Muscle: Pectoralis major

Origin: Clavicle, sternum, and upper

six costal cartilages
Insertion: Lateral lip of bicipital
groove of humerus
Nerve: Medial and lateral pectoral
nerve
Action: Adducts and medially rotates arm,
clavicular fibers flex arm

Muscle: Pectoralis minor

Origin: 3rd, 4th, and 5th ribs

Insertion: Coracoid process of scapula
Nerve: Medial pectoral nerve
Action: Depresses shoulder, elevates the ribs of origin

Muscle: Subclavius

Origin: 1st costal cartilage

Insertion: Clavicle
Nerve: Nerve to subclavius
Action: Depresses and steadies the clavicle during
shoulder movement

Muscle: Serratus anterior

Origin: Upper eight ribs

Insertion: Medial border and inferior
angle of scapula
Nerve: Long thoracic nerve
Action: Draws the scapula anteriorly around the
thoracic wall; rotates scapula
Muscle: Trapezius

Origin: Occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae,

spine of 7th cervical vertebra, spines of all
thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: lateral third of clavicle, acromion and spine of
scapula
Nerve: Spinal part of accessory nerve
Action: Upper fibers elevate the scapula; middle
fibers pull scapula medially; lower fibers pull medial
border of scapula downward

Muscle: Latissimus dorsi

Origin: Iliac crest, lumbar fascia, spines of lower six

thoracic vertebrae, lower three or four ribs, and inferior
angle of scapula
Insertion: Floor of bicipital groove of humerus
Nerve: Thoracodorsal nerve
Action: Extends, adducts, and medially rotates the
arm

Muscle: Levator scapulae

Origin: Transverse processes of 1st four cervical vertebrae

Insertion: Medial border of scapula
Nerve: C3, C4 and dorsal scapular nerve
Action: Raises medial border of
scapula
Muscle: Rhomboid minor

Origin: Ligamentum nuchae, spines of 7th cervical and

1st thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: Medial border of scapula
Nerve: Dorsal scapular nerve
Action: Raises medial border of scapula upward and
medially

Muscle: Rhomboid major

Origin: 2nd to 5th thoracic spines

Insertion: Medial border of scapula
Nerve: Dorsal scapular nerve
Action: Raises medial border of scapula upward and
medially
Muscle: Deltoid

Origin: Lateral third of clavicle, acromion, spine

of scapula
Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity
Nerve: Axillary nerve
Action: Abducts arm; anterior fibers flex and medially
rotate arm; posterior fibers extend and laterally rotate arm

Muscle: Supraspinatus

Origin: Supraspinous fossa of scapula

Insertion: Greater tuberosity of humerus
Nerve: Suprascapular nerve
Action: Abducts arm

Muscle: Infraspinatus

Origin: Infraspinous fossa of scapula

Insertion: Greater tuberosity of humerus
Nerve: Suprascapular nerve
Action: Laterally rotates arm
Muscle: Teres major

Origin: Lower third of lateral border of scapula

Insertion: Medial lip of bicipital groove of humerus
Nerve: Lower subscapular nerve
Action: Medially rotates and adducts arm

Muscle: Teres minor

Origin: Upper two thirds of lateral border of scapula

Insertion: Greater tuberosity of humerus
Nerve: Axillary nerve
Action: Laterally rotates arm

Muscle: Subscapularis

Origin: Subscapular fossa of scapula

Insertion: Lesser tuberosity of humerus
Nerve: Upper and lower subscapular nerves
Action: Medially rotates arm
Muscle: Biceps brachii

Origin: Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula, Coracoid

process of scapula
Insertion: Radial tuberosity and bicipital aponeurosis
into deep fascia of forearm
Nerve: Musculocutaneous nerve
Action: Supinates and flexes forearm, flexes arm

Muscle: Coracobrachialis

Origin: Coracoid process of scapula

Insertion: Medial border of shaft of humerus
Nerve: Musculocutaneous nerve
Action: Flexes and adducts arm

Muscle: Brachialis

Origin: Anterior lower half of humerus

Insertion: Coronoid process of ulna
Nerve: Musculocutaneous nerve
Action: Flexes forearm
Muscle: Triceps

Origin: Infraglenoid tubercle, upper half and lower half of

posterior surface of shaft of humerus
Insertion: Olecranon process of ulna
Nerve: Radial nerve
Action: Extends forearm
Muscle: Pronator Teres

Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus, Medial

border of coronoid process of ulna
Insertion: Lateral border of shaft of radius
Nerve: Median nerve
Action: Pronates and flexes of forearm

Muscle: Flexor carpi radialis

Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus

Insertion: Bases of 2nd and 3rd metacarpal bones
Nerve: Median nerve
Action: Flexes and abducts hand

Muscle: Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus, medial

border of olecranon process and posterior border
of ulna
Insertion: Pisiform bone, hook of the hamate,
base of 5th metacarpal bone
Nerve: Ulnar nerve
Action: Flexes and adducts hand
Muscle: Palmaris longus

Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus

Insertion: Flexor retinaculum and palmar
aponeurosis
Nerve: Median nerve
Action: Flexes hand

Muscle: Flexor Digitorum Superficialis

Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus, medial

border of coronoid process of ulna and oblique
line of shaft of radius
Insertion: Middle phalanx of medial four fingers
Nerve: Median nerve
Action: Flexes middle phalanges and assists in
flexing proximal phalanges and hand

Muscle: Flexor digitorum profundus

Origin: Anteromedial surface of shaft of ulna

Insertion: Distal phalanges of medial four fingers
Nerve: Ulnar (medial half) and median (lateral
half) nerves
Action: Flexes distal phalanges and assists in
flexion of middle and proximal phalanges and
hand
Muscle: Flexor pollicis longus

Origin: Anterior surface of shaft of radius

Insertion: Distal phalanx of thumb
Nerve: Anterior interosseous branch of median
nerve
Action: Flexes distal phalanx of thumb

Muscle: Pronator quadratus

Origin: Anterior surface of shaft of ulna

Insertion: Anterior surface of shaft of radius
Nerve: Anterior interosseous branch of median
nerve
Action: Pronates forearm
Muscle: Brachioradialis

Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus

Insertion: Base of styloid process of radius
Nerve: Radial nerve
Action: Flexes and rotates forearm to the
midprone position

Muscle: Extensor carpi radialis longus

Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus

Insertion: Posterior surface of base of 2nd
metacarpal bone
Nerve: Radial nerve
Action: Extends and abducts hand
Muscle: Extensor carpi radialis brevis

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus

Insertion: Posterior surface of base of 3rd
metacarpal bone
Nerve: Deep branch of radial nerve
Action: Extends and abducts hand

Muscle: Extensor digitorum

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus

Insertion: Middle and distal phalanges of medial 4
fingers
Nerve: Deep branch of radial nerve
Action: Extends fingers and hand

Muscle: Extensor digiti minimi

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus

Insertion: Extensor expansion of little finger
Nerve: Deep branch of radial nerve
Action: Extends metacarpal phalangeal joint of
little finger
Muscle: Extensor carpi ulnaris

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus

Insertion: Base of 5th metacarpal bone
Nerve: Deep branch of radial nerve
Action: Extends and adducts hand

Muscle: Anconeus

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus

Insertion: Lateral surface of olecranon process of
ulna
Nerve: Radial nerve
Action: Extends forearm

Muscle: Supinator

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus, anular

ligament of proximal radioulnar joint and ulna
Insertion: Neck and shaft of radius
Nerve: Deep branch of radial nerve
Action: Supinates forearm
Muscle: Abductor pollicis longus

Origin: Posterior surface of shafts of radius and

ulna
Insertion: Base of 1st metacarpal bone
Nerve: Deep branch of radial nerve
Action: Abducts and extends thumb

Muscle: Extensor pollicis brevis

Origin: Posterior surface of shaft of radius

Insertion: Base of proximal phalanx of thumb
Nerve: Deep branch of radial nerve
Action: Extends metacarpophalangeal joint of
thumb

Muscle: Extensor pollicis longus

Origin: Posterior surface of shaft of ulna

Insertion: Base of distal phalanx of thumb
Nerve: Deep branch of radial nerve
Action: Extends distal phalanx of thumb
Muscle: Extensor indicis

Origin: Posterior surface of shaft of ulna

Insertion: Extensor expansion of index finger
Nerve: Deep branch of radial nerve
Action: Extends metacarpophalangeal joint of
index finger

Muscle: Palmaris brevis

Origin: Flexor retinaculum and palmar

aponeurosis
Insertion: Skin of palm
Nerve: Superficial branch of ulnar nerve
Action: Corrugates skin to improve grip of palm

Muscle: Lumbricals (4)

Origin: Tendons of flexor digitorum profundus

Insertion: Extensor expansion of medial 4 fingers
Nerve: 1st and 2nd median nerve;
3rd and 4th deep branch of ulnar nerve
Action: Flex metacarpophalangeal joints and
extend interphalangeal joints of fingers except
thumb
Muscle: Interossei (8)

Origin:
Palmar (4) First arises from base of 1st metacarpal;
remaining three from anterior surface of shafts of
2nd, 4th, and 5th metacarpals.
Dorsal (4) Contiguous sides of shafts of
metacarpal bones.
Insertion:
Palmar(4) Proximal phalanges of thumb and
index, ring, and little fingers and dorsal extensor
expansion of each finger.
Dorsal (4) Proximal phalanges of index, middle,
and
ring fingers and dorsal extensor expansion
Nerve: Deep branch of ulnar nerve
Action:
Palmar (4) adduct fingers toward center
of third finger.
Dorsal (4) abduct fingers from center
of third finger; both palmar and dorsal flex
metacarpophalangeal joints and extend
interphalangeal joints
Muscle: Abductor pollicis brevis

Origin: Scaphoid, trapezium, flexor retinaculum

Insertion: Base of proximal phalanx of thumb
Nerve: Median nerve
Action: Abducts thumb

Muscle: Flexor pollicis brevis

Origin: Flexor retinaculum

Insertion: Base of proximal phalanx of thumb
Nerve: Median nerve
Action: Flexes metacarpophalangeal joint of
thumb

Muscle: Opponens pollicis

Origin: Flexor retinaculum

Insertion: Shaft of 1st metacarpal bone
Nerve: Median nerve
Action: Pulls thumb medially and forward across
palm
Muscle: Adductor pollicis

Origin: 2nd and 3rd metacarpal bones

Insertion: Base of proximal phalanx of thumb
Nerve: Deep branch of ulnar nerve
Action: Adducts thumb

Muscle: Abductor digiti minimi

Origin: Pisiform bone

Insertion: Base of proximal phalanx of little finger
Nerve: Deep branch of ulnar nerve
Action: Abducts little finger

Muscle: Flexor digiti minimi

Origin: Flexor retinaculum

Insertion: Base of proximal phalanx of little finger
Nerve: Deep branch of ulnar nerve
Action: Flexes little finger

Muscle: Opponens digiti minimi

Origin: Flexor retinaculum

Insertion: Medial border 5th metacarpal bone
Nerve: Deep branch of ulnar nerve
Action: Pulls 5th metacarpal bone forward
Muscle: Gluteus maximus

Origin: Outer surface of ilium, sacrum, coccyx,

Sacrotuberous ligament
Insertion: Iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity
of femur
Nerve: Inferior gluteal nerve
Action: Extends and laterally rotates hip, extends
leg

Muscle: Gluteus medius

Origin: Outer surface of ilium

Insertion: Lateral surface of greater trochanter of
femur
Nerve: Superior gluteal nerve
Action: Abducts thigh

Muscle: Gluteus minimus

Origin: Outer surface of ilium

Insertion: Anterior surface of greater trochanter
of femur
Nerve: Superior gluteal nerve
Action: Abducts thigh

Muscle: Tensor fasciae latae

Origin: Iliac crest

Insertion: Iliotibial tract
Nerve: Superior gluteal nerve
Action: assists in extending leg
Muscle: Piriformis

Origin: Anterior surface of sacrum

Insertion: Upper border of greater trochanter of
femur
Nerve: Nerve to piriformis
Action: Laterally rotates thigh

Muscle: Obturator internus

Origin: Inner surface of obturator membrane

Insertion: Upper border of greater trochanter
of femur
Nerve: Nerve to obturator internus
Action: Laterally rotates thigh

Muscle: Gemellus superior

Origin: ischial spine

Insertion: Upper border of greater trochanter
of femur
Nerve: Sacral plexus
Action: Laterally rotates thigh

Muscle: Gemellus inferior

Origin: Ischial tuberosity

Insertion: Upper border of greater trochanter
of femur
Nerve: Sacral plexus
Action: Laterally rotates thigh

Muscle: Quadratus femoris

Origin: Lateral border of ischial tuberosity

Insertion: Quadrate tubercle of femur
Nerve: Nerve to quadratus femoris
Action: Laterally rotates thigh
Muscle: Sartorius

Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine

Insertion: Upper medial surface of shaft of tibia
Nerve: Femoral nerve
Action: Flexes, abducts, laterally rotates thigh,
flexes and medially rotates leg

Muscle: Iliacus

Origin: Iliac fossa of hip bone

Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur
Nerve: Femoral nerve
Action: Flexes thigh on trunk

Muscle: Psoas

Origin: Transverse processes, bodies, and

intervertebral discs of the 12th thoracic and five
lumbar vertebrae
Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur
Nerve: Lumbar plexus
Action: Flexes thigh on trunk
Muscle: Pectineus

Origin: Superior ramus of pubis

Insertion: Upper end of linea aspera of femur
Nerve: Femoral nerve
Action: Flexes and adducts thigh

Muscle: Rectus femoris

Origin: Anterior inferior iliac spine, ilium above

acetabulum
Insertion: Patellar tendon into tibial tuberosity
Nerve: Femoral nerve
Action: Extends leg and flexes thigh

Muscle: Vastus lateralis

Origin: Upper end of shaft of femur

Insertion Patellar tendon into tibial tuberosity
Nerve: Femoral nerve
Action: Extends leg

Muscle: Vastus medialis

Origin: Upper end of shaft of femur

Insertion: Patellar tendon into tibial tuberosity
Nerve: Femoral nerve
Action: Extends leg
Muscle: Vastus intermedius

Origin: Anterior and lateral surfaces of shaft of

femur
Insertion: Patellar tendon into tibial tuberosity
Nerve: Femoral nerve
Action: Extends leg
Muscle: Gracilis

Origin: Inferior ramus of pubis, ramus of ischium

Insertion: Upper medial surface of shaft of tibia
Nerve: Obturator nerve
Action: Adducts thigh and flexes leg

Muscle: Adductor longus

Origin: Body of pubis

Insertion: Linea aspera
Nerve: Obturator nerve
Action: Adducts and laterally rotates thigh

Muscle: Adductor brevis

Origin: Inferior ramus of pubis

Insertion: Linea aspera
Nerve: Obturator nerve
Action: Adducts and laterally rotates thigh

Muscle: Adductor magnus

Origin: Inferior ramus of pubis, ramus of ischium,

ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Linea aspera and adductor tubercle of
femur
Nerve: obturator nerve and sciatic nerves
Action: Adducts, extends and laterally rotates
thigh
Muscle: Obturator externus

Origin: Outer surface of obturator membrane and

ramus of pubis and ischium
Insertion: Medial surface of greater trochanter of
femur
Nerve: Obturator nerve
Action: Laterally rotates thigh
Muscle: Biceps femoris

Origin: Ischial tuberosity, linea aspera and lateral

supracondylar ridge of shaft of femur
Insertion: Head of fibula
Nerve: Tibial nerve and common peroneal nerve
Action: Extends thigh, Flexes and laterally rotates
leg

Muscle: Semitendinosus

Origin: Ischial tuberosity

Insertion: Upper medial surface of shaft of tibia
Nerve: Tibial nerve
Action Extends thigh, Flexes and medially rotates
leg

Muscle: Semimembranosus

Origin: Ischial tuberosity

Insertion: Medial condyle of tibia
Nerve: Tibial nerve
Action: Extends thigh, Flexes and medially rotates
leg
Muscle: Tibialis anterior

Origin: Lateral surface of shaft of tibia and

interosseous membrane
Insertion: Medial cuneiform and base of 1st
metatarsal bone
Nerve: Deep peroneal nerve
Action: Extends and inverts foot

Muscle: Extensor digitorum longus

Origin: Anterior surface of shaft of fibula

Insertion: Extensor expansion of lateral four toes
Nerve: Deep peroneal nerve
Action: Extends foot and toes
Muscle: Peroneus tertius

Origin: Anterior surface of shaft of fibula

Insertion: Base of 5th metatarsal bone
Nerve: Deep peroneal nerve
Action: Extends foot and everts foot

Muscle: Extensor hallucis longus

Origin: Anterior surface of shaft of fibula

Insertion: Base of distal phalanx of great toe
Nerve: Deep peroneal nerve
Action: Extends big toe
Muscle: Peroneus longus

Origin: Lateral surface of shaft of fibula

Insertion: Base of 1st metatarsal and the medial
cuneiform
Nerve: Superficial peroneal nerve
Action: Plantar flexes and everts foot

Muscle: Peroneus brevis

Origin: Lateral surface of shaft of fibula

Insertion: Base of 5th metatarsal bone
Nerve: Superficial peroneal nerve
Action: Plantar flexes and everts foot
Muscle: Gastrocnemius

Origin: Lateral head from lateral condyle of femur

and medial head from above medial condyle
Insertion: Calcaneus
Nerve: Tibial nerve
Action: Plantar flexes foot, flexes leg

Muscle: Plantaris

Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge of femur

Insertion: Posterior surface of calcaneum
Nerve: Tibial nerve
Action: Plantar flexes foot, flexes leg

Muscle: Soleus

Origin: Shafts of tibia and fibula

Insertion: Calcaneus
Nerve: Tibial nerve
Action: Plantar flexes foot
Muscle: Popliteus

Origin: Lateral surface of lateral condyle of femur

Insertion: Posterior surface of shaft of tibia
Nerve: Tibial nerve
Action: Flexes leg and unlocks knee joint by lateral
rotation of femur on tibia

Muscle: Flexor hallucis longus

Origin: Posterior surface of shaft of fibula

Insertion: Base of distal phalanx of big toe
Nerve: Tibial nerve
Action: Flexes distal phalanx of big toe

Muscle: Flexor digitorum longus

Origin: Posterior surface of shaft of tibia

Insertion: Bases of distal phalanges of lateral four
toes
Nerve: Tibial nerve
Action: Flexes distal phalanges of lateral four toes
Muscle: Tibialis posterior

Origin: Posterior surface of shafts of tibia and

fibula and interosseous membrane
Insertion: Tuberosity of navicular bone
Nerve: Tibial nerve
Action: Plantar flexes and inverts foot
Muscle: Abductor hallucis

Origin: Medial tuberosity of calcaneum and flexor

retinaculum
Insertion: Base of proximal phalanx of big toe
Nerve: Medial plantar nerve
Action: Flexes and abducts big toe

Muscle: Flexor digitorum brevis

Origin: Medial tubercle of calcaneum

Insertion: Four tendons into middle pahalanx of
lateral four toes
Nerve: Medial plantar nerve
Action: Flexes lateral four toes

Muscle: Abductor digiti minimi

Origin: Medial and lateral tubercles of calcaneum

Insertion: Base of proximal phalanx of fifth toe
Nerve: Lateral plantar nerve
Action: Flexes and abducts fifth toe
Muscle: Quadratus plantae

Origin: Medial and lateral sides of calcaneum

Insertion: Tendon of flexor digitorum longus
Nerve: Lateral plantar nerve
Action: Flexes lateral four toes

Muscle: Lumbricals (4)

Origin: Tendons of flexor digitorum longus

Insertion: Dorsal extensor expansion; bases of
proximal phalanges of lateral four toes
Nerve: First lumbrical: medial plantar nerve;
remainder: lateral plantar nerve
Action: Extends toes at interphalangeal joints
Muscle: Flexor hallucis brevis

Origin: Cuboid, lateral cuneiform, tibialis posterior

insertion
Insertion: Medial and lateral tendon into proximal
phalanx of big toe
Nerve: Medial plantar nerve
Action: Flexes metatarsophalangeal joint of big
toe

Muscle: Adductor hallucis

Origin: Oblique head bases of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th

metatarsal bones; transverse head from plantar
ligaments
Insertion: Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx
of big toe
Nerve: Deep branch lateral plantar nerve
Action: Flexes metatarsophalangeal joint of big
toe

Muscle: Flexor digiti minimi brevis

Origin: Base of 5th metatarsal bone

Insertion: Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx
of little toe
Nerve: Lateral plantar nerve
Action: Flexes metatarsophalangeal joint of little
toe
 Muscle: Interossei
Origin:
- Dorsal (4) Adjacent sides of metatarsal
bones.
- Plantar (3) Inferior surfaces of 3rd, 4th, and
5th metatarsal bones
Insertion:
- Dorsal (4) Bases of proximal phalanges—
first: medial side of second toe;
remainder: lateral sides of second, third,
and fourth toes—also dorsal extensor
expansion
- Plantar (3) Medial side of bases of
proximal phalanges of lateral three toes
Nerve: Lateral plantar nerve
Nerve roots: S2, 3
Action:
- Dorsal (4) Abduction of toes;
flexes metatarsophalangeal joints and
extends interphalangeal joints
- Plantar (3) Adduction of toes; flexes
metatarsophalangeal joints and extends
interphalangeal joints

Muscle: Tibialis posterior tendon

Muscle: Peroneus longus tendon
Muscle: Extensor digitorum brevis

Origin: Anterior part of upper surface of the

calcaneum and from the inferior extensor
retinaculum
Insertion: By four tendons into the proximal
phalanx of big toe and long extensor tendons to
second, third, and fourth toes
Nerve: Deep peroneal nerve
Action: Extends toes

“You can’t always learn when it’s

easy. That doesn’t take faith. There
are some things you can only learn
in struggle. Step out of faith. Take
courage, be brave and trust God in
every struggle.”