Reading skills

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Some Definitions

Skimming: means reading quickly to get general or main ideas.

Scanning: it is when you read quickly to get a particular piece of

information, such as date, telephone number, or the name of
restaurant.

Intensive Reading: it is when we read more carefully. For example,

when you are studying or reading a book to understand it.
Comma: it is a punctuation mark that is used to separate words or
groups of words in a sentence.

Semicolon: it connects to independent clauses when the second clause

is not introduced by a conjunctions (and, for, nor, or, but, yet).

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0932175736 ‫ محمد لويس‬.‫أ‬

Superstitions
Vocabulary:

Superstitions: to be in witchcraft or black magic. Supernatural,

incredible.
Prognostications: someone who tells the fortune, predicting the
future.
Indulge: something you want or desire. To yield to a desire.
Seductive: attractive.
Outrageous: very unusual and surprising.
Mesmerizes: interested.
Nonsense: something you do not understand.
Autobiographical (autobiography) : is written by ourselves and our
own life.
Biographical (biography) : is written for another person, e.g. someone
write about Shakespeare’s life.
Megadiverse: great diversity
7 ‫من المحاضرة‬
Fraction: little amount
Simmer: comes
Poultry: chicken meat

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0932175736 ‫ محمد لويس‬.‫أ‬

Nutrition: food
Comprised of: consisted of
Tracking: observing
Savor : slowly enjoyed the flavour of something
Lead to: cause
Befitting: appropriate for
Promoted: supported
Leading: major
8 ‫من المحاضرة‬
Toddler: a very young child
Toil: hard, physical work
Early grave: death at a young age
Slopes: the sides of a hill or mountain
Substance: a type of material
Émigré: someone who leaves his or her country
Exiled: made to leave one’s own country
Diet: (v)to limit food that you take. (n) the food and drink
usually taken by a person.(adj) containing less sugar than usual
Scratch out: destroy
Wilful: determined
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Listlessly: without energy or interest
Propped: supported
Bellows: loud, deep sounds
Idioms:
“Do not buy into it”: do not indulge
“ to warp somebody up in cotton wool”: to protect someone
completely from the dangers.
“ I am running late”: to be late
“ I am full”: I have had a large breakfast.
6 ‫من المحاضرة‬
“be down on your luck” suffer because of bad luck
“ be in luck” get what you want
“be out of luck” not get what you want
“better luck next time” said to make someone feels better after
something bad has happened
“bring someone luck” make good thing happen for someone
“just my luck” said when something bad happen to you and you are
not surprised
“Luck out” have something good by chance
“wish someone luck” hope him or her to succeed
“with my luck” said when you think something bad will happen and
you have a bad luck.
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0932175736 ‫ محمد لويس‬.‫أ‬

Synonyms: two words that have nearly the same meaning. For
example, angry and furious, ability and skill, inspired and
motivated.
Antonyms: two words that have opposite meaning. For
example, sad and happy, big and small, near and far.
Prefixes: come before the word
Suffixes: come after the word

Prefixes Meaning Example

mono,
one unity
unit

du, di,bi two bicycle

tri three tringle

quart,
four quatrains
quad

penta,
five pentameter
cinc

oct eight octameter

decagon/ ‫ذو عشرة‬

deca ten
‫زوايا‬
cent hundred centenarian

mil, kilo thousand kilometre

semi,
half semicolon
hemi

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sub under sub zero

anti against antivirus

pre before preinitial

in, im not impossible

mis wrongly misunderstand

re again rewrite

multi many multiplayer

trans change transform

suffix Meaning Example

able, ible able to edible

en made of golden

ful filled with careful

hood state of being childhood

ish like childish

ity, ment state of measurement

less without careless

let, ling small, young booklet, duckling

ly in a manner hopefully

ness having a quality softness

ology the study of biology

or,er, ist one who,person,noun artist, actor

ward in direction of forward

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 Reading skills

0932175736 ‫ محمد لويس‬.‫أ‬

Capitalization

the first word of the

sentence He eats a banana
the pronoun ''I'' is always Ahmad and I went to
capitalized restaurant
Names of people and their
titles King Faisal
but not the title alone He is a king
Exception: a title without a
name is capitalized if it refers The President of the United
to a specific person States
Nationalities, languages,
religions, and ethnic groups Muslims, English
Do not capitalize school
subjects history
except name of nationalities,
languages,...etc. Russian history
specific places that can be
find on a map First Street, England
Names of specific structures,
buildings, roads, bridges The White House, Highway

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Names of specific
organization; clubs, schools, Sear, Roebuck &Co. City of
businesses College of New York
Names of days, months,
holiday, special time period Ramadan, Monday, January
Geographic areas The Middle East
Titles of books, TV series,
magazines. only the first
letters of the words. Do not
capitalize articles(a,an,the)
and propositions and
conjunctions Anne and the Five towns
Abbreviations USA, UK, Dr. Mr.

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0932175736 ‫ محمد لويس‬.‫أ‬

Subject-verb Agreement

Singular Subject :
Neither, Either, much, a little, little, each
Gerunds: nouns derived from verbs by adding -ing
e.g. smoking is bad habit
To+verb:
e.g. to smoke is dangerous
Plural subject :
Both, Several, Many.
Police, public, clergy, couple, people,cattle
Words that can be singular or plural according to the
propositional phrase that follow :
all, some, most, a lot of, none
Not only..1.... but also...2... ‫التوافق مع الفاعل االقرب يعني الثاني‬
Neither...1...nor..2...
Either...1....or...2....
If the sentence start with a propositional phrase or (there), we
look to the subject which comes after the verb.
On the table (is, are) the keys.

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There ( is ,are) a car coming.

Collective Nouns: family, staff, gang, team, ( if they are agreed use
singular, if the are not agreed or have different point of views use
plural)
e.g. the team has promised to get the cup.(all of them act like a one)
the team have difficulties playing together.( they can not play together
efficiently)

The phrase: is a group of words without a verb

e.g. A nice day.( noun phrase)
. To the park. (propositional phrase)
. every day. (adverbial phrase
. Beautiful girl. (adjective phrase)
. go out. ( verbial phrase)

The girl goes out for a walk every day.

N.P V.P P.P Adv.P

The Clause : is a group of words that contains a subject and a

verb. There are two kind of clauses:

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1- Independent clause: can stand alone. Sentence by itself.
Express a complete thought. For example, he is a doctor.
2- Dependant clause: Cannot stand alone. A subordinating
conjunctions are added to the beginning of it. For example,
because he studied well.
Sentence: is a group of words which starts with a subject, a
verb, and a complement

Verb: tells about an action. However, sometimes does not tell

an action. There are two kind of verbs:
1- Actions verbs: hit, live, lost, found.
2- Linking verbs: seem, look, sound, is, am, are, feel, become,
smell.
_ Also we have Intransitive verbs : do not take object (cough,
die, dream, sit, sneeze).Transitive verbs : take one
object(borrow, clean, eat, kick, swallow, write). Ditransitive
verbs : take two object( give, bring, catch, pass, trade)

The complement: could be;

1- an adjective: she is beautiful
2- a noun: she is a doctor
3- an adverb: He seems good
4- a propositional phrase: it becomes to an end.
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Genders
1- Masculine: man, boy, ox , king
2- Feminine : woman, girl, cow, queen
3- Neutral: door, table, window, pen( ‫)ليس له جنس‬
4- Common: nurse, doctor, teacher(‫) يطلق على الجنسين‬
Types of Nouns
1- Proper nouns : Ahmad, Sara,....
2- Abstract nouns : refers to event, concept, idea( life, freedom,
peace, friendship)
3- Concrete nouns : door, table, car. Two types
• Countable: book, paper.
• Uncountable: milk, sugar, luggage, baggage.

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