ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

EE241: ELECTRIC CIRCUITS I

SPRING 2023

LECTURES 9-11
CH3- METHODS OF ANALYSIS

Dr. Mohammed A. Hassan

m.hassan@kfu.edu.sa
1
Last Lectures

 Basics of Electric Circuits (Units, Quantities, Components,

and Network Connections (series and Parallel))
Basic Electric Lows (Ohm’s low, KCL, KVL)

Series Resistors and Voltage Division

Parallel Resistors and Current Division

Resistor Combination and Wye-Delta transformation

2
Homework 1

Questions or Clarifications?

3
Circuits Methods of Analysis

• Nodal analysis
• Nodal analysis with voltage source
• Mesh analysis
• Mesh analysis with current source
• Nodal and mesh analyses by inspection
• Nodal versus mesh analysis
4
Circuits Methods of Analysis- 1

• Nodal analysis
• Nodal analysis with voltage source
• Mesh analysis
• Mesh analysis with current source
• Nodal and mesh analyses by inspection
• Nodal versus mesh analysis
5
Nodal Analysis
Nodal Analysis utilizes KCL to solve for unknown node voltages

Circuit Example

Steps to Determine Node Voltages:

1. Select a node as the reference node. Assign voltage v1, v2, …vn-1 to the remaining n-1
nodes. The voltages are referenced with respect to the reference node.
2. Apply KCL to each of the n-1 nonreference nodes. Use Ohm’s law to express the branch
currents in terms of node voltages.
3. Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain the unknown node voltages.
6
Reference Node

Common symbols for indicating a reference node,

(a) common ground, (b) ground, (c) chassis.

7
Example1
Calculate the node voltage in the shown circuit
Step#1: Assign node voltages (reference + 2 nodes)
Step#2: Write KCL at all nodes (excluding reference)
 KCL at node 1: 𝑖1 = 𝑖2 + 𝑖3
𝑣1 − 𝑣2 𝑣1 − 0
Ohm’s low: 5= +
4 2
4 4 4
Multiply both sides by 4 20 = 𝑣1 + − 𝑣2
and collect common terms: 4 2 4

20 = 3𝑣1 − 𝑣2 (1)

8
Example1
Step#2: Write KCL at all nodes (excluding reference)
 KCL at node 2: 𝑖2 + 𝑖4 = 𝑖1 + 𝑖5
𝑣1 − 𝑣2 𝑣2 − 0
Ohm’s low: + 10 = 5 +
4 6
1 1 1
Collect common terms: 5 = −𝑣1 + 𝑣2 +
4 4 6

Multiply both sides by 12: 60 = −3𝑣1 + 5𝑣2 (2)

Now: We have two simultaneous equations (1) and (2) in two unknowns 𝑣1 and 𝑣2
Step#3: Solve equations (1) and (2) by any method to obtain 𝑣1 and 𝑣2

20 = 3𝑣1 − 𝑣2 (1) 60 = −3𝑣1 + 5𝑣2 (2)

9
Example1
Step#3: Solve equations (1) and (2) by any method to obtain 𝑣1 and 𝑣2

20 = 3𝑣1 − 𝑣2 (1) 60 = −3𝑣1 + 5𝑣2 (2)

Solution Method1: Elimination technique,

Add equations (1) and (2): 4𝑣2 = 80 𝑣2 = 20 V Do not forget Units

40
Substituting 𝑣2 = 20 in equation (1): 3𝑣1 = 40 𝑣1 = = 13.333 V
3

10
Example1
Step#3: Solve equations (1) and (2) by any method to obtain 𝑣1 and 𝑣2

20 = 3𝑣1 − 𝑣2 (1) 60 = −3𝑣1 + 5𝑣2 (2)

Solution Method2: Cramer’s rule,

Matrix form of (1) and (2):

11
Example1
Final Note on Solution using Nodal Analysis
• Nodal analysis solves for node voltages
• If we need the currents, we can easily substitute
in Ohm’s low for each branch

• The fact that 𝑖2 is negative shows that the current follows in the direction opposite to
the one assumed.

12
Practice Exercise1
Obtain the node voltages in the following circuit

You might be also asked to obtain current and power in each element
13
Example 2
Determine the node voltages in the following circuit

14
Example 2
KCL at node 1:

(1)

KCL at node 2:

(2)

KCL at node 3:

(3) 15
Example 2
(1), (2), (3)

Solution Method1: Elimination technique,

Or, (4)
Add equations (1) and (3):

Add equations (2) and (3): (5)

Substitute from (5) into (4):

In (5) into (3):

Thus:
16
Example 2
(1), (2), (3)

Solution Method2: Cramer’s rule,

Matrix Form of (1), (2) and (3):

Where,

17
Example 2
(1), (2), (3)

Solution Method2: Cramer’s rule,

Matrix Form of (1), (2) and (3):

Where,

18
Example 2
(1), (2), (3)

Solution Method2: Cramer’s rule,

Matrix Form of (1), (2) and (3):

Where,

19
Example 2
(1), (2), (3)

Solution Method2: Cramer’s rule,

Matrix Form of (1), (2) and (3):

Where,

Thus:
20
Practice Exercise2
Find node voltages in the following circuit

You might be also asked to obtain current and power in each element
21
Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources

Case 1: The voltage source is


connected between a
nonreference node and the
reference node:
➢Thenonreference node voltage is
equal to the magnitude of voltage
source
Example: in the circuit to the right:

➢The number of unknown

nonreference nodes is reduced by
one.

22
Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources

Case 2: The voltage source is


connected between two
nonreferenced nodes:
➢a generalized node (supernode) is
formed.
➢ Write KCL of the supernode
(combining node 2 and 3) as a
closed surface
Example: in the circuit to the right:

➢ Use supernode KVL as one

equation
Example: in the circuit to the right:
23
Example 3
Find the node voltages in the following circuit
Solution:
𝑣1 𝑖1 𝑣𝑜 𝑖2
𝑣2 The voltage at nodes 1 and 2 are known
𝑖3
𝑣1 = 60 V (1)

𝑣2 = −24 V (2)

We have only one unknown voltage (𝑣𝑜 )

KCL at node 𝑣𝑜 𝑖1 + 𝑖2 + 𝑖3 = 0
𝑣𝑜 − 60 𝑣𝑜 + 24 𝑣𝑜 − 0 𝑣𝑜 − 𝑣1 𝑣𝑜 − 𝑣2 𝑣𝑜 − 0
+ + =0 + + =0
12 6 12 12 6 12
Multiply by 12 and rearrange

𝑣𝑜 1 + 2 + 1 = 60 − 48 4𝑣𝑜 = 12 𝑣𝑜 = 3 V 24
Example 4
Find the node voltages in the following circuit
Supernode

Solution:
𝑖1 𝑖3 KCL at the supernode: 𝑖1 = 𝑖2 + 𝑖3 + 𝑖4
𝑖2 𝑖4 𝑣1 𝑣2
2= + +7
2 4
−20 = 2𝑣1 + 𝑣2 (1)

Note: Supernode encompasses voltage source + all parallel KVL at the supernode: 𝑣2 − 𝑣1 = 2 (2)
components between𝑣1 and 𝑣2

22 16
Solving equations (1) and (2) simultaneously: 𝑣1 = − V 𝑣2 = − V
3 3
25
Example 5
Find the node voltages in the following circuit
Solution:
The voltage at node 1 is already known
𝑣1 = 10 V (1)

We have only two unknown node voltages

(𝑣2 and 𝑣3 )
We need two equations
KCL at the superndoe 𝑖1 + 𝑖4 = 𝑖2 + 𝑖3
10 − 𝑣2 10 − 𝑣3 𝑣2 𝑣3
+ = +
2 4 8 6
120 − 12𝑣2 + 60 − 6𝑣3 = 3𝑣2 + 4𝑣3
180 = 15𝑣2 + 10𝑣3 (2)

KVL at the superndoe 𝑣2 − 𝑣3 = 5 (3) 26

Example 5
Find the node voltages in the following circuit
Solution:
180 = 15𝑣2 + 10𝑣3 (2)

𝑣2 − 𝑣3 = 5 (3)

Solving equations (2) and (3) simultaneously:

𝑣2 = 9.2V 𝑣3 = 4.2V

27
Practice Exercise3

28
More examples (Example 3.4 textbook)

29
Methods of Analysis- 2

• Nodal analysis
• Nodal analysis with voltage source
• Mesh analysis
• Mesh analysis with current source
• Nodal and mesh analyses by inspection
• Nodal versus mesh analysis
30
Remember: Nodal Analysis
Nodal Analysis utilizes KCL to solve for unknown node voltages

Circuit Example

Steps to Determine Node Voltages:

1. Select a node as the reference node. Assign voltage v1, v2, …vn-1 to the remaining n-1
nodes. The voltages are referenced with respect to the reference node.
2. Apply KCL to each of the n-1 nonreference nodes. Use Ohm’s law to express the branch
currents in terms of node voltages.
3. Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain the unknown node voltages.
31
Mesh Analysis
Mesh Analysis utilizes KVL to solve for unknown mesh currents

Steps to Determine mesh currents:

1. Assign mesh currents i1, i2, .., in to the n meshes.
2. Apply KVL to each of the n meshes. Use Ohm’s law to express the voltages in
terms of the mesh currents.
3. Solve the resulting n simultaneous equations to get the mesh currents.
32
Example 6
For the following circuit, use mesh analysis to find the branch currents I1, I2 and I3
Solution: Step#1: Assign mesh currents
Step#2: Write KVL for each mesh
 KVL at mesh1: −15 + 5𝐼1 + 10𝐼3 + 10 = 0
5𝑖1 + 10(𝑖1 − 𝑖2 ) = 5
Divide both sides by 5
3𝑖1 − 2𝑖2 = 1 (1)
and collect common terms:

 KVL at mesh 2: −10 − 10𝐼3 + 10𝐼2 = 0

−10 𝑖1 − 𝑖2 + 10𝑖2 = 10
Divide both sides by 10
−𝑖1 + 2𝑖2 = 1 (2)
and collect common terms:
33
Example 6

Step#3: Solve equations (1) and (2) by any method

to obtain 𝑖1 and 𝑖2

3𝑖1 − 2𝑖2 = 1 (1) −𝑖1 + 2𝑖2 = 1 (2)

Solving by Elimination technique,

Add equations (1) and (2): 2𝑖1 = 2

Do Not
𝐼1 = 𝑖1 = 1 A Forget Units!

Substituting in equation (2): 2𝑖2 = 1 + 𝑖1

𝐼2 = 𝑖2 = 1A.

34
Practice Exercise 4
Calculate the mesh currents 𝑖1 and 𝑖2 of the following circuit.

35
Example 7
Use mesh analysis to find the current I0 in the following circuit
Solution:
 KVL at mesh1: −24 + 10 𝑖1 − 𝑖2 + 12(𝑖1 − 𝑖3 ) = 0
Divide ÷ 2 &collect
11𝑖1 − 5𝑖2 − 6𝑖3 = 12 (1)
common terms:

 KVL at mesh2: −10 𝑖1 − 𝑖2 + 24𝑖2 + 4(𝑖2 − 𝑖3 ) = 0

Divide ÷ 2 &collect
−5𝑖1 + 19𝑖2 − 2𝑖3 = 0 (2)
common terms:

 KVL at mesh3: −12 𝑖1 − 𝑖3 + 4 𝑖3 − 𝑖2 + 4𝐼𝑜 = 0

𝐼𝑜 = (𝑖1 − 𝑖2 )
−12 𝑖1 − 𝑖3 + 4 𝑖3 − 𝑖2 + 4 𝑖1 − 𝑖2 = 0
Divide ÷ 8 &collect
−𝑖1 − 𝑖2 + 2𝑖3 = 0 (3)
common terms:
36
Example 7
Using Cramer:

𝐼𝑜 = (𝑖1 − 𝑖2 )

37
Example 7
Using Cramer:

𝐼𝑜 = (𝑖1 − 𝑖2 )

38
Practice Exercise 5

Using mesh analysis, find 𝐼𝑜 in the following circuit.

39
Mesh Analysis with Current Sources

Case 1: Current source exist only


in one mesh
➢The mesh current is equal to the
current source
Example: in the circuit to the right:

i2 = −5A
➢Thenumber of unknown currents is
reduced by one.

40
Mesh Analysis with Current Sources

Case 2: Current source exists between two


supermesh
meshes, a super-mesh is obtained.:
➢ a supermesh results when two meshes have
a (dependent , independent) current source in
common.
➢ A supermesh has no current of its own.

❖ Write KVL of the supermesh (combining

Loop1 and 2) as one equation
Example: in the circuit to the right:
−20 + 6𝑖1 + 14𝑖2 = 0
❖ Use supermesh KCL as second equation
Example: in the circuit to the right:
𝑖2 − 𝑖1 = 6
41
Example 8
Use mesh analysis to find the voltage across the 6Ω resistor
 For mesh 2: 𝑖2 = −5A

 KVL at mesh 1: −10 + 4𝑖1 + 6(𝑖1 − 𝑖2 ) = 0

−10 + 10𝑖1 − 6 (−5) = 0
10𝑖1 = −20
𝑖1 = −2A

The voltage across the 6Ω resistor = 6 𝑖1 − 𝑖2 = 6 −2 + 5 = 18𝑉

42
Example 9
Find the mesh currents 𝑖1 and 𝑖2
Solution:
 Supermesh consists of two meshes, two equations are needed;
❑ one equation is obtained using KVL and Ohm’s law to the supermesh, and
−20 + 6𝑖1 + 14𝑖2 = 0 6𝑖1 + 14𝑖2 = 20 (1)
❑ the other equation is obtained by KCL at the current source.
𝑖1 − 𝑖2 = −6 (2)
supermesh
form (2) in (1)
6(𝑖2 − 6) + 14𝑖2 = 20
𝑖2 = 2.8𝐴
in (2)
𝑖1 = −3.2𝐴
43
Practice Exercise 6

44
Methods of Analysis- 3

• Nodal analysis
• Nodal analysis with voltage source
• Mesh analysis
• Mesh analysis with current source
• Nodal and mesh analyses by inspection
• Nodal versus mesh analysis
45
Nodal and Mesh Analysis by Inspection

The analysis equations can be

obtained by direct inspection
(a) For circuits with only resistors and
independent current sources

(b) For planar circuits with only resistors and

independent voltage sources

46
Nodal by Inspection
For circuits with only resistors and independent current sources
NOTE: For consistency, while writing each node equation, use KCL form of:
෍ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 0

Example: Write the nodal equations for the following circuit.

KCL at node 1: −𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐺1 𝑣1 + 𝐺2 (𝑣1 − 𝑣2 )
𝐺1 + 𝐺2 𝑣1 − 𝐺2 𝑣2 = 𝐼1 − 𝐼2
KCL at node 2: −𝐼2 + 𝐺3 𝑣1 + 𝐺2 (𝑣2 − 𝑣1 )
−𝐺2 𝑣1 + (𝐺2 + 𝐺3 )𝑣2 = 𝐼2 Sum of entering I

Other nodes X – sum of Common G Same nodes X sum of connected G

Matrix form: G1 + G2 −G2   v1   I1 − I 2 

 −G  =
 2 G2 + G3  v2   I 2 
 
47
Example 10
Write the node voltage matrix equations for the following circuit
0.1 + 0.2 𝑣1 − 0.2𝑣2 = 3

−0.2𝑣1 + 0.2 + 0.125 + 1 𝑣2 − 0.125𝑣3 − 𝑣4 = −3

−0.125𝑣2 + 0.25 + 0.125 + 0.125 𝑣3 − 0.125𝑣4 = 0

−𝑣2 − 0.125𝑣3 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.125 𝑣4 = 6

 0.3 − 0.2 0 0  v1   3 

− 0.2 1.325 − 0.125 − 1  v   − 3 
  2  =  
 0 − 0.125 0.5 − 0.125  v3   0
 0 −1
 − 0.125 1.625  v4   6

48
Mesh by Inspection
For circuits with only resistors and independent voltage sources
NOTE: For consistency, while writing each mesh equation, use same mesh current to
provide reference for voltage polarity

Example: Write the mesh equations for the following circuit.

KVL at mesh1: −𝑉1 + 𝑅1 𝑖1 + 𝑅3 𝑖1 − 𝑖2 = 0
𝑅1 + 𝑅3 𝑖1 − 𝑅3 𝑖2 = 𝑉1
KVL at mesh2: 𝑅3 𝑖2 − 𝑖1 + 𝑅2 𝑖2 + 𝑉2 = 0
−𝑅3 𝑖1 + (𝑅2 + 𝑅3 )𝑖2 = −𝑉2 Sum of V
supporting the
Other mesh X – sum of Common R Same mesh X sum of loop R mesh current

Matrix form:  R1 + R3 − R3   i1   V1 
 −R  =
 3 R2 + R3  i2   −V2 
 
49
Example 11
Write the mesh current matrix equations for the following circuit
(5 + 2 + 2)𝑖1 − 2𝑖2 − 2𝑖3 = 4

−2𝑖1 + 2 + 2 + 4 + 1 + 1 𝑖2 − 4𝑖3 − 𝑖4 − 𝑖5 = 10 − 4

−2𝑖1 − 4𝑖2 − 2 + 3 + 4 𝑖3 − 𝑖4 − 𝑖5 = 6 − 12

−𝑖2 + 4 + 1 + 3 𝑖4 − 3𝑖5 = 0

−𝑖2 − 3𝑖4 + 3 + 1 𝑖5 = −6

 9 − 2 − 2 0 0  i1 
− 2    4
10 − 4 − 1 − 1 i2
    6 
− 2 − 4 9 0 0  i3  = − 6
 0     
−1 0 8 − 3 i4  0
   − 6
 0 −1 0 − 3 4  i5    50
Practice Exercise 7
By inspection, obtain the mesh-current equations for the following circuit.

150 −20 0 −80 0 𝑖1 30

−20 65 −30 −15 0 𝑖2 0
0 −30 50 0 −20 𝑖3 = −12
−80 −15 0 95 0 𝑖4 20
0 0 −20 0 80 𝑖5 −20
51
Nodal Versus Mesh Analysis

Both nodal and mesh analyses provide a systematic way of

analyzing a complex network.
The choice of the better method dictated by two factors.
❑Firstfactor : nature of the particular network. The key is to select
the method that results in the smaller number of equations.
❑Second factor : information required.

52
Practice Problems

workshop
Be prepared to solve by yourself

*Before we practice notal and mesh, solve 2.52 and/or 2.53(b)

53
Practice Exercise 8
Solve the following circuit to obtain 𝐼𝑥

𝑣1 = 10V
1Ω 3Ω
𝐼𝑥 = 1.667A
6Ω

54
Practice Exercise 9
Determine 𝐼𝑏 in the following circuit using nodal analysis.

55
Practice Exercise 10
Find the currents 𝐼1 through 𝐼4 and the voltage 𝑣𝑜 in the following circuit

56
Practice Exercise 11
Apply mesh analysis to find 𝑣𝑜 in the following circuit.

𝑖1

𝑖2 𝑖3

57
Practice Exercise 12
By inspection, write the mesh-current equations for the following
circuit. Then, determine the values of 𝑖1 , 𝑖2 and 𝑖3 .

9 −4 −5 𝑖1 30
−4 7 −1 𝑖2 = −15
−5 −1 9 𝑖3 0
Using Matlab;
𝑖1 6.264
𝑖2 = 1.96 A
𝑖3 3.694

58
End of Ch3

Questions?

59