Reverse Osmosis Systems

Membrane Asesembly

Water Flux 1 1

m3 / m2 / sec J1

atm

atm
K1

RO 70
 m3 / m2 / sec atm
Kw
( m ( ‫ يُطقت انغشاء‬: A
m
K T
Mi
K1

Salt Flux 2 1

Feed Pressure

2 J2
K2
3 Cf
3 Cp

Concentration Polarization

Salt Rejection 3 1

RO 71
 100 1

100 TDS TDS 1

1
2
3
4
5

Recovery 4 1

100

m3 / d QP
m3 / d Qf

20 – 35 %

RO 72
 TDS

J1 1

J2 2
3
Operational Variables 2

Permeate Flux 1 2

Permeate Conductivity 2 2

TDS TDS

PH
Temperature
Pressure

RO 73
 PH 1

PH



4.5 – 5 PH PH

2

1,2 K1 


RO
Compaction Phenomena
CCF

CCF= t ^ m 8

t
m
m

3
(2 1

1,2

RO 74
 3

1 3

1
2
3

TCF 1
2

Feed Water Feed Water

Correction Correction
Temperature Temperature
Factor Factor
ºC ºF ºC ºF
5 41.0 2.58 18 64.4 1.29
6 42.8 2.38 19 66.2 1.24
7 44.6 2.22 20 68.0 1.19
8 46.4 2.11 21 69.8 1.15
9 48.2 2.00 22 71.6 1.11
10 50.0 1.89 23 73.4 1.09
11 51.8 1.78 24 75.2 1.04
12 53.6 1.68 25 77.0 1.00
13 55.4 1.61 26 78.8 0.97
14 57.2 1.54 27 80.6 0.94
15 59.0 1.47 28 82.4 0.91
16 60.8 1.39 29 84.2 0.88
17 62.6 1.34 30 86.0 0.85

1800
59 77

RO 75
 59
1224 1800/1.47 1.47

2 3

Osmotic pressure (PSI) = Total dissolved solids (TDS) ÷ 100

100 9

Pr = (Rate Pressure) - (Osmotic pressure of test solution)

10

(Pop) = (Average applied pressure) - (average osmotic pressure of the

feed water)

10

× (Pop) ] / ( Pr 11

2000 ppm 4 * 40
1800 77 225 psi
1000 150 psi
59
59
1224 gpd
1224 x ( 150 –10 )] / [( 225- 20 )] = [1224 x ( 140 )] / ( 205)= 835.9 gpd

RO 76
 4
RO

Nitrates 83 - 92% ** - 92%

95 - 99% 60 - 99%
Total Dissolved Solids
Sulfates 90 - 98%
60 - 98%
Sodium 87 - 93% 60 - 93%

TDS

No3-N

20mg/l
15% 85%
3 0.15 20 3mg /l
100 mg/l

40mg/l No3-N

RO 77
 5

thermodynamically

1 5

12

15 13

16

RO 78
 2 5

-1 -2 -5
Mass transfer-controlled RO process

12

m3/s Qp
m3/s Qf
m3/s Qr

13

Pa s / m Rm
Pa
Pa
H L
Qf

14

15

RO 79
 m L
m/s

16

L
F Rm Qf

17

Pa ^ -1 F

18

18

2 2 5

RO 80
 1

Transmembrane Pressure

thermodynamic

19

20

mol / l cr
mol / l cp

RO 81
 20 19

21

c0 >> cp cr cp
21 12

22

23

Pa / mol

23 22

24

Pa

24

3 5

3
Vant Hoff
23

RO 82
 25

25 T R
NaCl 1:1
25

25

8.314×10^3

5×10^-4
6

1.5×10^11

0.05 ( 2925mg/l )

1.0×10^-9

0.1

3.5×10^6 ( 500 psi )

1.5×10^11Pas/m
1×10 ^11 Pa. s / m

RO 83
 1 3 5
2

24

17 F

2
3

10^11 Pa s / m

RO 84
 181 psi 1.25×10^6 Pa
5×10^11 Pa s / m
609 psi 4.2×10^6 Pa
10^12 Pa s/m
1000 psi 7×10^6 Pa

thermodynamic

Transition Pressure 2 3 5
RO
24 18

RO 85
 26

Pa transition transmembrane pressure

26

0.05 – 0.10 – 0.15 M NaCl

4 5

RO 86
 6

RO 1 6
RO
TOC TDS
HPW
UPW
50 mg/l
( 500 mg/l
5000 mg/l TDS
BOD
5000 mg/l
5000- 15000 mg/l
35000 mg/l

RO 87
 RO / NF RO 1

Beach Well Seawater

Open Intake Seawater
High Salinity Brackish Water
Landfill Leachate
Medium Salinity Brackish Water
Municipal Wastewater
2Nd RO Feed
Ultra Pure Water
Surface Water
Low Salinity Tap Water

RO 88
 ( 35000 mg/l

( TDS
45000 mg/l 7000 mg / l

Seawater 1 1 6

4
TDS
1

40
6

7000
13000
25000
33600
33800
39400

RO 89
 42100
41200
42300

ppm

NaCl 23476 68.08

MgCl2 4981 14.44

Na2So4 3917 11.36

CaCl2 1102 3.20

KCl 664 1.92

192 0.56
NaHCo3
KBr 96 0.28

HBo3 26 0.08

SrCl2 24 0.07

NaF 3 0.01

34481 100

6
ppm
Na+ 10556

Mg2+ 1272

Ca2+ 400

K+ 380

Sr2+ 13

12621

RO 90
 ppm
Cl- 18980
So4-- 2649
HCo3- 140
F- 1.4
Br- 65
21835.4
26
34482.4

7
7

8
8

RO 91
 25
40-50 %

Brackish Water 2 1 6

RO 92
 PH 10

10

1 2 3 4 5
11700 500 494 542 74
148 120 65 102 204

48 72 40 54 127

1 2
1
3
1366 703 602 698 405

1 2 3 4 5
2040 252 72 1090 50
137 1170 1060 38 984
96 260 110 159

0.8 4
0.2
2273 1423 1396 1238 1193
25
3664 2127 1998 1936 1598
pH 7.1 7.4 7.8 7.2

RO 93
 ROSA Cl- Na+
TOC BOD PH
COD

RO

RO 94
 ppm) 1 mg/l Sr2 Ba2

2 6

XLE BW3
4

) Single Module System ( ‫ حصًيى َظاو انًزحهت انىاحذة‬-1 -2 -6

RO 95
 2

0.3 5 psi

0.3

2 0.3 psi 30 5

Permeate-Staged System 2 2 6

1
2
3
4

RO 96
 RO/NF

( RO
RO 1 RO 11
RO11
RO11
RO1

600PSI
( BW 41
RO1
5PSI
0.3

H2CO3 CO2
PH
8.2 RO1
H2CO3

RO 97
 NAOH
( RO1
PH
8.2-8.5
1 iS /cm

90-95%

3 2 6

Continuous 4

batch

RO 98
 Batch 5

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

8
9

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

RO 99
 4 2 6

concentrate

RO 100
 ‫‪11‬‬

‫إعادة حذويز‬ ‫جزياٌ جبهي‬ ‫انبارايخز‬

‫يًكٍ أٌ يخفاوث‬ ‫يجب أٌ يكىٌ ثابج‬ ‫حزكيب انخغذيت‬

‫يًكٍ أٌ يخفاوث‬ ‫يجب أٌ يكىٌ ثابج‬ ‫االسخعادة‬

‫بسيط‬ ‫يعقذ أكثز‬ ‫حُظيف‬

‫سهم‬ ‫صعب أكثز‬ ‫حعىيض اإلفساد أو انضزر‬

‫ضغط انغشاء يٍ يذخم‬

‫يىحذ‬ ‫يخُاقص‬ ‫انخغذيت نُهايت يخزج انًحهىل‬
‫انًزكز‬

‫أعهى ( ‪) 15-20 %‬‬ ‫أخفض‬ ‫اسخهالك انطاقت‬

‫أعهى‬ ‫أخفض‬ ‫عذد انًضخاث ( اسخثًار –‬

‫صياَت )‬

‫سهم‬ ‫صعب أكثز‬ ‫قابهيت انخىسع – حغييز يُطقت‬

‫انغشاء‬

‫جعم انًزاحم انفزديت يٍ‬

‫يًكُت‬ ‫غيز يًكُت‬ ‫األَظًت انًخعذدة انًزاحم‬
‫داخم ‪ /‬خارج انخذيت‬

‫يزحفع‬ ‫يُخفض‬ ‫يزور األيالح عبز انُظاو‬

‫‪RO‬‬ ‫‪101‬‬
 SPs
Cp TDS
Cf

27

SPm Y SPs

28

Cp
Cfc

29

30

31

31

RO 102
 5
1 / [ ( 1/ Y ) -1 ]

RO 103
 5 2 6

10%

PVC

0.3 5 psi

FilmTec
12

TW30, BW30, NF 41 600 psi

SW30 69 1000psi
SW30HR 82 1200psi

Backpressure Valve

Throttling Valve

5C

RO 104
 55 – 60 %
60 870 PSI

. Pelton Weel -1
Reverse Turning Turbine
Piston Type Work Exchanger

40
Salt Density Index 6 2 6
SDI
SDI
0.45
30 psi

0.45
500 ml 2.1
T1
15
SDI T2 500 ml

SDI = ( 1 – T1/T2 ) ( 100 / 15 ) 32

SDI SDI=5 T1 T2
6.7

RO 105
 8

SDI 5
5-10 SDI
SDI 10

SDI

1NTU
5
SDI

RO 106
 4.5 psi SDI

SDI
+/-1

DOW CHEMICAL ROSA

RO 107
RO 108