective prestress stress of prestressing steel (0.65* fpu= 0.65*1,860Mpa = 1,200Mpa)
Fst: Max. prestress force ( Min[ 0.94 fpy, 0.8 fpu ] *Aps = Min[ 1,573 or 1,485 ] *138.7 = 205kN )
Structural Design Guide for Prestressed Slabs 3
Structural Design Guide for Prestressed Slabs 4
Load Conditions • Using Prestress Force → Fsi (before short/long-term tension loss occurs, Max. prestress)
• Using Concrete strength: fci (compressive strength of concrete when prestress is introduced, Min.
strength)
• Loading: only Self-weight (before adding a finishing and live loads)
• Checking item: Tensile cracking and crushing of concrete, failure of anchorage part
Service Stage
• Using Prestress Force → Fse (Effective tension after short/long-term tension loss occurs)
• Using Concrete strength: fck (Max. design strength)
• Loading: All design load (Unfactored Load)
• Checking item: Deflection, Crack Width
Ultimate Stage
Structural Design Guide for Prestressed Slabs 5
Definition of
Member Forces
M1: Primary moment → Moment by the distance between the section center and the prestressing
point
R: Reaction by Δ → Point B should not be deflected by the support, so a reaction force is generated
so that deformation as much as (-) Δ occurs.
𝟑𝑷𝒆 𝟑𝑷𝒆
In example 1: → 𝑹𝑩 , 𝑹𝑨 𝑹𝑩 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟓
𝒍 𝟐𝒍
Structural Design Guide for Prestressed Slabs 6
* MSecondary means the moment created by the reaction force that restrains the deformation caused
by M1.
In example 1: 𝑀 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐵 𝑙
MNet: Net final Moment = M1 + MSecondary: Moment acting on the actual continuous beam by
prestressing.
In example1: 𝑀 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐵 𝑃𝑒
1.6.
Thickness or
Depth of Section
RC member
Structural Design Guide for Prestressed Slabs 7
Post-Tension Member
Structural Design Guide for Prestressed Slabs 8
Structural Design Guide for Prestressed Slabs 9
Step 9: Grouting
Structural Design Guide for Prestressed Slabs 10
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Structural Design Guide for Prestressed Slabs 11
Structural Design Guide for Prestressed Slabs 12
a/L =
y3/y1 b/L y0/y1 y4/y1 y5/y3 y6/y3
c/L
0.1 0.730 1.159 0.863 0.630 1.588
0.2 0.669 1.176 0.851 0.698 1.434
0.3 0.630 1.189 0.841 0.730 1.370
0.4 0.600 1.200 0.833 0.750 1.333
0.5 0.576 1.210 0.826 0.764 1.309
0.1
0.6 0.556 1.219 0.820 0.775 1.291
0.7 0.540 1.228 0.815 0.783 1.277
0.8 0.525 1.235 0.809 0.790 1.267
0.9 0.512 1.243 0.805 0.795 1.258
1.0 0.500 1.250 0.800 0.800 1.250
0.1 0.746 1.072 0.933 0.803 1.245
0.2 0.681 1.079 0.927 0.843 1.186
0.3 0.638 1.085 0.922 0.862 1.160
0.4 0.607 1.090 0.918 0.873 1.146
0.5 0.581 1.094 0.914 0.881 1.136
0.05
0.6 0.560 1.098 0.911 0.886 1.128
0.7 0.542 1.102 0.908 0.891 1.123
0.8 0.526 1.105 0.905 0.894 1.118
0.9 0.512 1.108 0.902 0.897 1.114
1.0 0.500 1.111 0.900 0.900 1.111
Structural Design Guide for Prestressed Slabs 13
Structural Design Guide for Prestressed Slabs 14
Max. Pf: Pf,max = Rp (pci + M0 /Zb ] Ac /Sb ** Rp = Pf /Pi (The ratio of final to initial prestressing force)
Pf,max > Pf,min If Pf,max > Pf,min, the concrete section in inadequate and it must be increased.
Example
Permissible stresses:
yb = D – y1 = 170
em = yb – 40 = 130
A D yt y
110.0 x 103 x [1102/12 + (110 – 55)2] = 443.67 x 106 mm4
68.0 x 103 x [1702/12 + (110 – 195)2] = 655.07
5.1 x 103 x [1702/18 + (110 – 167)2] = 24.76
Moment of inertia Ic = 1123.40 x 106
3. Section module
4. St & Sb
St = 1 – emAc/Zt = -1.331
Sb = 1 + emAc/Zb = +4.602
Structural Design Guide for Prestressed Slabs 15
Moments:
Mo + Ms = 129.9 total
6. Prestressing forces
8. Check stresses
From 4.
St = 1 – emAc/Zt = -1.331
Sb = 1 + emAc/Zb = +4.602
Stresses:
Initial Stresses
Final Stresses
Structural Design Guide for Prestressed Slabs 16
Check Prestress The prestress losses are defined as the loss of tensile stress in the prestress steel which acts on
the concrete component of the prestressed concrete section. In pretensioned concrete, the four
Losses
major sources of prestress losses are elastic shortening (ES), creep (CR), shrinkage (SH) and
relaxation (RE).
Structural Design Guide for Prestressed Slabs 17
Structural Design Guide for Prestressed Slabs 18
Values of μ and K
Px = P0(1- μθ - Kx)
α or θ = Sum of the Tendon Angular Change from the Tendon Jacking End to a Distance x
At the last stage of the stressing operation, the tendons usually are anchored with two-piece conical
wedges. Anchoring operations normally result in an additional prestress loss due to seating of the
wedges, considering that the strand retracts when it is released and pulls the wedges into the
anchoring device. Calculation of the stress losses is typically performed in an iterative manner. As
shown in Figure 19, the distance “c” refers to the extent of influence of an anchor set. Procedurally,
anchor set is chosen first (usually about 0.25 to 0.375 in or 6 to 8 mm), then the distance “c” is set,
and finally the corresponding stress is computed, with the assumption that the stresses vary
linearly from the jacking point.
SL 𝑎
Structural Design Guide for Prestressed Slabs 19
Elastic shortening refers to the shortening of the concrete as the post-tensioning force is applied.
As the concrete shortens, the tendon length also shortens, resulting in a loss of prestress. If
sequential jacking steps are used, the first tendon jacked and locked off will suffer the maximum
amount of loss from elastic shortening. Conversely, there will be no loss because of elastic
shortening for the last tendon in a sequence or in a single tendon because the elastic shortening
will take place before the tendon is locked into the anchoring device. The user specified amount of
prestress loss from elastic shortening is applied uniformly over the entire length of the tendon.
Long-Term Losses
The long-term prestress losses of a member include creep, shrinkage, and steel relaxation effects.
Creep, shrinkage, and steel relaxation effects are governed by material properties and, in some
cases, other environmental conditions that need to be accounted for when specifying the long-term
loss values. Each stress loss is treated separately and then summed up, as follows:
TL = CR + SH + RE
Where TL is the total loss of stress; CR is the stress loss due to creep of the concrete; SH is the
stress loss due to shrinkage of the concrete; and RE is the stress loss due to relaxation in the tendon
steel. The sum of these losses is applied to the initial (jacking) load of the tendon. All of the long-
term losses are uniformly applied over the length of the tendon.
Structural Design Guide for Prestressed Slabs 20
Check The flexural strength review of members follows the same strength installation method as that of
Flexural Strength reinforced concrete members. However, the tension member stress ( 𝑓 ) when the nominal
strength is expressed is calculated according to the strain-appropriate condition.
ƒ’c 30 35 40 45 50 55 N/mm2
β1 0.85 0.81 0.77 0.73 0.69 0.65
yp = Factor for the type of tendon
β1 = dc/dn
ω = Asƒy/(ƒ’cbd)
ω’ = A’sƒy/(ƒ’cbd)
ƒ
Bonded Type: ƒ =ƒ 1 𝑟 ƒ
𝜔 𝜔
ƒ
Unbonded Type: ƒ = ƒ 70
Structural Design Guide for Prestressed Slabs 21
C Compression 𝑝 𝑏𝑑
T Tension 𝑓 𝐴 𝑓 𝐴 𝑇 𝑇
Where,
Taking moments of the tensile forces about the center of compression C gives the ultimate
capacity of the section Mu, which, of course, should not be less than the required ultimate moment
of resistance Mr.
M 𝑓 𝐴 𝑑 𝑑 𝑓 𝐴 𝑑 𝑑
where d 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
4. Calculate Mu.
2.5.
Check Shear
Strength
wL
V wx Psinα
2
Uncracked section
.
V β 𝑓 0.3𝑝 𝑏 𝑑 𝑉
β 0.3 𝑁 𝑚𝑚 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Structural Design Guide for Prestressed Slabs 22
Cracked section
.
𝑚 𝑉
V 0.05 f 𝑏 𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑁 𝑚𝑚 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝑀
.
𝑚 𝑉
or 0.60 f 𝑏 𝑑 𝑖𝑛 1𝑏 𝑖𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝑀
where, M 𝐿𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔
.
𝑍 0.5 𝑓 𝑓 𝑁 𝑚𝑚 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
.
𝑜𝑟 𝑍 𝑓 𝑓 1𝑏 𝑖𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝑉 0.85𝑉
A /S
0.85𝑓 𝑑
where A 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘
The multiplied value of 0.87 is a material partial safety factor for the shear reinforcement.
𝐀𝐬𝐯 𝒃𝒗
𝑺𝒗 𝟑𝒇𝒚𝒗
𝐨𝐫
What is the value of the one-way shear capacity of a solid slab continuous over two equal spans?
The two equal spans are supported on 250mm thick walls. Suppose that the tendon profile is
concordant and the tendon reverse curvature over the support is calculated by the parabola
e 0.000375x 65 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑚 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
with a downward eccentricity taken as positive. And it is proportion to an origin at the intersection
of the slab and the interior wall centerline.
Span 9.0 m
Imposed Live Load 2.5 kN/m2
Slab Depth 200 mm
Concrete Strength 𝒇𝒄𝒖 40 N/mm2 (𝑓 = 32 N/mm2)
Rod Reinforcement 0.2 %
Steel yield Point 𝒇𝒚 460 N/mm2
Tendons 15.7 mm @ 300 mm centers
Structural Design Guide for Prestressed Slabs 23
.
= .
1000 1 .
.
The actual moment is over this value. The section is cracked, thus use Equation (10.6)
60.3
V 0.05√32 165 71.5 89.7𝑘𝑁/𝑚
103.5
The value which is including a shear strength factor of 0.85 has the shear strength of 76.3kN/m,
and it is over the actual shear force of 60.3kN/m. Thus, the shear reinforcement is not needed.
Structural Design Guide for Prestressed Slabs 24
Chapter 3
Post-Tension
Design Tip & Example
Chapter 3
Post-Tension Design
Tip & Example
Tip of Post-
Tension Design
Structural Design Guide for Prestressed Slabs 25
Slab band
2-Way slab
Extra Rebar
(Additional Rebar)
Figure 28. (a) Plan of Design Strip and (b) Elevation of Design Strip
Min. rebar area in negative moment section (Not consider the status for service load stress)
As,min = 0.00075 Acf
Acf1 =0.5L1*h1+0.5L2*h2,
As,min=0.00075*Max[Acf1, Acf2]
he=[t*a+b(h-t)]/a
Acf=a*he
As,min=0.00075*a*he
Min. rebar area in positive moment section (For the section where the tensile stress of concrete is
(1/6)√fck or more) As,min = Nc / (0.5*fy)
Structural Design Guide for Prestressed Slabs 27
Placement at the top of the column and at the bottom of the center of the span section. (Not
consider the status for service load stress) As,min = 0.00075 Acf
Structural Design Guide for Prestressed Slabs 28
1/6 of the net span from the column surface in the negative moment section.
Figure 34. Arrangement of Rebar and Tension Member against Shrinkage & Temperature
When an average compressive stress of 0.7 MPa or less is introduced to the entire section (P/A)
/ 0.7 + As / (0.0018*A) >= 1
Structural Design Guide for Prestressed Slabs 29
When the post tension member satisfies the requirements of the design code under the service
load condition.
Building Design
Example
Unbonded System
- WSD=1.00kPa - fc’=28MPa
- WD=3.90kPa - fci’=21MPa
- WL=2.00kPa - fpu=1860MPa
- WW=WD+L=6.90kPa - fps=1280MPa
- WU=1.2WD+1.6WL=9.08kPa - fpy=1680MPa
- c1 : 360X300 - fpe=1100MPa
- c2 : 510X300 - Eps=200000MPa
- Influencing factor: Shape of longitudinal section of tension member and prestressing force
Structural Design Guide for Prestressed Slabs 30
𝑌 𝑌
a Y
2
8𝐹
W
𝐿
- Average line pressure → The effective prestressing force → The tension water
- Column B
𝑃 𝑀 𝑀
𝑓 𝑓 1.63𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴 𝑆 𝑆
- Span BC
𝑃 𝑀 𝑀
𝑓 𝑓 0.545𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴 𝑆 𝑆
Structural Design Guide for Prestressed Slabs 31
- 𝑀 𝑀 𝑀 𝑀 𝑒
𝑒 Eccentricity between the prestressing force and the neutral axis of the cross section (Upper
neutral axis: (+), lower neutral axis: (-))
- Moments that take into account the secondary elements of coefficient load and prestressing
𝑀 𝑀 𝑀
𝑀 : Moments by factored loads that do not take into account balanced loads.
ex) 1.2D+1.6L+1.0HYP
- Bonded 2-way slab system: Designed to resist more than 1.2 times the factored of the cracked
load.
𝑓′
𝑓 𝑓 70 1,236𝑀𝑃𝑎
300𝜌
𝑎 𝑀
𝑀 𝐴𝑓 𝐴 𝑓 𝑑 36.5𝑘𝑁 𝑚/𝑚 35𝑘𝑁 𝑚/𝑚
2 𝜑
Structural Design Guide for Prestressed Slabs 32
- Positive moment: Additional rebar is required if bending forces due to tendon are exceeded.
- Span BC
𝑎 𝑀 𝑀
𝑀 𝐴 𝑓 𝑑 30.2𝑘𝑁 𝑚/𝑚 31.7𝑘𝑁 𝑚/𝑚𝐴 𝑓 𝑎 𝐴 𝑓
2 𝜑 𝜑 𝑑 2
1.67𝑐𝑚 ∴ 2 𝐻𝐷13
- 𝑣 𝑐 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑣 𝛽 𝑓′ 0.3𝑓
- 𝛽 min
. , . .
Structural Design Guide for Prestressed Slabs 33
Chapter 4
Tutorial for
Post-Tension Beam
Chapter 4
Tutorial for
Post-Tension Beam
Modeling of
Post-Tension
Beam
Structural Design Guide for Prestressed Slabs 34
4.1.1 Tendon material definition
Structural Design Guide for Prestressed Slabs 35
Loads > Prestress Loads > Tendon Property > ’Add’ Tendon Property
6. Click “O.K.” and then, total tendon area is calculated and enter.
8. Enter the Relaxation coefficient as per the code selection for relaxation losses.
11. Enter the Anchorage slip values at each end of the tendon.
Post-Tension Slab Analysis and Design 36
Tendon-1
Tendon-2
• The table shows the tendon coordinates which are prepared in an excel sheet beforehand by the
engineer.
• x, y and z are the element local directions i.e. longitudinal, transverse and vertical directions.
• y and z are measured from the centroid of the section of the element.
Post-Tension Slab Analysis and Design 37
4. Select the tendon profile input type as 3D and the curve type as Spline.
6. Input the profile insertion point as center of beam member and select x-axis direction as
“Y”(global axis).
7. Copy paste the coordinates x,y,z in the table from the excel sheet.
Similarly all the tendon profiles in the webs can be defined for all the spans. So finally after inserting
all the tendon profiles, this is how the model looks after displaying all the tendon profiles
Post-Tension Slab Analysis and Design 38
3. Select the tendons to be prestressed from the left column from the tendon list.
Post-Tension Slab Analysis and Design 39
In the load section of construction stages activate the prestress load groups as per shown below:
So at various stages the post-tensioning can be achieved. The tendons associated with these load
groups will be prestressed in these stages.
Please study the technical notes on construction stage analysis first before applying prestressing
load.
Load > Construction Stage Analysis Data > Define Construction Stage > Modify/Show
4. Click “OK”.
Post-Tension Slab Analysis and Design 40