Thermodynamics (292] Thermodynamics [2931 Technical Series

Technical Series
Loss in Available Energy
=mCe (T-T) mC, To log.
Suppose a certain quantity of energy Q is
body at constant temperature T1 to anothertransferred from a
body at constant (363)
temperature T2(T2 < Ti). = (20) (4.18)| (363 -383) 383 log.283
Initial available energy, with the body at Ti, = 83.6 (80 -70.52) = 979.47 kJ.

-a(1 Available energy of 30 kg of water at 30°C

T

Final available energy, with the body at T2,

= mCP
To

Here T=30°C = 273 +30 =303°K

Loss in available energy
To = 10°C= 273+10 = 283°K

-a1-)-Q(1-= -)-ToAs,a
where ASuni is the change in the entropy of the
A.E. = Available energy

= mCp [T-To loge T]n,

universe.
(b) Calculate the decrease in
available
of water at 90°Cmixes with 30 kg of energy when 20 kg
water at 30°C, the
=
mCel (T- T) - Tloge
pressure being taken as constant and the temperature log-()
of the surroundings being 10°C.
=30 x4.18| 20 283
Take CP of water as 4.18 kJ/kg K. = 73.986 = 74 kJ.
= 30 x 4.18(0.59)
Ans. m = 20 kg available energy is:
Hence decrease in the
Ti= 90°C= 273 + 90 = 363° K 30°c
AE = (AE)at 90°C --(AE)at kJ.
Available energy at 95°C 73.99 kJ= 805.48
= 879.47 kJ - help
and real gas with the
8.(a)Differentiate between ideal
(A.E,)asrc =mCr(1-) dT. of equation of
state.
as a gas that
obeys all
T
Ideal gas: Ideal gas can be defined temperature. Ideal
Here T= 363° K
Ans conditions of pressure and point.
gas laws at all a triple
They also do not have
To = 10 + 273 = 283 gases do not condense.and velocity.
mass
Ideal gases have that do not
T T
gases are defined as the gasestemperature.
Real gas: Real pressure and
A.E. all standard point. They
obey gas laws at cooled to their boiling
condense when understand the
To T
Real gases volume. To
velocity, mass and
have
 Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics [294] Technical Series [295] Technical Series
difference between ideal gas and real gas more precisely, the PVi.2 = Constant
points of difference can be jotdown in a tabular form. Final pressure = p2 =1.8 bar es

Ideal gas Real gas Gas constant =R=0.287 kJ/kg (K)

Ideal gas obeys all gas laws Real gas obeys gas laws only at
Ratio of specific heat 9 = 1.4.
conditions of low pressure and
under all conditions of pressure high
and temperature. temperature. They obey
Vanderwaal's real gas equation
() Let us find V2. T2 and As
The molecules collide with each The molecules collide with each Assuming air to be a perfect gas
other elastically. other inelastically. So PVi =RT1
The volume occupied by the The volume occupied by
molecules is negligible as RTi (0.287 x 1000 x 373)
molecules is not negligible as VË= P1 8x 105
=0.1338 m/kg
compared to the total volume. compared to total volume.
There are no intermolecular Either attractive or repulsive PiVil2 = P2V212
forces of attraction. forces are present between the
particles.
It is a hypothetical gas. It exists in nature around us.
It has a pressure correction
It has high pressure term in its equation and the =0.4637 m/kg
= 0.1338
actual pressure is less than So V2 =
ideal gas.
Specific volume,
Obeys PV = nRT
nRT
Obeya|P(lv - nb) = V2= 0.4637 mkg
(b) 1kg of air at a pressure of 8 bar and a Also P2V2 = RT2
tenmperature of
100°C undergoes a reversible polytropic process x 105 x 0.4637
P2V2 1.8(0.287 290.8 K
following the law (pul.2 = constant). if the final T2 = R x 1000)
pressure is 1.8 bar, determine
Final temperature,
(1) the finl specific volume, temperature and increase in 273 = 17.8°C
te = 290.8-
entropy;
Increase:
(ii) the work done and the heat transfer. Entropy is

Assume R=0.287 kJ/K and y= 1.4. AS = C, loge Rlog()

iii) Repeat (a) assuming the process to be irreversible and
adiabatic between end states. ,8==1.4
Ans. Amount of air =1 kg R=0.287 kJ/kg (K)
and Cp -C =
Initial pressure P=8 bar C, = 0.7 17 kJ/kg
Initial temp. To =100°C= 100 +
273=3730K
 Thermodynamics [297] Technical Series
Thermodynamics [296] Technical Series Barometric pressure P=740 mm of Hg
290.8)
As =0.717 loge
373 + 0.287 1log.(.4637 =740 x133.3 = 98642 N/m2
\0.1338)
= 133.3 N/m2 =0.98642 bar
=-0.1785 + 0.3567 = 0.1782 kJ/kg (K).
Polytropic process,: Partial pressure of water vapour is given by:
(Po-Pw) (t-to)
W= PiVi-P2V2(T1 -T2) P, = Pw 1544 - 1.44 tw
(n- 1) n-1
(0.98642 -0.02337) (30-20)
0.287(373 290.8) = 0.02337 -
(1544 l.44 x 20)
(1.2 - 1) = 117.96 kJ/kg
= 0.02337 -0.00636
Heat transferred: Q= Au + W
= 0.01701 = 1.701 x 10-
bar.
where u= C (T2 T) = 0.717 (290.8 373)
tdp = 15°C
=-58.94 kJ/kg (ii) Relative humidity: Steam table, the
saturation pressure
then Q=-58.94 +117.96 = 59.02 kJ/kg
dry bulb temperature of 30°C is
Heat transferred = 590.2 kJ/kg of vapour corresponding to
P,= 0.04242 bar
The process is adiabatic, so heat transfer = 0
So Q = As + W
Relative humidity is given by:
or, 0= Au + W 0.01701 =0.40 = 40%
W=- Au = -(- 58.94) = 58.944 kJ/kg o=Po.04242
Work done = 58.94 kJ/kg. (iii) Specific Humidity:
saturated air is
9. (a) The readings from a
sling Specific Humidity of
follows: psychrometer are as 0.622 Ps
0.622 x 0.04242
0.98642 - 0.04242
Ws = P-P's
Dry-bulb temperature = 30°C: Barometer reading = 740 0.01058 0.010914 kg per kg of dry air
mm of Hg. Using steam tables. =
determine (i) dew point 0.96941
temperature: (ii) relative humidity: (iii) saturated air is
Specific humidity of
humidity; (iv) degree of saturation: (v) vapour specific
density (iv) Degree of saturation:
0.622 x 0.04242
and (vi) enthalpy of mixture per kg of dry air. 0.622 Ps 0.98642 - 0.04242
Ans. tw = 20°C;
Ws (Ps - P)
0.02638 = 0.027945 kg per kg of dry
air
ta =30°C; 0.944
Ph = 740 mm of Hg is:
Degree of saturation
(i) Dew point tenmperature:From the steam table that saturation W_0.010914 = 0.39l=39.1%
= w.0.027945
pressure corresponding to wet bulb temperature of 20°C is
Pe, = 0.02337 bar.
Thermodynamics [300) Technical Series Thermodynamics [301] Technical Series
(1) The system is closed one and process takes place in non
flow system
2021 (ii) The process is non-quasi static
(iii) The boundary of the system should not move in order
that work may be transferred

1.
THERMODYNAMICS
Choose the correct answer from the
(iv) If the system is open one, it should be non-reversible
Ans : (iii)

seven): following (any (e) For a closed system, the difference between the heat added
to the system and the work done by the system is equal to
(a) Air is compressed adiabatically in a steady flow process with the change in
negligible change in potential and kinetic energy. The work ) enthalpy (ii) entropy
done in the process is given by
(iii)temperature (iv) internal energy
)-Jpdv Gi) + pdy Ans : (iv)
() Change in internal energy in a reversible process occurring
the
transferred, if
in a closed system is equal to the heat
(i) - vàp (iv) + vdp process occurs at constant
1) pressure (ii) volume
Ans : (iüi)
(b) Which one of the following is the (iii) temperature (iv) enthalpy
extensive property of a
thermodynamic system? Ans : (i)
between temperatures 900 K
(i)) Volume (iü) Pressure (g) A reversible engine operates reversibe engine between
and T2 (T2 < 900 K), and another
(iü) Temperature (iv) Density of T: if
in series. What is the value
Ans : (i) T2 and 400 KT2 > 400 K)
engines are equal?
(c) The time constant of a work outputs of both the
attain
thermocouple is the time taken to (i) 600K
(ii) 625 K

(i) the final value to be (iii) 650 K (iv) 675 K

measured
(ii) 50% of the value of the initial Ans: (ii) 27°C. If the
temperature difference operates between 327°C and
(iüi) 63.2% of the value of the initial (h) A Cannot engine what is the entropy change
(iv) 98.8% of the value of the initial
temperature difference engine produces 300 kJ of work,
Ans : (iii)
temperature difference during heat addition?
(ii)1.0 kJ/K
(i) 0.5 kJ/K
(iv) 2.0 kJ/K
(d) For the expression pdv to represent the work, which of the (iii) 1.5 kJ/K
Ans : (ii) situations the entropy change
following conditions should apply? In which one of the following
(1)
will be negative?
 Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics [302] Technical Series [303] Technical Series

() Air expands isothermally from 6 bars to 3 bars surrounding. The chemical composition will be the same
(ii) Air is compressed to half the volume at constant pressure through out the system.
(iii) Heat is supplied to air at constant volume till the Ex. CaCO3 ’ CaO + CO2
pressurr becomes three folds When we heat calcium carbonate (CaCO3) at temp. 1073 K
(iv) Air expands isentropically from 6 bars to 3 bars will get CaO and CO2.
Ans : (iü)
Mechanical Equilibrium : A system is said to be
() Neglecting changes in kinetic energy and potential energy, mechanical equilibrium when there is no unbalanced force
for unit mass the availability in a non-flow process becomes within the system or between system and surroundings. It
a=- o0, where o is the availability function of the deals with the force. The pressure in the system is the same
(1) open system (iü) closed system at all the point & does not change within time.
do not move
(iü) isolated system (iv) steady flow process Ex. Treadmill in gym, on which we run but we
Ans : a) forward.
be in thermal
2. (a) Define thermodynamic equilibrium. With the help of Thermal Equilibrium: A system is said to present
no temperature difference
practical example, explain the phenomenon of equilibrium when there is
at all point.
achieving a thermodynamicequilibrium of system. and the temperature remains equal
has higher temperature as compared to
Ans.Thermodynamic equilibrium: In thermodynamic Ex. A hot cup of tea equilibrium.
surrounding. So this is not in thermal
equilibrium all the thermodynamic processes of the system compressed
at 300 K and 1 bar is
remains constant with time. Two systems will be in a (b) 0.1 m³ of an ideal gas It is then cooled at constant
thermodynamic equilibrium when they are in thermal adiabatically to 8 bars. isothermally so as to
expanded
chemical and mechanical equilibrium with each other. In volume and further where it started. Calculate
from
thermodynamic equilibrium a system follows the zeroth law reach the condition volume cooling, (ii)
of. T/D. in which heat loss is equal to heat gain. pressure at the end of constant constant volumne
(i) energy during
change in internal transferred
Practical Example of thermodynamic equilibrium is, when a
and (iii) net work done and heat
cold bottle of water bring out from the refrigerator and keep process
during the cycle.
outside in surrounding it gains heat & after a lot of time it
comes in equilibrium with the surrounding. This type of Ans.
equilibrium is known as thermodynamic equilibrium. (ba)
For Achieving the thermodynamic equilibrium a system
most follow the condition of
) Chemical Equilibrium
(ü)Mechanical Equilibrium
(üi)Thermal Equilibrium 0.1
So, chemical Equilibrium: When no chemical reaction
takes place in the system or between system and
 Thermodynamics [305] Technical Series
Thermodynamics [304] Technical Series
Given, VË=0.1 m |Ps = 4.4 bar
es
Ti -300 K Ts = Ti (ve sign means decrease in internal energy)
P=lbar, P; = S bar During constant volume cooling process, temperature and
Assume, Cp = 14.3 KJ/Kg.K hence internal energy is reduced. This decrease in internal
Cv= 10.2 KJ/KgK energy equals to heat flow to surrounding since work done is
(i) Pressure at the end by constant volume cooling, Ps: zero.

C 14.3
10 =1.402
(ii) Net workdone and heat transferred during the cycle:
PiVi - P:V2 mR(T1 - T)
W-2= r-1
Characteristic gas constant, r-1
0.00813 x 4.1 (300 544.5)
R=Cp-C, = 14.3 10.2 = 4.1 KJ/KgK
1.402 1
Considering process 1-2, we have:
|Wi-2-20.27 KJ
PVi=P:V V
P: constant)
W2-3=0 (due to volume remains
1
V: = (r)ur x W3-1=PsVs logeV)

V:= V2x x 0.1 x log eT)

=PV log eP) = 1x 105 ce
J
Ws-1= 14816 (Nm) = 14.82
Wi-2+ W:-+ W3-1
=0.1 x Network done =
-5.45 KJ
=(-20.27) + 0 + 14.82 =
=0.0227 m3 been done on the
that work done has
- Ve sign indicates
- system.

(1.402 - 1) For a cyclic process :

T2
Ti
1.402
= 1.815 qdQ=aw cycle
during the complete
T2 = 1.815 x Ti Heat transferred
=1.815 x 300 = 544.5 K dQ = 5.45 KJ
rejected
heat has been
Now, considering process 3 - 1, we have - Ve sign means
system.
PsV: = PVi i.e., Lost from the equation of an open
SFEE
SFEE? Derive the
P: =
PVi 1 x 0.1
0.0227 =4.4 bar 3. (a) What is
systemn.
Thermodynamics (306]
Thermodynamics [307] Technical Series
Technical Series
Ans. SFEE : Steady Mow energy equation (SFEE) based on = p.A.V;
conservation of energy. For steady flow, there should no any = pA1V=pzAVz
accumulation of energy with in C.V, 80 the rate of energy V
es

entering must be equal to the rate of energy leaving. U1

Derivation of SFEE for open flow :
= Sp. volume, total energy of flow system consist of
Assumptions : P.E. K.E.,I. E., &flow work
The mass flow rate through the system remain constant. :. E= PE + K.E+ IE + FW
The rate of Heat transfer is constant.
The rate of work transfer is constant = h+tg
The state of working substance at any point within the Now total energy rate cross boundary as heat &
work.
system is same at all times.
= Total energy rate leaving at (2)
No any chemical composition changing takes place. Total energy rate leaving at (1)
For steady flow, the all above condition must be follow.
Let, Ai. Az = CrOs8-sectional area of inlet & outlet Q- W=mfe Ihy +Vi2 +geal-m f hy+ g
Pi. p2 = IDensity of fluid at inlet & outlet For steady flow process
u), uz = Internal energy of fluid at Inlet & outlet mf=mfi= mfa
Vi9 +g(Za - Z))
m, Az = Mass flows rate at inlet & outlet
Q- W= mf [(hz - hi) + (V-
P, P2 = Pressure of mas8 at inlet & outlet
For Unit Mass basis.
V, V,= Sp. volume of fluid at inlet & outlet
Q- W
V, V,= Velocity of fluid at inlet & outlet
Vi)+ g(z2-z1)]J/Kg.se
; In absence of any mass getting stored = [(h2 - hi) +(V-
work
:. Mass flow rate at inlet = Mass flow rate at outlet W,= specific heat
System Boundary Now,
A, +dkE + dPE
dq - dw = dn

H
Oulet + gz1 t q1-2|
System 2
nlet
Or

Z
hy + 2 + gzz + Wi-2
through a heat
of 20°C passes
Dalum Level
Fig 2.3
a temperature where its
(b) Air at of 40 m/s
my= Density x Volm flow rate exchanger at a velocity
= Density x Area x velocity
Thermodynamics [308]
Technical Series Thermodynamics
temperature is raised to 820
turbine with same C. It then (1) For Heat Exchanger:
[(309) Technical Series
enters a
velocity of 40 m/s and expands
the
temperature
turbine, the air is
falls to 620°C. On tilI
leaving the
Rate of heat transfer
taken at a Energy equation is given as es

nozzle where it expands untilvelocity-of 55 m/s to a

fallen to 510 °C. f the air the temperature
has +gz1)+ Q-a= mhe +c22 g2)+ Wi
calculate (1) rate of heat transferflow rate is 2.5 kgls,
to the air in the
2
Assumne z1= Z2, C1, C2 =0, W1-2=0
exchanger,(ii) the power output from
assuming no heat loss, (iii) the velocity at
heat
the turbine :. mhi + Q12= mh2
the nozzle, exit from
of air as h =assuming no heat loss.
Cpt, where Cp is the Take the enthalpy
Q1-2= m(h2- hi)
1.005 kJ / kg C and t be the specific heat equal to Q1-2=mCp (t2 -ti)
Ans.Given data temperature. = 2.5x 1.005 (820 20)
Temperature of air, Q1-2= 2010 KJ/sec. Ans.
ti=20°C
Velocity of air C1 = 40 m/sec (ii) Turbine :
Temperature of air after passing the Heat Exchanges Power output of Turbine gives.
t2 =820° C Energy equation of turbine give
Velocity of air at entry to the turbine + W2-3
c2 = 40 m/sec.
He

change [: Q2-3 =0, z1 =z2l

W2-3= m

Turbire
+W m (te-ti) 2
(40)2 (55)2]
= 2.5| 1.005 (820 - 620) + 2x 1000
Nozzle
or, 504.3 kw
turbine = 504.3 kw Ans.
Temperature of air after leaving the turbine .:. Power output of
t3 = 620°C (iii) For Nozzle:
Velocity of air at entry to nozzle nozzle.
Velocity at exist from the
nozzle gives.
C3 = 55 m/sec. Energy equation for
Temperature of air after expansion through cs [: W3 -4=0, Q3 -4=0,
Z1 = Zi]
t4 = 510°C ha + 2
Air flow Rate, m = 2.5 Kgls.
Thermodynamics (310)
Technical Series Thermodynamics [311] Technical Series
Ca Calculation of Dryness Fraction of Steam (Xi)
Properties of wet steam before throttling at point '1' by using
= 552 steam tables,
1.005 (620 510) + 2x 1000 les

=112.062 x10J Enthalpy of a snturated water corresponding to pressure

P= hn, KJ/Kg
C4= 473.4 m/sel Ans.
Latent heal of evaporation corresponding to pressure
.:. Velocity at exist from the Pi= hg, 1. KJ/Kg.
4. (a) Draw a neat
nozzle = 473.4 m/se.
sketch of throttling Similarly properties of super heated steam after throttling
explain how dryness fraction of steamcalorimeter
is
and at point '2' by using steam tables.
Clearly explain its limitations. determined. Enthalpy of a superheated steam corresponding to pressure
Ans.
P2 and temperature tsup. 2 = hsup, 2 KJ/Kg.
remains
Since during the throttling process, the enthalpy
constant, hence.
THAOTTLING OF STEA
Enthalpy of wet steam before throttling valve at point '1'
superheated
hernoster corresponding to pressure P = Enthalpy of to pressure
throttling at point 2 corresponding
Mmpling the
1
steam after
Ihernomter
pocket P2.
...(1)
hË=h sup12
corresponding to
troe
steam at point '1'
onhce Where, Enthalpy of wet
sly thretlang
chamber pressure P is given by .(2)
hË= hn + X1 .hiel
Waler
in equation (1) we have,
manomctor
By using equation (2)
throtled steam hËi+ Xi.he. 1 =hup, 2
hsup,2 h,
or, X
Throttling calorimeter calorimeter
Principle: The principle of the Limitations ofthrottling the dryness
fraction is
throttle the wet steam so that it becomes throttling calorimeter is to is used when
This calorimeters
The above figure show that the superheated greater than 0.95.
throttling steam after throttling
consists of inner chamber and outer calorimeter calorimeter condition of
To use this
gauge attached to the outer casing andchamber. The pressure must be superheated.
and 0.8 dryness
thermometer in inner
chambers gives the pressure and temperature quantity of steam at 13 bars supplied to raise
of steam after (b) A Deternmine the heat constant
throttling, respectively. In order to prevent any heat occupies 0.1 m, 250 °C at
from and to the system, the outer chamber is transfer temperature of the steam to
insulated. the
Thermodynamics [314) Thermodynamics [315] Technical Series
Technical Series C.0.P. of Reversible heat pump
If such arrangement is possible it would also violate Kelvin.
Planks.Statement. T1 298 es

Let a heat engine operating between the same (C.0.P.)HP =T,T 298 -273
T2 & Ti take in Q2 as a heat input at T2. It reservoirs at
converts a part of 298
this heat into work and rejects heat Q3 to the sink at =11.92
25
Since the clausius violator is rejected the same Ti.
at T2, It can supply directly into the heat quantity Q2
Source Source Sourca
engine. So that the 25°C 380°C 0°C
reservoir at T2 can be eliminated. This arrangement shown
in fig which producing continuous work
with a single
reservoir at T.
Hence it violate the Kelvin planks statement Now from Heat Heat Heat
pump
fig.1 a Kelvin-plancks violater is converting all W
pump engine W

taken from the reservoir at TH into work. heat. QH

If such impossible heat engine is Q.
assumed to exist it will
violate the Clausius statement consider a Sink (Atmosphere)
pumping QL heat from the low refrigerator Sink
25°C
higher temperature TH.
temperature reservoir at 0°C
(b) Combined system
(a) Single system
Combined with the Kelvin-Plank violater the
arrangement is
pumping Q Lheat from TL to TH without any external T2
hence it violate the clauses agency :. (C.0.P.)ref. T-T2
statements.
(b) A reversible heat pump is 273
used to maintain a 298 - 273
temperature of 0°C in a refrigerator when it rejects
the heat to the 273 = 10.92
surroundings at 25°C. 25
(i) If the heat removal rate from
the
kJ/min, determine the COP of the refrigerator is 1440
input required.
machine and work Now,
10.92 W

(ii) If the required input to run

the pump is 24 = 10.92
a reversible engine which receives heat developed by
at 380°C and
Or, W

rejects heat to atmosphere, then determine the .:.W= 2.2 KW

COP of the system. overall
Ans.Given data Now, u = Q1 + W
26.2 KJ/s
Temperature, T= 25 + 273 = 298 K Q2 = 24 + 2.2 =
fig. (b)
Temperature T2= 0+ 273 =273 K From combined system,
Heat removal rate from the is given by
refrigerator The overall C.0.P.
Q= 1440 KJ/min = 24 KJ/sec.
Thermodynamics [316] Thermodynamics [317] Technical Series
Technical Series
C.0.P. = Ans.Expressions for entropy changes for a closed system
General case for change of entropyof a gas les
Heat renmoved from the refrigerator From 1st law : Ç = d+ w - reversible process
Heat supplied from the source -..i)
Q du, w
For Reversible engine T
+
T [diving both sides by T]
mc, dT Pdu
ds = +
T3 T. T T

Qa+WQ
T3
2 2
dT
2
mB
: PV= mRI
P mR
Q4+ 2.2 Jds = moT*J
1 1
du
1
(380 + 273) (25 + 273)
298 (Q4 + 2.2) = 653 Q T2 + mR In U2
S2 -S1= mcr Ln m
Q (653 298) = 298 x 2.2
T2 + R In
..(1)
298 x 2.2 $2 -S1= m
Now Q, = 355 = 1.847

Plvl p2 v2 T P2U2
.:. Q= 1.847 KJ/sec T2 T piU1
T1
Q3 = Qa + W P2v2 +Rln U2
= 1.847+ 2.2 = 4.047 S2 - S1 = Cu ln p,U1 |U1
KJ/sec.
U2
|Q3 = 4.047 KJ/Sec Ans. P2+ co n + RIn U1
S2 - S1= Cu ln
After substituting this value from equation (1)
...(2)
24
S2 - S1 = Cå ln P
P2
C.0.P. = =5.93
1.047
If the purpose of the system is to supply the heat to the
sink | : co- Cu = R]
at 25°C, then Over all C.O.P 2+4 volume
Q3 (ii) At constant volume = MCvdT
at constant
26.2 +1.847 We know that dQ by T
.. (C.0.P)overall = 6.93 side of the above eq
4.047 How, diving both
(C.0.P) overal = 6.93| Ans. mCdT
T T
6. (a) Derive expressions for entropy changes for a closed
both side)
2 2

=me. (Now, Integrating

system in the cases (i) general case for change oi
entropy of a gas, (ii) heating a gas at constant volume
and (iii) heating a gas at 1
constant pressure.
Thermodynamics [318] Technical Series Thermodynamics [319] Technical Series
2 [s]1= mCp nT]²
es

ds =me S2- S1 =mcp [In (T)-In (Ti))

1

S- Si mcp
2
b) 1.2 m of air is heated reversibly at constant pressure
from 300 K to 600 K, and is then cooled reversibly at
constant volume back to initial temperature. If the
initial pressure is 1 bar, calculate (i) the net heat flow,
(ii) the overall change in entropy. Represent the
processes on T-S plot.
[s]:= mc. In [I]: Ans.Given, Vi = 1.2 m³
$2- S1 =mc. [ln (T2) In (T1)] Pi= P2
Ti= 300 K
S2-Si = mc, In T T2= 600 K

(iii) At constant pressure P=1 bar, Cp = 1.005 KJ/Kg K

dQ = change in heat supply R= 0.287 KJ/KgK show the
dQ at constant pressure = mepdT T-Splot of the processes.
dQ= mc, dT
booK

300K

diving by T, both side (i) The net heat flow, : 1x 105x 1.2
PVi 1000) × 300
dQ.
T mcp Mass of air,M= RTi (0.287 x
= 1.394 Kg
dT
ds = mcp
T
Q= 1-2+ Q2-3
+ me (T3 - 72)
= mep (T2 - Ti) T)
2 2
mor (T1 T2) (: Th=
= mcp (T2- T1)+ R
ds = mcp = m (T2 -T) x
= m(T2 T) (cp - Cu)
0,287
=1.394 (600 - 300)x
1
 Thermodynamics [321] Technical Series
Thermodynamics [320) Technical Series Let the same quantity of energy is absorbed by reversible
Q= 120 KJ engine. Before the energy transfer takes place the energy is
tes
available at temperature T1. After the energy transfer the
(ii) The overall change in entropy : energy is available at a lower temperature T2.
Entropy change during constant pressure process 1-2, Let the ambient at a temperature T.
S2 S1 = mcp loge ) The initial available energy y-ol1-) ...(i)

600\
The final available energy =Q1 ...(ü)
= 1.394x 1.005 log e
=0.9711 KJ/K Therefore the loss of available energy
Entropy charge during constant volume process 2-3;
=m(cp- R) loge
-al-)-(--n ..(iii)

...(iv)
S3 - S2 F mc loge = To Asuni
universe.
where, ASuniy = Change in the entropy of the
available energy.
= 1.394 x (1.005 -0.287) log e Hence (As)uniy, > 0, i.e., there is loss in the
(As)univ.20, where the equality
=. 0.6938 KJ/K The 2nd law of TID state that
process and the inequality is true for all
:. Overall change of entropy is true for reversible
spontaneous or ireversible processes.
= (s2 - s1) + (s3 -s2) = 0.9711 +(-0.6938) irreversible processes are
Therefore all spontataneous or
energy.
0.2833 KJ/K associated witha loss of available
same amount of energy as heat is
7. (a) Deduce an expression for decrease in available It is noted that though the the irreversible energy transfer,
energy when heat is transferred through a finite available before and after compared to available
is less at 12
temperature difference. the available energy there is degradation in quality of the
Ans. Expression for deerease in available energy energy at T1. That is energy at lower temperature is
energy., The internal energy. Hence we have seen that all
Suppose a certain amount of heat energy Q is transferred as considered as degraded be converted into
work
as heat cannot reservoir
heat from a body at constant temperature Ti to a body at the energy absorbed of a or a body is a
that means the internal energy
constant temperature T2 (T1> T2).
low quantity energy. for highest quality
Because of the finite temperature difference between the two work is considered as with
interacting bodies the energy transfer is an irreversible On the other hand is interchangeable to other forms convert
energy because it possible to
process. This irreversibility leads to a loss in the available of conservation efficiency. It isVice-Versa
100% energy internal energy not
energy. work completely into whatever energy is
This loss in the available energy would not have occurred, is clear from both case, that difference, entropy
So, it temperature
had a reversible engine been employed to transfer the energy transferred through a finite
generation is brought about.
from the body at Ti to the body at T2.
Thermodynamics [322] Technical Series Thermodynamics [323] Technical Series
(b) 8 kg of air at 650 K and 55 bars pressure is . Change in available energy = 1319.2 KJ
enclosed in
a closed system. If the atmospheric Now loss of availability per unit mass during the
temperature and
pressure are 300 K and 1bar respectively, determine process es
=Po(vo - Ui) per unit mass.
(i) the availability if the system goes through the ideal
work producing process, (ii) the availability and Total loss of availability =Po(vo - vi)
effectiveness if the air is cooled at constant pressure mRT1 8x 287 x 650
to atmospheric temperature without bringing it to U1 = 2.713 m3
Pi 5.5 x 105
complete dead state. Take C = 0.718 kJ / kgk; Cp,
=1.005 kJ/kgk. V=2.713 m³
Ans.Given data Now Vo = 2.54 x 2.713
=6.891l mß
Mass of air, m =8 kg. Temperature Ti=650K
1x 105
Pressure P =5.5 bar. Patm =Po =l bar Loss of availability = 103 (6.891 2.713)
Atmospheric Temperature To =300K = 417.8 KJ.
For Air
(ü) Heat transfer during cooling process (constant press.)
Cp= 1.005 KJ/KgK, C =0.713 KJ/KgK
(i) = m.cp (T1- T)
Charge in available energy =8x 1.005 (650 - 300) = 2814 KJ
= m[u: - uo)- ToAS] Charge in entropy during cooling
As =C log. + R loge U1 As = mcp loge
Using Ideal gas equation. 650 =6.216 KJ/K.
=8x 1.005 x loge \300/
P.Vi_PoV
T To
As = 6.216 KJ/K
Vo_P To_5.5 300
VPo Ti 1 650 Unavailable energy = T% As
KJ
Vo =300 x 6.216 = 1864.8
** V 2.54 2814 - 1864.8
Now Available energy =
650 = 949.2 KJ
As =0.718 loge \300) +
-0.287 log-( Available energy
=0.555 + (-0.267) = 0.288KJ/KgK. Now Effectiveness E Charge in avaible energy
949.2
Change in available energy = =0.719.
1319.2
m[(u1- uo)- To As]
= m[c(T- To) - To As] Effectivess e = 0.718| Ans.
= 8(0.718 (650 300) - 300 x 0.288] = 1319.2 KJ
 Thermodynamics 325] Technical Series
Thermodynamics [324] Technical Series
8. (a) A mass of air initially at 260°C and a pressure of 686 0.2535 x 105 x V3=0.1345 x 287 x 533
bars has a volume of 0.03 m³, The air is expanded at |V3 =0.81162 m
constant pressure to 0.09 m³, a polytropic process with
n = 1.5 is then carried out, followed by a constant (i) The heat received in the cycle:
temperature process which completes the cycle. All Applying first law to the constant pressure process 1 - 2,
processes are reversible. Find (i) the heat received Q=AU+ W ...(1)
and rejected in the cycle, (ii) the eficiency of the 2
cycle. Show the cycle onp-v and T-s planes.
W= PdV= PV2 - V)
Ans.Given, P, = 6.86 bar, Ti= 260° c=533 K
1
Vi=0.03 m, n= 1.5, V2 =0.09 m³
=6.86 x 105 (0.090.03)
PPree)
from equation (1)
Q= mcu (T2 T)+ W
=0.1345x 0.713 (1600 533) + 41.16
Q=143.48 KJ
PY: mt process 1-2, = 143.48 KJ
iie., Heat received in
polytrophic process 2-3,
Applying first law to reversible
To find mass of the air we will use the relation, Q= AU=W
P.Vi= mRT1 Ps. V3-PV2
But W= (n-1)
m (PVi
RT1,
(6.86 x 106 x 0.03)
(287 x 533) 0.1345 x 287 x (1600
533)
(1.5 - 1)
m= 0.1345 Kg
= 92.37 KJ
From, P2V2 = mRT; - T2) +W
Now, Q= mC (T3 0.713x(533 1600) + 82.37
T2 = (P2V26.86 x105 x0.09 =0.1345 x
mR (0.1345x 287)
Q=-19,95 KJ
T2= 1600 K received in the cycle
Therefore, total heat
Also, P2Vz15 = P;V,1.5
= 143.48 +(-19.95)
1.5-1 Ans.
T 1.5 = 123.52 KJ
and cycle
T3 The rejected in thereversible isothermal process 3 -1,
|Ps = 0.2535 bar Applying first law to
Q= AU+ W (but AU = 0)
Now, P:V, = mRT;
 hermodyaniea |127| Technical Aeries
Thermodynamics Tochnical Sorioa

=0 2536 x0Nl6log(an) i) I'euneraro at which funible pluy

alouldmol, t
0 6784 KJ When the lunible lug in aboul to elt
- T0 br; V-0.04 , on - b6Ke
must nnelta ia
Q=W= o6784 KJ "Thereoro, lomperntro t l which uaible plug
Hence heal re)ected in the cvele =0.6784 KJ g0ven by
() The efMeieney of the eyele
W 143, 48 I9,96 0,0784 X I00
m

Nn Heat aupplied 143.48 00.7 K

122 h4
w*l43 48 100 =N5% "'0,7

|"= 07"| Ann,

9.(a) Defne the
following
(b) A steel flask of 0.04 m eapacity is to be used to wtore
nitrogen at 120 bars, 20°C. The lask is to be protectod () Dew pont temperaturo
against excessive pressure by a fusible plug which () Rolative bunidlty
will melt and allow the gaa to esoupe if the waturatlon
(Hi) Degree of
temperature rises too high, (0) How nnany kg of tompernturo
nitrogen will the fMaslk hold at the donigned Ann. () Dew point thormometer, when
conditions? (i) At what temperature must the funible in the lomperaturo of nir rocordod by a begina to condenao,
IL (wntor vapour) pronont
in it
plug melt in order to limit the pressuro of a ull Mask tho moinluro i# the Baturation
othor word, he dew point tonnperaturopartial proeaure of
to a maximum of 160 bars? ln Corronponding to tho
lompernture (ont). uuully, donotod by tp.
Ans.Capac1ty of steel flask, V= 0.04 m wnlor vpour (7), It lu
Pressure, P= 120 bar (1) Relatlve humldity
givon
Temperature, T'= 20 +273 =293 K mn ol wnter vnpour in a sAme
L in to ratio of notual
the mn of vapour
in the
() Kg of nitrogen the lask can hold volume of ont mir t0 nt the nme
tomperaturo nnd
volumo of Aaturatod ar
Now, R fur Nitrogen (molecular weight, M= 28) prounuro.
Ro 8314 aa RL.
M 28 296.96/Kg K IL in briolly writton
waturation
(I) Degreo of in a unit mana
Assuming nitrogen to be a perlect gan. ratio of nctual man of water vApour ALMO maa of
I| in tho in h0
We get Mass of nitrogen in the flaah at mam of wator vapour tenmperaturo.
doaigned condition. of dry nr to he at the uame
mE
PV 120 x 10° x 0,04 dry air when it iM aturatod
RT 296.9 x 293
Thermodynamics [328] Technical Series Thermodynamics [329] Technical Series

(b) On a particular day, the atmospheric air was found to 0.622 P 0.622 x 9.62
air
have a dry bulb temperature of 30°C and a wet bulb W
P,- Pu 756- 9.62 =0.008Kg/Kg of dry
temperature of 18°C. The barometric pressure was
observed to be 756 mm of Hg. Using the tables of w= 0.008 Kg/Kg of dry air
psychrometric properties of air, determine the
relative humidity, the specific humidity, the dew Dew point temperature
point temperature, the enthalpy of air per kg of dry Since the dew point temperature is the saturation
air and the volume of mixture per kg of dry air. of water
temperature corresponding to the partial pressure find that
Ans.Given, td = 30°; tw = 18C; P, = 756 mm of Hg vapour (P), there fore from steam tables, we1282.3 N/m?
corresponding to 9.62 mm of Hg or 9.62 x133.3 =
Relative humidity =0.012823 bar, the dew point temperature is,
First of all, let find the partial pressure of water vapour (P)
from steam tables. we final that the saturation pressure tdp =10.6° C|
corresponding to wet bulb temperature of 18°C is.
Enthalpy of air per Kg of dry air
N final that latent heat of
Pu = 0.02062 bar= 0.02062 x 105 = 2062 m2 From steam tables, we also temperature of 10.6°C.
vaporization of water at dew point
2062
133.3 = l5.47 mm of Hg hËg dp = 2476.5 KJIKg
Kg of dry air,
We know that enthalpy of air per
(" 1 mm of Hg = 133.3 N/m)
h=1.022td + w (higdp + 2.3tdp)
We know that, P., =Pu
(Po- Pu) (td - tu) =1.022x 30 + 0.008 (2476.5 + 2.3
x 10.6)
1544 - 1.44 tw
= 30.66+ 20= 50.66
KJIKg of dry air
= 15.47-5.85 =9.62 mm of Hg.
from steam table, we find that the saturation pressure of h= 50.66 KJ/Kg of dry air
a
vapour corresponding to dry bulb temp. of is the same volume but at
Moreover, the mixture occupies
of Hg.
P, =0.04242 bar = 0.04242x 105 total pressure of 756 mm temperature of
mixture (v) at a dry bulb
= 4242 N .:. Volume of the of Hg
9,62 mm
m² 30°C and a pressure of (756 -
air (Va) at a pressure of
4242
=31.8 mm of Hg = Volume of 1 kg of dry
133.3 9.62) or 746.38 of Hg.
We know that the relative humidity, = 0.8741 Kg/Kg of dry air
calculated
per Kg of dry air may be
9.62
=p.318-0.3022 or 30.22 % Note : The volume of mixture
as discussed below :
V,= RaTa
Specific humidity We know that V=
of air = 287 J/Kgk
We know that specific humidity Ra = Gas constant
 Thermodynamics [330] Technical Series
Td = Dry bul temp. in K
= 30 + 273 = 300 iK
N
and Pa = Pressure of air in m2

= P,- P, = 756 9.62 = 746.33 mm of Hg.

= 746.33 × 133.3
= 99492 N/m?

Substituting the values in the above eqn.

287 x 303
V=
99492 =0.8741 m³/Kg of dryair

V=0.8741 m/Kg of dry air

Subt Subssui

tegelle.