Molality

Aim: find the concentration of solution by m .

Tools and materials:

 Volumetric flask
 water
 Na OH or KOH
 balance cylinder

Procedure:
First, Add 10g from KOH or NaOH to a Volumetric
flask. Then add 250ml of water. After that, we add a
little bit of water and shake the Volumetric flask to
mix The components. Finally, we adding water
again until the right spot.

Calculation: (Na=2, H=1,O=16)

The cortical part:
Mass of NaOH = 10 g
Mass of H2O = 64 g
Volume of H2O = 250 ml

Mwt NaOH=(23×1)+(1×1)+(16×1)=
23+1+16=40g/mol
𝑚 1𝑜𝑔
NNaOH= = =0.25𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑤𝑡 40𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑓𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
M= ×1000=
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑜𝑓𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

0.25𝑚𝑜𝑙 ×1000= 3.906m

250𝑚𝑙
 Molarity
Aim: find the concentration of solution by M .

Tools and materials:

 Volumetric flask
 Water
 balance cylinder
 NaOH or KOH.

Procedure:
First, Add 10g from KOH or NaOH to a
Volumetric flask. Then add 250ml of water.
After that, we add a little bit of water and shake
the Volumetric flask to mix The components.
Finally, we adding water again until the right
spot.
Result: heat and bubbles so we can't see the
concavity, we have to wait until it's finish, then we
will see the Residuum.

Calculation: (Na = 23, H = 1,O=16)

The cortical part:

Mass of NaOH = 10g

mass of H2O = 64g

Volume ofH2O=250ml

MwtNaOH=(23×1)+(1×1)+(16×1)=
23+1+16=40g/mol
𝑚 1𝑜𝑔
NNaOH= = =0.25𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑤𝑡 40𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑓𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
M= ×1000=
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑜𝑓𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

0.25𝑚𝑜𝑙
×1000=1𝑀
250𝑚𝑙
 Normality
Aim: find the concentration of solution by N.

Tools and materials :

 Volumetric flask
 Balance cylinder
 water
 NaOH or KOH.

Procedure:
First, Add 10g from KOH or NaOH to a
Volumetric flask. Then add 250ml of water.
After that, we add a little bit of water and shake
the Volumetric flask to mix The components.
Finally, we adding water again until the right
spot.
Result: heat and bubbles so we can't see the
concavity, we have to wait until it's finish, then we
will see the Residuum.

Calculation: (Na=23,H=1,O=16)

The cortical part:

Mass of NaOH = 10g

mass of H2O = 64g

Volume ofH2O=250ml

MwtNaOH=(23×1)+(1×1)+(16×1)= 23+1+16=40g/mol

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟.𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
e.q= =
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑓𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝
40
=40
1
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
N= ×1000=
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑜𝑓𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
40
×1000=160𝑁
250𝑚𝑙
 Mass of percent
Aim: find the concentration of solution by M%.

Tools And Materials:

 Volumetric flask
 Balance cylinder
 water
 NaOH or KOH.

Procedure:
First, Add 10g from KOH or NaOH to a
Volumetric flask. Then add 250ml of water.
After that, we add a little bit of water and shake
the Volumetric flask to mix The components.
Finally, we adding water again until the right
spot.

Result: heat and bubbles so we can't see the

concavity, we have to wait until it's finish, then we
will see the Residuum.
Calculation:(Na=23,H=1,O=16)

The cortical part:

Mass of NaOH=10g
Mass of H2O=64g

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑓𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
X= × 100=
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

10g ×100=13.51𝑚%
64g+10g