[Type here]

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON AXIAL COMPRESSIVE

BEHAVIOUR OF RC COLUMNS RETROFITTED WITH STEEL
ANGLE SECTIONS

PROJECT WORK

Submitted by

KODEESWARAN M 19CE021
SARANYA R 19CE039
VARSHITHA K 19CE049
VIKRAM V 19CE050
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

KPR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY
COIMBATORE – 641 407

APRIL 2023

i
[Type here]

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this Report titled “EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON AXIAL

COMPRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR OF RC COLUMNS RETROFITTED WITH
STEEL ANGLE SECTIONS ” is the bonafide work of

KODEESWARAN M 19CE021

SARANYA R 19CE039

VARSHITHA K 19CE049

VIKRAM V 19CE050

who carried out the project work under my supervision. Certified further that to the
best of my knowledge the work reported here in does not form part of any other
thesis or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an
earlier occasion on this candidate.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Dr. G.ANUSHA Mr. S. VENKAT RAMAN
PROFESSOR AND HEAD ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Department of Civil Engineering SUPERVISOR
KPR Institute of Engineering and Department of Civil Engineering
Technology, Arasur. KPR Institute of Engineering and
Coimbatore – 641 407 Technology, Arasur.
Coimbatore – 641 407
Submitted for the viva voce held on

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ii
[Type here]

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our whole-hearted indebtedness to our management for their

warm blessings, moral support and constant encouragement at various stages of the
course and for providing all necessary facilities for completing this project.

We sincerely express our thanks to the esteemed Chief Executive Officer of

our Institution, Dr. A. M. NATARAJAN for his support and encouragement on
this project. We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to the Principal
of our Institution, Dr. M. AKILA for sharing her wisdom throughout the project.

We also express my esteemed gratitude to the Head of the Department

Dr. G. ANUSHA for providing valuable advice during the development of the
project. We also express our esteemed gratefulness to our Project Coordinator
Dr.V.RAJESHKUMAR, Assistant Professor for his supportive and constant
monitoring of our project.

It is a great pleasure to express my whole-hearted gratitude to our Project

Guide Mr.S.VENKAT RAMAN, Associate Professor for his constant suggestions,
encouragements and valuable guidance rendered to us in the preparation and
completion of this project work.

We committed to place our gratitude to all our faculty members, non-

teaching staffs, family and friends who shared their knowledge and played a
supportive role throughout the project. We would like to thank all the people whose
co-operations, encouragement and efforts have helped us in a way or the other in
giving the final shape and structure to the Project.
KODEESWARAN M
SARANYA R
VARSHITHA K
VIKRAM V

iii
[Type here]

ABSTRACT

iv
[Type here]

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO

ABSTRACT i

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 GENERAL 1

1.2 STEEL JACKETING 2

1.3 NEED FOR THE STUDY 3

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 GENERAL 4

2.2 LITERATURE COLLECTION 4

2.3 INFERENCE FROM LITERATURE REVIEW 8

3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 GENERAL 9

3.2 WORKING METHODOLOGY 9

4 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

4.1 GENERAL 11

4.2 MATERIALS AND ITS PROPERTIES 11

4.3 TEST ON MATERIAL PROPERTIES 13

4.4 MIX DESIGN 21

v
[Type here]

4.5 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM 24

4.6 EXPERIMENTATION AND TEST PROCEDURE 27

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1 GENERAL 30

6 CONCLUSION

6.1 GENERAL 37

REFERENCE 38

vi
[Type here]

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO FIGURE NAME PAGE NO

1.1 STEEL JACKETING 2

1.2 RETROFITTING OF COLUMNS 3

4.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT 14

4.2 SETTING TIME TEST FOR CEMENT 16

4.3 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST FOR FINE 17

AGGREGATE

4.4 SIEVE FOR FINE AGGREGATE 18

4.5 SIEVE ANALYSIS TEST FOR FINE

AGGREGATE 18

4.6 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST FOR COARSE

AGGREGATE 19

4.7 WATER ABSORPTION TEST 21

4.8 IMPACT TEST 21

4.9 FORMWORK OF COLUMN 25

4.10 CASTING OF COLUMN 25

4.11 CURING OF COLUMN 25

4.12 STIRRUPS 26

4.13 WELDING 26

4.14 DIGITAL PANEL 27

4.15 END SUPPORTS 28

4.16 SPECIMENS 29

vii
[Type here]

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO TABLE NAME PAGE NO

3.1 METHODOLOGY 10

4.1 PROPERTIES OF CEMENT 11

4.2 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT 13

4.3 NORMAL CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT 14

4.4 INITIAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT 15

4.5 FINAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT 16

4.6 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FINE

AGGREGATE 17

4.7 SIEVE ANALYSIS TEST FOR FINE 18

AGGREGATE

4.8 SIEVE ANALYSIS TEST FOR COARSE 20

AGGREGATE

4.9 DETAILS OF SPECIMEN 29

5.1 DIGITAL VALUES OF COLUMN -1 31

5.2 DIGITAL VALUES OF COLUMN -2 32

5.3 DIGITAL VALUES OF COLUMN -3 33

5.4 DIGITAL VALUES OF COLUMN -4 34

5.5 DIGITAL VALUES OF COLUMN -5 35

5.6 DIGITAL VALUES OF COLUMN -6 36

viii
[Type here]

ix
[Type here]

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL
In the world of Construction, Repair, Rehabilitation and strengthening of existing
structures play a major part. Due to deficiencies in columns like improper lap splicing in the
longitudinal reinforcement, lack of confinement in potential plastic hinge regions and
inadequate shear strength, existing reinforced concrete frame buildings often lack seismic
resistance. Concrete filled columns are the most widely used columns in high rise buildings,
bridges, subways, etc. These columns have the benefits of both steel and column. It also
confines to the concrete and assist in carrying axial loads. The philosophy behind this method
may be different but the accuracy behind them is so reasonable and they are more or less
based on statistical analysis. An RC Column is a compression member, comprises of steel
and concrete. Steel is used as a load bearing member in a framed structure.

Due to adverse atmospheric effects, minor cracks may occur in columns of bridges
or tall buildings, in order to rectify this, steel is retrofitted or jacketed over columns. The
effect of the concrete strength on the steel retrofitted columns have been studied
experimentally by varying thickness of steel angle, spacing between angles and its concrete
grades. Some advantages include greater stiffness, higher buckling capacity, higher ductility,
smaller sections and weights and economical benefits. Use of composite columns can result
in significant savings in column size which ultimately can lead to the considerable economic
savings. No changes in column size are particularly beneficial where floor space is at
premium. The term composite column refers to a compression member in which steel and
concrete acts compositely. The role of the concrete core in a column is not only to resist
compressive forces but also to reduce the potential for buckling of the steel member.

1
[Type here]

1.1 STEEL JACK ETING

Confining RC Columns in steel jackets is an effective method to increase basic

strength capacity. It provides confinement and prevents deterioration of shell concrete which
is the reason of bond failure and buckling of longitudinal bars. Jacketing is generally a
process of strengthening weak columns which are deteriorated due to adverse atmospheric
impacts and due to improper maintenance of structural elements. The amount of work is
comparatively less since foundation strengthening is not required. Steel jacketing increases
the seismic capacity and shear strength of columns. It also saves curing time. Steel jacket
also increases flexural strength and ductile behavior thereby increasing the lateral
performance of columns. Steel jacketing is used to increase the load bearing capacity
following a modification of the structural design integrity due to a failure in the structural
member. It is considered as an efficient way to retrofit reinforced concrete columns. Thus,
Steel Jacketing is the best way of retrofitting the existing damaged or weakened columns.

Fig 1.1 Steel Jacketing

2
[Type here]

1.3 NEED FOR THE STUDY

It was found that there is a limited research work carried out on comparison with
rectangular concrete filled steel tubular columns against externally strengthened columns.
But investigations are necessary to study the axial compressive behavior of rectangular
columns and externally strengthened columns as it is widely applied in high rise buildings,
bridges and towers. Min. In order to consider the effect of slenderness over confinement for
relative slenderness greater than 0.5, experimental investigations were needed to be carried
out.

1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective of this study is to investigate the axial compressive behavior of
concrete filled steel tubular sections and externally strengthened steel angles. The main
parameters varied are slenderness ratio and in-filled materials like normal strength concrete.
Experiments had been undertaken until complete failure of the specimens, to fully
understand the influence of confinement effect of steel sections, over the axial compressive
behavior of rectangular concrete filled steel tubular sections with that of externally
strengthened steel angles. Results are evaluated by comparing the analytical investigations
with the experimental study.

Fig 1.2 Retrofitting of columns

3
[Type here]

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 GENERAL
The experimental study intends to provide the compressive strength of column with
the constant repairment using the method of RC jacketing. The RC jacketing strengthening
technique leads to a uniformly distributed increase in the structural increase in strength and
stiffness of the structural components such as columns and foundations. The durability of
the original components is also improved to a large extent. Also, this strengthening
procedure does not require specialized workmanship. All these reasons make this technique
an extremely valuable asset in structural rehabilitation.

2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

1.Zhenhua Ren, YaqianShen et.Al,(2021) This paper signifies the experimental
Research on Axial Compression of Reinforced Concrete Short Circular Columns
Strengthened with Prestressed Semicircular Steel Plates. To analyze the axial bearing
capacity of fortified concrete columns, the axial compression tests of 20 concrete
columns were executed, that includes 5 comparative columns and 15 concrete columns.
The test outcomes conclude that the bearing capacity of the column is noticeably
improved by prestressed steel casing, and the ultimate bearing capacity is increased by
72.1%–109.9%. Also, the ductility is greatly improved.

2. Ezz – Eldeen (2016) In this research, the steel jacketing method with variable edges
coupled with horizontal steel straps is used to improve the load-carrying capacity of
rectangular reinforced steel straps is used to improve the load carrying capacity of
rectangular reinforced concrete columns under eccentric loads. A total of seventeen
fortified cement rectangular columns were piled and experimented under various oddness
until failure. It concludes that expanding the enclosed area of the steel jacket by increasing
angle dimensions increases the load carrying capacity of the strengthened columns .
4
[Type here]

3.Abhishek Jodawat(2016) This paper describes the experimental study carried out by
Abishek Jodawat to check the effect of steel plate jacketing and angle batten systems in
strengthening reinforced concrete columns. To carry out the study fifteen columns were
casted and tested its crack patterns in UTM. The performance of the strengthened column
isthen compared with the intact column and conclusions were made based on the attainment
of load carrying capacity of members. With different loading conditions,the load -
displacement graph was plotted for both normal column and retrofitted column. Based on
the comparison the angle batten system showed increased load carrying capacity and
enhanced confining effect.

4. Rawaa Saadi Ibrahim(2022) This paper introduces a new method to strengthen RC

columns by using both CFRP wrapping and steel jackets. The purpose of using CFRP is to
enhance the resistance of concrete against lateral deformation due to axial loads. The other
method of using steel jacket consisting of angles and strips helps the column to hold more
loads and the role of steel strips provided lateral confinement to the column. The study
commenced with eight column specimens. The test results conclude that the strength of
retrofitted columns increased between 90% and 128%. Additionally, the ductility was also
boosted by 3% to 24.3%.

5. Bishnu Gupt Gautam, et. Al, (2014) In this study, two methods for retrofitting short
reinforced square columns were attempted. Wire mesh mortar jacketing (WMM) and Steel
cage mortar jacketing (SCM) were given to the RC column. For examination of end results,
a plain strengthened column was tested. An overall 9 column specimens have experimented
with after 28 days and results were examined. With the observations of specimens, graphs
were plotted on load versus shortening and load versus strain. By using theoretical values
and formulas ultimate load for columns, using graphs the stiffness of columns and energy
absorption were determined. Conclusions were made by considering the energy absorption
factor and strength factor. A column with Wire mesh mortar jacketing (WMM) withstands
more energy and a Steel cage mortar jacketed column holds higher strength.
5
[Type here]

6. A.M. Tarabia, et.Al (2014) This paper aims to study the behavior and quality of
reinforced concrete square columns strengthened by steel angles and strips. Ten axially
loaded columns were casted and observed their failure pattern during the experimental
program. Two columns were kept un-strengthened. The remaining eight specimens were
retrofitted using four longitudinal steel angles and horizontal strips of width equal to 50 mm
were welded to the longitudinal angles at a specific spacing. The spacing between horizontal
strips was considerably reduced to 50 mm at both ends to avoid the risk of local failure at
these ends and to extort failure to occur in the middle of the column. The efficiency of using
vertical angles welded to horizontally spaced strips to strengthen concrete columns is
concluded and the axial load capacity of the strengthened columns is highly favourable.

7. Bharathi S (2019) This paper investigates the behavior and quality of strengthened
reinforced concrete columns by battens with steel angles. A total of four specimens were
made ready for this experimental study. Among these, one of the specimens is considered as
regular column, two specimens were confined using batten arrangement and the leftover
column were retrofitted with batten type in rod arrangement. The main specifications in this
research include steel angle size, spacing of batten, and the connection between the steel
cages and specimen. Axial loading conditions were applied to the column and their failures
were spotted by using a conventional column test. This experimental program proved that
using steel confinement in regular columns will increase load carrying capacity twice and
usage of batten gives high strength to the columns.

8. Mahmoud F. Belal, et.Al (2015) This research investigates the behavior of RC columns
strengthened using steel jacket technique. Three variables were considered; shape of
main strengthening system , size and number of batten plates. Behavior and failure load of
the strengthened columns were experimentally investigated on seven specimens divided into
two un-strengthened specimen and five strengthened ones. A finite element model was
developed to study the behavior of these columns. The model was verified and tuned using
the experimental results. The research demonstrated that the different strengthening schemes
have a major impact on the column capacity. The size of the batten plates had significant

6
[Type here]

effect on the failure load for specimens strengthened with angles, whereas the number of
batten plates was more effective for specimens strengthened with C-channels. Test result
showed a good match between both experimental tests and F.E models.

9. Zhiwei Shan, et.Al (2021) In this paper, the design procedure of RC columns
strengthened with this novel strengthening method is originally proposed, which includes
five steps: (1) estimating lateral load capacity of damaged RC columns; (2) determining
connection spacing of steel jacket; (3) estimating the lateral load capacity of strengthened
RC column; (4) evaluating the axial load ratio (ALR) of strengthened RC columns; and (5)
estimating effective stiffness of strengthened RC columns. Lastly, an example is presented
to illustrate the application of the proposed design procedure.

10. Vijay Singh Rawat(2017) This research project will give a brief presentation about
earthquake resistant design and the methodology about seismic evaluation and rehabilitation
of existing structures by steel jacketing. It also provides certain aspects of computer software
modeling against seismic loads and shows the necessity of seismic upgrading in existing
building. Seismic evaluation will determine which are the most vulnerable and weak
components and deficiencies of a building during an expected earthquake. The seismic
rehabilitation process aims to improve seismic performance and correct the deficiencies by
increasing strength, stiffness or deformation capacity and improving connections. In this
paper, a proposed retrofit implementation is made successful and the results shows an
increase in strength and ductility capacity of the structure which is greater than the demands
imposed by earthquakes.

7
[Type here]

2.3 INFERENCE FROM LITERATURE REVIEW

The inference from an investigated experimental program on “the performance of

concrete wrapping jackets reinforced by steel angles for retrofitting of the rectangular
RC columns under axial compressive loads” are as follows:

1. The deformation in the circular section is 20-25 percent smaller compared to the
square section. This is because circular section takes confining effect better than
square section. Stress concentration is more at the edges of square column while
in circular column, due to confining effect, stress concentration is equal throughout
the whole section. The circular section leads to better behaviour than square section
due to better confinement.
2. The effect due to concrete shrinkage is critical for high-strength concrete and
negligible for normal strength concrete. All three codes predicted lower values than
that measured during the experiments.
3. The theoretical capacity of sections developed using all of the above codes denote
that increase in D/t ratio enhances the capacity which is due to the increased
confinement pressure when the diameter alone is increased. But increase in D/t
ratio reduces the capacity of the section which is due to reduction in cross section
when the thickness is reduced for a constant diameter.
4. Confinement effect on concrete does play a role in increasing the compressive
strengths to almost 60% in some cases.
5. The moment capacity of strengthened column increased significantly with
increasing spacing by approximately 40% and 55% for columns with compact and
slender sections, respectively, when welded with steel angles. The capacity of
damaged columns has improved over 65% when repaired with steel jacketing.
6. The increase in the strength and ductility of fully retrofitted rectangular RC column
specimens was higher under all loading conditions.

8
[Type here]

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 GENERAL

The systematic study of methods used in the projects are outlined in the way the
research is to be undertaken. This chapter briefly explains the methodology to be adopted in
the experimental work.

3.2 METHODOLOGY

The main aim of the study is to investigate the compressive behavior of the concrete
after failure and it’s rehabilitated by means of providing additional of reinforcement
wrapping. A sequence of 6 columns of grade M25 concrete are cast with reinforcement and
subjected to initial failure and its externally strengthen by RC Jacketing. All the 6 specimens
are cured for a period of 28 days. The column is subjected to axial load.

9
[Type here]
Literature review related RC Jacketing

COLLECTION OF MATERIALS - Cement, fine

aggregate, coarse aggregate and steel jacketing material

MATERIAL PROPERTIES - Fine and coarse aggregate

1. Specific gravity (IS:2386 (part 3):1963)
2. Sieve analysis test (IS:2386(part 1):1963 )

MIX DESIGN [M25 grade]

As per IS: 456-2000

EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

8 Specimen were planned to cast.

TESTING OF SPECIMENS

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

CONCLUSION

Table 3.1. Methodology

10
[Type here]

CHAPTER 4

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

4.1 GENERAL

The main objective of this investigation is to study the axial compressive behaviour
of RC columns and externally retrofitted with steel angles. A series of 6 columns were tested
in this study. Experimental and analytical studies were carried out. The material properties
of fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and tensile strength of steel jacketing with a thickness of
25mm were tested and the results are obtained in this chapter.

4.2 MATERIALS AND PROPERTIES

4.2.1 CEMENT

Cement is manufactured by burning and crushing natural cement stones which contain 20%
to 40% of argillaceous matter i.e., Clay, and the remaining content of calcareous matter
which is either calcium carbonate or a mixture of calcium carbonate and magnesium
carbonate. The Ordinary Portland Cement of grade 43 was used to in the preliminary test.

4.1 Properties of cement

OXIDES OF CEMENT PERCENTAGE PRESENT

Lime 60-65

Silica 17-25

Alumina 3-8

Magnesia 1-3

Iron Oxide 0.5-6

11
[Type here]

Calcium Sulphate 0.1-0.5

Sulphur trioxide 1-3

Alkaline 0-1

4.2.2 FINE AGGREGATE

Fine aggregate is the essential ingredient in concrete that consists of natural sand or
crushed stone. The quality and fine aggregate density strongly influence the hardened
properties of the concrete. Fine aggregate includes the particles that all passes through 4.75
mm sieve and retain on 0.075 mm sieve.

4.2.3 COARSE AGGREGATE

Coarse aggregates are larger size filler materials in construction. The size of the aggregate
bigger than 4.75 mm is considered as the coarse aggregate i.e., basically, all other aggregates
which are retained on 4.75mm IS sieve while sieve analysis is performed. According to
sources of coarse aggregates, it can be further classified as:

1. Uncrushed gravel or stone which results from natural disintegration of rock.

2. Crushed gravel or stone when it results from crushing of gravel or hard stones.

Locally available crushed angular aggregate of 20 mm down size conforming to IS 383-

1970 was used. The specific gravity, fineness modulus, water absorption and bulk density
of the coarse aggregate were tested.

12
[Type here]

4.2.4 STEEL JACKETING

Steel Jacketing is the process whereby a section of an existing structural member is restored
to original dimensions or increased in size by encasement using suitable materials. Steel
angle is of 25x3mm.

4.3 TESTS ON MATERIAL PROPERTIES

Test for material properties on Cement, Fine Aggregate and coarse aggregate.
4.3.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT

1. Fill the apparatus with kerosene up to zero-mark reading.

2. 50gm of cement is taken and placed in the apparatus.
3. Now the level of kerosene is increase up to some point from reading.
4. Then the specific gravity of cement was calculated by dividing the final reading with the
amount of cement taken intensity.

Specific gravity of cement (G) = (Final reading in the apparatus) / (weight of cement taken)

Description Sample

Weight of empty pycnometer W1 (Kg) 0.608

Weight of pycnometer + 50g of cement W2 (Kg) 0.658

Weight of pycnometer + cement + kerosene W3 (Kg) 1.059

Weight of pycnometer + kerosene W4 (Kg) 1.016

Table 4.2 Specific gravity of cement

13
[Type here]

(𝑊2−𝑊1)
Specific Gravity, G = (𝑊2−𝑊1)−(𝑊3−𝑊4)×0.79

(0.658−0.608)
=
(0.658−0.608)−(1.059−1.016)×0.79

= 3.12

Specific gravity of cement = 3.12

Fig 4.1 Specific gravity of cement

4.3.2 NORMAL CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT:

Table 4.3 Normal consistency of Cement

Trial no Weight of % of water Amount of Pointer reading

cement(gm) water (ml) from bottom (mm)
1 400 26 104 37
2 400 28 112 34
3 400 30 120 15
4 400 31 124 11
5 400 31.5 126 4
6 400 31.25 125 6
Normal consistency of cement = 31.25%

14
[Type here]

4.3.3 INITIAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT:

Sl .No Time (minutes) Pointer reading (mm)

1 0 0
2 3 0
3 6 1
4 9 3
5 12 3
6 15 4
7 18 4
8 21 4
9 24 4
10 27 4
11 30 4
12 33 5
13 36 5.5
Table 4.4 Initial setting time of Cement

Initial setting time of cement = 36 minutes.

15
[Type here]

4.3.4 FINAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT

Sl.No Time (minutes) Pointer Reading (mm)

1 30 5.5
2 60 7
3 90 10
4 120 15
5 150 20
6 180 25
7 210 29
8 240 33
9 270 34.5
10 300 34.5
11 330 34.5
12 360 34.5
Table 4.5 Final setting time of Cement

Final setting time of cement = 360minutes

Fig 4.2 Setting time test for cement

16
[Type here]

4.3.5 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST FOR FINE AGGREGATE:

Description Sample
Weight of empty pycnometer W1 (kg) 0.608
Weight of pycnometer + 50g of Fine aggregate W2 (kg) 0.864
Weight of pycnometer + Fine aggregate + water W3 (kg) 1.618
Weight of pycnometer + water W4 (kg) 1.460
Table 4.6 Specific Gravity of Fine aggregate

(𝑊2−𝑊1)
Specific Gravity, G =
(𝑊4−𝑊1)−(𝑊3−𝑊2)

(0.864−0.608)
=
(1.460−0.608)−(1.618−0.864)

= 2.6

Fig 4.3 Specific Gravity Test for Fine Aggregate

17
[Type here]

4.3.6 FINENESS MODULUS TEST FOR FINE AGGREGATE

Retained Cumulative Cumulative %

%
S. No IS sieve weight of weight weight retained
Passing
FA (gm) retained (gm) (gm)
1 4.75mm 58 50 5 95
2 2.36mm 24 74 7.4 92.6
3 1.18mm 198 272 27.2 72.8
4 600micron 142 414 41.4 58.6
5 300micron 476 890 89 11
6 150micron 100 990 99 1
7 75micron 8 998 99.8 0.2
8 Pan 2 1000 100 _
Table 4.7 Sieve Analysis test for Fine Aggregate

Fineness modulus = 4.68

Fig 4.4 Sieve for Fine Aggregate Fig 4.5 Sieve analysis test for Fine
aggregate

18
[Type here]

4.3.7 WATER ABSORPTION TEST FOR FINE AGGREGATE

Observations and Calculations

Weight of fine aggregate = 1kg
Weight of pan = 0.110 kg
Weight of water + fine aggregate = 2.95kg
Weight of water absorbed sand = 1.66 kg
Weight of dry sand = 1.122 kg
Weight of water absorbed by = 1.166 – 1.122
= 0.04 kg
Weight of water = 1.784 kg
Water absorption of fine aggregate = (absorbed water / initial water) x 100
= 2.24%

4.3.8 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COARSE AGGREGATE

Weight of tank(W1) = 0.170kg

Weight of tank + dry aggregate(W2) = 2.8 kg Weight
of tank + dry aggregate +water(W3) = 6.960 kg
Weight of tank +water(W4) = 5.298kg
Specific gravity of coarse aggregate = (W2-W1)

(W4-W1) - (W3-W2)
= 2.7

Fig 4.6 Specific Gravity Test for Coarse Aggregate

4.3.9 FINENESS MODULUS TEST FOR COARSE AGGREGATE

19
[Type here]

Sieve size Mass Cumulative Cumulative % %passing

S.No
(mm) retained(g) weight weight retained
retained (g) (g)
1 40 - - - 100
2 20 1492 1492 29.84 70.16
3 16 2540 1492 80.64 19.36
4 12.5 890 4922 98.84 1.56
5 10 70 4992 99.84 0.16
6 4.75 8 5000 100 0
7 Pan - 5000 100 0

Table 4.8 Sieve analysis of coarse aggregate

Nominal size of aggregate = 20mm

Fineness modulus = 4.08 %

4.3.10 WATER ABSORPTION TEST FOR COARSE AGGREGATE

Water absorption of coarse aggregate = (W2-W1/W1) x100

Weight of aggregate taken = 1000gm

Weight of wet aggregate = 1015gm

= (1015-1000/1000) x100

Water absorption of coarse aggregate = 1.5%

20
[Type here]

Fig 4.7 Water Absorption Test Fig 4.8 Impact test

4.4 MIX DESIGN

A. Stipulations for proportioning

Grade designation : M25
Type of cement : OPC53 grade conforming to IS456:2000

Maximum nominal size of Aggregate : 20 mm

Minimum cement content : 300 kg/m3
Maximum water-cement ratio : 0.4 - 0.5 (0.45)
Workability : 75 mm
Exposure condition : Moderate
Method of concrete placing : Non pumping
Degree of supervision : Good
Type of aggregate : Crushed angular
Maximum cement content : 450 kg/m3

21
[Type here]

B. Test data for materials

Cement used : OPC53 grade conforming to IS 456:2000

Specific gravity of cement : 3.12

Specific gravity of coarse aggregate : 2.7
Specific gravity of fine aggregate : 2.6

C. Target strength for mix proportioning

𝑓’ = 𝑓+ 𝑠
= 25 + 1.65 x 4 = 31.65 N/mm2
Where,
𝑓’ = target mean compressive strength at 28 days in N/mm2
𝑓 = characteristic compressive strength at 28 days in N/mm2
S=standard deviation in N/mm2 (From table 8, IS456:2000)

D. Selection of water cement ratio

Taking moderate exposure condition (From table 5, IS 456:2000)
Maximum water cement ratio = 0.45
E. Selection of water content
From table 2, IS 10262:2009;
Maximum water content for 20 mm aggregates = 186 litres
Estimated water content for 75 mm slump = 186+ 3/100×186

= 191.58 litres
F. Calculation of cement content
Water cement ratio = 0.4
Cement content = 191.58/0.4 = 383.2 kg/m3
Take cement content = 380 kg/m

22
[Type here]

G. Proportion of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate content

From table 3, IS 10262:2009, volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to 20mm
maximum size aggregate and fine aggregate (zone I) for water cement ratio of 0.5 is
0.60. The proportion of volume of coarse aggregate is increased at the rate of ± 0.01
for every ± 0.05 change in water cement ratio.
Volume of coarse aggregate = 0.624
Volume of fine aggregate = 1 – 0.624 = 0.376

H. Mix calculations
The mix calculations per unit volume of concrete shall be as follows:
Volume of concrete = 1 m3
Volume of cement = 412/3.15×1/1000 = 0.1308 m3
Volume of water = 144/1×1/1000 = 0.1440 m3

Volume of aggregate
Mass of coarse aggregate
Mass of fine aggregate
= a – (b + c)
= 1 – (0.12604 + 0.153264)
= 0.6864 m3
= d × volume of coarse aggregate × specific
gravity of coarse aggregate× 1000
= 0.7209 x 0.624 x 2.78 x 1000
= 1087.34 kg/m3
= e × volume of fine aggregate × specific gravity of
fine aggregate×1000
= 0.7196 x 0.376 x 2.66 x 1000
= 800.94 kg/m3

23
[Type here]

I.Mix proportion
Cement = 383.2 kg/m3
Water = 191.58litre
Fine aggregate = 800.94 kg/m3
Coarse aggregate = 1087.34 kg/m3
Water cement ratio = 0.45
Mix proportion = 1: 2.90: 2.84

4.4.1 Concrete mix proportion:

The designed mix proportion of 1:2.90:2.84 was used to attain strength of

25N/mm2 with the water cement ratio of 0.45. The average compressive strength was
found to be 29N/mm2 at the end of 28days curing.

4.5 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

4.5.1 Casting and Curing of specimens:

The column casing of cross section with 1200mm length, 100mm width was used for
casting of specimen. Steel bars of 10mm and 8mm were used for reinforcement. 10 mm
bars were used as main reinforcement and 8mm bars were used for stirrups. Rust and
loose debris presented inside the casing were cleaned completely using steel wire brush.
Concrete was filled inside the casing, with bottom end closed with the steel plates, so as
to prevent the leakage of slurry and thoroughly compacted, to keep it free from air gaps
and it is shown in Fig. 4.10. Total of 6 specimens were cast and the specimens were kept
under the process of wet curing for a period of 28 days.

24
[Type here]

Fig 4.9 Formwork of column Fig 4.10 Casting of column

Fig 4.11 Curing of column

25
[Type here]

Fig 4.12 Stirrups

4.5.2 Casting of Steel Jacketing :

After 28 days, specimens were removed from the curing tank and kept for dry. Steel
angles are cut into required size to weld according to the required orientations. Base
plates were welded as required to be used as hinged support. Steel angles of size
25mx3m were purchased and were splitted into required length.

Fig 4.13 Welding

26
[Type here]

4.6 INSTRUMENTATION AND TEST PROCEDURE

All the specimens were tested under frame testing machine of 2000kN capacity. The
columns were placed, centered and levelled with connected plates. A digital Panel was
used to store the data acquired from the loading frame. To begin with the test, load was
applied and removed to make the column to rest on their base. The experimental set up is
shown in Fig. 5.2. Then the experimentation was begun with the increment of loads at
regular intervals and the results are tabulated. The comparison of axial compressive load
carrying capacity of conventional specimen with that of externally welded RC Columns
is discussed.

Fig .4.14 Digital Panel Fig .4.15 Loading frame

4.6.1 AXIAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST

Compressive strength tests were conducted on the concrete column with conventional
concrete to that of externally welded steel angles, and the table shows the obtained
strength values of the specimens.
The axial compressive strength values of R.C Columns are taken and compared with
conventional concrete to that of externally welded with varying orientation of Steel
27
[Type here]

angles.
Axial Compressive test evaluates the compressive strength of concrete indirectly. It
tests the ability of unreinforced concrete column to withstand failure in bending and resist
buckling. The specimen used in this method is usually 1200mmx100 mm. Specimens were
subjected to axial compression between two horizontal flat plates through downward
movement of the crosshead of a testing frame. It is fitted with a 200KN load cell . Loading
rates of 5,10,15 and 20 mm / min were used to compress the samples. Initiation of cracks
for each test specimen was recorded using digital panel as shown in fig 5.1. After
recording data for unstrengthen column, the specimens were welded using steel angles in
various orientation as tabulated in table5.1. The same procedure is followed for retrofitted
columns to record deflection values. The comparison were made and results were
discussed in next chapter.

4.6.2 SUPPORT CONDITIONS

End conditions for the column were taken as hinged condition and the supports
were created using connected plates horizontally and it is shown in Fig 4.6. The column
are placed over the plate which is welded by a 25mm rod at the center.

Fig. 4.16 End supports

28
[Type here]

4.6.3 DESCRIPTION OF SPECIMENS

SPECIMEN NUMBER SPACING

C1 Conventional column
C2 Every 200 mm
C3 Every 300 mm
C4 Every 150 mm
C5 Top and bottom – 200m , mid spacing -100mm
C6 Top and bottom – 200m , mid spacing -150mm
Table 4.9 Details of specimen

Fig. 4.17 Specimens

29
[Type here]

CHAPTER 5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

5.1 GENERAL

This investigation is carried out with externally welded steel angles with
various orientation. The axial compressive behaviour of R.C Columns with that of steel
angles were observed and analyzed. Finally, the axial compressive strength of R.C
Columns and conventional columns are observed and compared by experimental analysis.

COLUMN 1 – CONVENTIONAL COLUMN

LOAD(KN) DISPLACEMENT(mm)
L1 L2 L3
1.96 0 0 0
9.8 0.4 0.7 1.2
18.62 0.2 0.3 0.1
21.56 0.1 0.3 0.2
24.01 0.1 0.3 0.2
28.91 0.1 0.1 0.1
32.34 0.1 0.1 0.2
2.92 0.1 0.1 0.1
38.71 0.1 0.1 0.1
41.65 0.1 0.1 0.1
53.90 0.1 0.1 0.3
59.78 0.1 0.1 0.7
56.64 0.1 0.1 0.1
72.52 0.1 0.2 0.1
82.32 0.1 0.1 0.1
95.55 0.2 0.1 0.4

30
[Type here]

104.86 0.2 0.2 0.1

116.62 0.2 0.1 1.5
120.54 0.2 0.1 2.5
128.87 0.4 0.1 1.1
138.18 0.2 0.1 2
152.88 0.2 0.1 0.5
156.80 0.2 0.1 0.5
166.60 0.1 0.2 0.4
179.83 0.1 0.2 0.4
170.03 0.1 0.1 0.3
157.29 0.1 0.1 0.7
151.90 0.1 0.1 8
Table 5.1 Digital results of Column 1

COLUMN 2 - Every 200mm

LOAD(KN) DISPLACEMENT(mm)
L1 L2 L3
3.43 0 0 0
12.25 0.1 0.1 0.1
22.54 0.1 0.1 0.1
29.4 0.1 0.1 0.1
43.61 0.1 0.1 0.1
49.00 0.1 0.1 0.1
58.80 0.1 0.1 0.1
71.54 0.1 0.1 0.2
78.89 0.1 0.1 0.2
89.67 0.1 0.1 0.2
98.00 0.1 0.1 0.2

31
[Type here]

107.80 0.2 0.1 0.2

117.6 0.2 0.1 0.1
129.85 0.3 0.1 0.3
137.20 0.3 0.1 0.2
146.02 0.8 0.1 21.4
149.45 0.5 0.1 22.2
142.59 0.5 0.1 1.0
136.71 0.5 0.1 3.0
125.44 0.5 0.1 0.2
Table 5.2 Digital results of column2

COLUMN 3 – Every 300mm

LOAD(KN) DISPLACEMENT(mm)
L1 L2 L3
8.82 0 0 0
13.72 0.1 0.1 0.1
28.91 0.1 0.1 0.3
35.28 0.1 0.1 0.3
39.69 0.1 0.1 0.3
52.43 0.1 0.1 0.3
62.23 0.4 0.5 0.3
72.03 0.4 0.5 0.3
83.79 0.4 0.5 0.3
96.04 4.8 0.3 0.8
109.76 0.5 0.3 0.9
126.42 0.2 0.3 1.7
127.40 0.2 0.3 1.7
143.08 0.2 0.2 0.4

32
[Type here]

156.60 0.3 0.2 0.4

165.13 0.3 0.1 0.1
171.99 0.3 0.4 0.1
180.81 0.1 0.4 1.7
200.9 1.00 0.3 0.1
231.77 0.4 0.4 0.4
224.42 0.1 0.1 0.2
217.07 0.3 0.1 0.1
Table 5.3 Digital results of column3

COLUMN 4 – Every 150mm

LOAD(KN) DISPLACEMENT(mm)
L1 L2 L3
8.33 0 0 0
9.31 0 0.1 0
18.63 0.1 0.1 0.1
27.93 0.1 0.1 0.1
30.87 0.1 0.2 0
39.20 0.1 0.2 0
49.98 0.1 0.2 0.1
64.19 0.1 0.1 0.1
68.60 0.1 0.1 0.1
79.38 0.1 0.1 0.1
88.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
99.56 0.1 0.1 0.1
119.56 0.1 0.1 0.1
130.83 0.1 0.1 0.1

33
[Type here]

138.18 0.1 0.1 0.1

148.47 0.1 0.1 21.9
160.23 0.1 0.1 22.1
170.03 0.1 0.1 4.0
180.81 0.1 0.1 0.6
247.45 0.1 0.1 4.4
159.25 0.4 0.1 43.3
147.98 0.1 0.1 0.4
Table 5.4 Digital results of column4

COLUMN 5 – Top and bottom – 200m , mid spacing -100mm

LOAD(KN) DISPLACEMENT(mm)
L1 L2 L3
24.41 0 0 0
26.40 1.1 0.1 0.9
31.88 0.1 0.1 0.9
44.83 0.1 0.1 0.9
52.31 0.1 0.1 0.1
66.75 0.1 0.1. 0.1
76.72 0.1 0.1 0.1
82.70 0.1 0.1 0.1
93.1 0.2 0.1 0.1
100.13 0.2 0.1 0.1
113.09 0.2 0.1 0.1
121.56 0.1 0.1 0.1
131.52 0.1 0.1 0.1
140.9 0.1 0.1 0.1

34
[Type here]

151.4 0.1 0.1 0.1

160.42 0.3 0.1 0.1
164.40 0.2 0.1 0.1
175.86 0.2 0.1 0.1
180.34 0.1 0.1 0.1
237.14 0.3 0.1 0.1
253.58 0.2 0.1 0.1
261.05 2.4 0.1 0.1
247.10 0.1 0.1 0.1
185.82 0.1 0.1 0.1
Table 5.5 Digital results of column 5

COLUMN 6 – Top and bottom – 200m , mid spacing -150mm

LOAD(KN) DISPLACEMENT(mm)
L1 L2 L3
7.84 0 0 0
19.11 0.1 0.1 0.1
23.03 0.1 0.1 0.1
31.85 0.1 0.1 0.1
39.20 0.1 0.1 0.2
50.96 0.1 0.1 0.1
65.17 0.1 0.1 0.3
76.93 0.1 0.1 0.3
80.36 0.1 0.1 1.6
94.57 0.1 0.1 0.7
106.33 0.2 0.1 6.2
112.21 0.2 0.1 4.4

35
[Type here]

124.46 0.2 0.1 0.1

135.73 0.2 0.1 0.4
146.02 0.2 0.1 0.1
147.00 0.4 0.1 1.5
156.80 0.1 0.1 0.3
168.56 0.1 0.1 0.3
162.19 0.1 0.1 0.4
147.49 0.2 0.1 1.1
Table 5.6 Digital results of column6

36
[Type here]

CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

6.1 CONCLUSION

The axial compressive behaviour of six RC externally strengthened columns were tested
with both end hinged conditions by varying its angle spacing. The six columns were loaded
axially and its ultimate load along with deflection is recorded. The test results were
compared and analyzed and the following conclusions were observed:

37
 [Type here]

REFERENCES

1. Elsamny, M.K., Abd-Elhamed, M.K., Ezz-Eldeen, H.A. and Elmokrany, A.A.,

“Strengthening of Eccentrically Loaded Rectangular Reinforced Concrete
Columns Using Steel wire Mesh”, Civil Engineering Research Magazine
(CERM), Faculty Of Engineering Al-Azhar University Cairo Egypt,
Vol.36,No.4,PP. 226-247, 2014
2. Campione, G., Monaco, A. and M. Papia, “Simplified analytical model for
moment–axial force domain in the presence of shear in R.C. members externally
strengthened with steel cages”, Material sand Structures, 2015.
3. Abhishek Ghimire, 'A Technique Used for Strengthening of Existing Columns
with Reinforced Concrete Jacketing.’ International Journal of Science and
Research (IJSR), ISSN: 2319-7064, Vol 8 Issue 1, January 2019.
4. Abhishek Jodawat, Arihant Parekh, Bhushan Marathe, Ketan Pawar, Sunny
Patwa, Yash Sahu, Indrajit Jain,' Retrofitting of Reinforced Concrete Column by
Steel Jacketing', International Journal of Engineering Research and Application,
July2016.
5. Ezz-Eldeen, H.A., ' Steel Jacketing Technique used in Strengthening Reinforced
Concrete Rectangular Columns under Eccentricity for Practical Design
Application', International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, May
2016.
6. Government of Nepal, Ministry of Urban Development, Department of Urban
Development and Building Constructions, Babarmahal, Kathmandu, 'Seismic
Retrofitting Guidelines of Buildings in Nepal-RCC', 2016.

7. Garzon-Roca, J.; Ruiz-Pinilla, J.; Adam, J.M.; Calderón, P.A. An experimental study on
steel-caged RC columns subjected to axial force and bending moment. Eng.
Struct. 2011, 33, 580–590.

8. Shan, Z.W.; Looi, D.T.W.; Su, R.K.L. A novel seismic strengthening method of RC
columns confined by direct fastening steel plates. Eng. Struct. 2020, 218, 110838.

38
 [Type here]

9. Wang, L.; Su, R.K.L.; Cheng, B.; Li, L.Z.; Shan, Z.W. Seismic behavior of preloaded
rectangular RC columns strengthened with precambered steel plates under high axial
load ratios. Eng. Struct. 2017.

10. Ali A. Aliabdo et al (2016), “Effect of water addition, plasticizer and alkaline solution
constitution on fly ash based geopolymer concrete performance” , Construction and
building materials , Vol.121,pp.694-703

39