Kilmanun 2023 IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 1153 012037

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The 4th International Conference on Sustainable Agriculture and Environment IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1153 (2023) 012037 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1153/1/012037
Contribution of women labor to orange farmers income in

tebas sub-district sambas regency
Juliana C. Kilmanun1*, Riki Warman2 and Rusli Burhansyah1
1
Research Center for Behavioral and Circular Economic, Jl. Gatot Subroto no.10
Kuningan Barat Mampang Prapatan.Jakarta Selatan
2
Research Center for Horticultura and Estate Crop National Research and Innovation
Agency, Jl.Raya Bogor Jakarta-Cibinong Kabupaten Bogor 16915
Email : julianakilmanuncorry@gmail.com
Abstract.The role of women workers in horticultural farming is quite large. Women are not
only housewives but alsomake a real contribution to farming activities and household income.
This study aims to determine and analyze the outpouring of labor and the contribution of
women's income to citrus farmers in Tebas District, Sambas Regency, West Kalimantan. The
method used in this research was a descriptive analytic method. Data analysis to determine
the amount of labor and the amount of contribution by using quantitative analysis.
Determination of the sample in this study using purposive sampling technique. Interviews were
conducted on 40 female farmer households. The results of the study show that: (1) The labor
force of women farmers for citrus farming is 85,97 HOK/MT, (2) The income of women
farmers in citrus farming activities in Tebas District is Rp1.328.000/year, (3) Income women
non farming in citrus farming activities is Rp1.205.000/year, 4) The contribution of women's
income to household income is 4,3%.
Keywords: Contribution of labor, Women Farmers, Income contribution
1. Introduction
In Indonesia, most of the population lives in rural areas and the agricultural sector is the most
important sector in absorbing labor. Labor is one of the most important aspects in talking about
farming. There are three types of labor in farming, namely human labor, animal labor and
machine/mechanical labor. Supposedly human labor is divided into three, namely male labor, female
labor and child labor.
Labor is a determining element of success in farming activities (Didik, 2021). Women
participation in agriculture will be acknowledged when women farmers will actively participate to
build and improve their knowledge and gain access to new and necessary information to make use of
most of them in their farming activities. By linking the knowledge and information flow amongst
women socio economic progress can be achieved (Dhaka et. al, 2012). Farid et.al (2009) discussed the
major role of women in farming and non farming activities especially in post harvest operations,
homestead gardening, livestock and poultry rearing, selling labour etc. The primary need of women
working or seeking employment in various agricultural and non –agricultural activities is to meet the
family needs and to enhance the family income.
Traditionally, women have played essential participation in agriculture-as farmers, co-farmers,
wage laborers, and managers of the farm (Lal and Khurana, 2011). Women in low-income
households find work outside of their homes due to severe economic pressures, while women in
middle-and high-income households seek work in order to decrease self-dependency and improve their
living standards (Chowdhuri et al., 2009). Women’s participation in economic activities can
automatically increase the overall status of women and as well as make them empowered. (Carr et al.,
1996)
The role of women in the agricultural sector is undeniable. The division of labor between men
and women in the agricultural world is very clear. Men generally work for activities that require
strength or muscle, while women work for activities that require accuracy and tidiness or that take a
lot of time. The role of women workers in horticultural farming is quite large. Women usually work in
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several production farming activities as well as harvesting and post-harvesting. In addition, women also
participate in the workforce in the decision-making process. (Nurmayanti, 2009, Novita, 2012 in
Damatun, et al, 2017). In the world of agriculture, women do not only act as housewives, but there are
also many women who play a role or directly make a real contribution to family farming. Farming
activities carried out by women farmers are influenced by the outpouring of working time, the amount
of time women farmers in productive activities depends a lot on socio-economic factors and the
circumstances of their families. Socio-economic factors that influence the working time of women
farmers are: age level, number of dependents in the family, wage level, land area, marital status,
education level and experience level.
West Kalimantan Province is known as a producer of plantation and horticultural commodities.
One of the horticulture products produced by West Kalimantan is oranges. Tebas District is the
largest orange production center in Sambas Regency (Swadaya Online, 2018). In carrying out citrus
farming activities, women are also involved, both those who work on their own land and work as
farm laborers. The involvement of women workers in citrus farming starts from land preparation
activities to harvest and post-harvest activities and decision making in farming. Farming activities
are carried out well by women in Sambas Regency, because they have a very high work ethic. The
work ethic here means how is theis perspective in order to do the job aiming the good results or
successfully done.
In carrying out farming activities, women in Sambas Regency have: 1) future orientation which
is supported by high work motivation, 2) well-manage of time, where in carrying out farming activities
they do it in the morning (5.30 WIB -10.00 WIB) and evening (13.00 WIB – 17.00WIB), 3)
responsible for their work, 4) Sincere in work, in principle, they do farming work to help their family's
financial situation. Women in Sambas District and especially in Tebas District are given the
opportunity by their husbands to work outside the home and take an important role in helping the
family's financial situation in addition to carrying out their obligations as housewives.
The problem of women farmers in Tebas District is that the payment of wages for female farm
workers in Tebas District is lower than that of male workers, this causes many female farmers to do
other work besides farming to increase their income. In order to find out how much the outpouring
of labor and the income of women farmers in the family, this research needs to be carried out
with the aim of: Knowing and analyzing the outpouring of female labor and the contribution of
women's income in citrus farming in Tebas District, Sambas Regency.
2. Research Method
2.1. Research Location
This research were conducted in Tebas District, Sambas Regency, West Kalimantan in May 2021.
Tebas District is located between 0059'40" - 1017'03" north latitude and 109003'40"-109025'38" east
longitude. Tebas District is administratively bordered by:
- North : Tekarang and Sebawi District
- South : East Selakau
- West : Semparuk
- East : Subah District
Figure 1. Map Research Location in Tebas District, Sambas Regency
2
Tebas District has an area of 395.64 Km2. Pictures of the location of Tebas District are shown in Figure
1. Tebas District has a total of 23 villages, with a total of 70 hamlets. The population of Tebas District
in 2019 totaled 68,008 people consisting of 33,470 men and 34,538 women. (BPS Kab Sambas
2020). Citrus that grows in Tebas District is of the Siam Pontianak type. The citrus area in Tebas
District covers an area of 3,242.8 hectares with a total of 1,296,500 trees.
The choice of research location was carried out in Tebas District because Tebas District is
a center for citrus production in West Kalimantan and almost all aspects of citrus farming activities
involve female workers, starting from the cultivation aspect to marketing activities.
2.2. Data collection
The data was collected by interviewing 40 female households. The sample selection method uses the
"Purposive Sampling" method. According to Mardikanto and Irianto (2010), the data samples are
selected based on the suitability of the characteristics of the prospective sample/respondent with
certain criteria set/desired by the researcher, in accordance with the research objectives. Respondents
in this study are women farmers, who have the following characteristics or criteria: (1) women whose
main job is farmers, either working on their own land or working as farm laborers, and (2) women who
actively participate in farming activities to help the family economy. Analysis of the data used in this
study are as follows:
a. Analysis to find out the profile of women farmers
Data analysis to determine the profile of women farmers using descriptive analysis that includes
the identity of the respondents (age, education, occupation, number of family members, etc.), land
ownership, and farm management.
b. Analysis to find out the labor force of female farmers
According to Lestari and Suhatmi (2020) in Lestari and Winahyu (2021), to analyze the
magnitude of the outpouring of female farming labor in farming, the number of working hours
(hours/day) of female farmers in each farming management activity from planting preparation to post-
harvest is calculated. Then the working hours are converted into HOK (Working Days) with the
following formula:
𝐽𝐾
Outpouring TK = x JHK
8ℎ
Information :
- Outpouring of TK: Outpouring of Female Farmer Labor (HOK) in every farming activity
- JK : Working Hours for Women Farmers (Hours/Day)
- JHK : Number of Working Days for Women Farmers (Days)
c. Income analysis of women farmers
To calculate the income of women farmers, it is obtained from the net income of women farmers who
work as farm laborers on other people's land.
d. Analysis of the contribution of women's income to farmers' households.
To calculate the contribution of women's income to household income using the following formula:
𝑃𝑊
Contribution = x 100%
𝑇𝑃𝑅𝑇
Information :
- Contribution : Contribution of Farmer Women's Income to RT's Income (%)
- PW : Farmer Women's Income in Farming (Rp/Year)
- TPRT : Total Income of Poor Households (Rp/Year)
3
3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Profile of Women in Tebas District, Sambas District
Women in Tebas Subdistrict are generally active women, they not only work as housewives but
they also work as traders, and also work in agricultural activities, farm laborers and some even work
as female workers in Malaysia. In principle, whatever they want to do with the aim of helping their
family's economy.
Based on the results of interviews conducted on 40 female respondents in farmer households, it
was found that the age of female farmers who ranged from 20-35 years was 8 people, which ranged
from 36-50 years was 12 0 people and between 51-57 around 10 people. This shows that the female
workforce is still relatively productive. According to Simanjuntak in Rokky (2015) it is said that the
labor force is classified as productive if the age ranges from 15-55 years. Population aged 0 – elderly
(> 55) years are included in the category of unproductive and unfit to work because their productivity
is very low. Education is one of the most influential factors in increasing family income, because higher
education is very influential in determining decision making in carrying out activities / farming and
will also affect family income. Based on the results of interviews 37.5% (15 people), 37.5 (15 people)
junior high school graduates and 25% high school graduates (10 people).
Figure 2. Age and Education of Women Farmers in Tebas District, Sambas Regency
The low level of education makes more women farmers work on agricultural land because according to
them it does not require high skills and they are used to it, to become traders besides requiring skills
and knowledge also requires capital. There are also some women farmers who carry out farming
activities on their own land.
Land ownership is an asset owned and can provide income if managed properly. The average
land owned is from 0.16 to 2 hectares. From the results of the interview it was said that about 67.5%
(27 people) had a narrow area of 0.16 to 0.5 ha, 12.5% (5 people) had an area of 0.6 to 1 ha and
20% (8 people) has an area of 1.5 to 2 hectares.
4
Picture 3. Age and Education of Women Farmers in Tebas District, Sambas Regency
3.2. Outpouring of Female Farmer Labor in the Household
Women farmers in Tebas Subdistrict, Sambas Regency, play a very important role in helping their
husbands to increase their family income. On average, women farmers who have narrow agricultural
land do their work as farm laborers on land owned by other people who generally have large lands and
help the head of the family do farming on their own land. The role of women farmers can be in the
form of income contributions from their work as farm laborers and the outpouring of their working
time in helping their husbands manage their farms.
According to Hastuti (2014) the role of women farmers in managing family farms includes
preparing plant seeds, assisting with planting, and helping to thresh rice grains from the stalks at
harvest. The role of the female farmer in the family is calculated as the outpouring of labor for the
female farmer in the family.
The amount of labor women farmers in the family in Tebas subdistrict is calculated from the
multiplication between the working hours of women farmers and the number of days working women
farmers. Calculation of labor outpouring of women farmers. The following is the outpouring of female
farm workers in the family in Tebas District, Sambas Regency.
Table 1. Outpouring of Female Orange Farmers in Family Farming in Tebas District, Sambas Regency,
2021.
No. Farming Activities Outpouring of Female Farmer Labor (HOK/MT)
1. Land Preparation 5,25
2. Planting 24,50
3. Trimming 30,72
4. Harvest 25,50
5. Total labor outpouring 85,97
Source: Primary data that has been processed, 2021.
Not all activities in citrus farming are carried out by female workers. The outpouring of female
farmer labor in land preparation activities was 5.25 HOK/MT, planting 24.50 HOK/MT, pruning 30.72
and harvesting 25.50. The role and involvement of female farm workers is in the following activities:
land preparation, planting, pruning and harvesting and the outpouring of women's work is mostly on
pruning and harvesting activities. The length of time that women work for depends on the size of the
land. The larger the area, the more time spent working. The rather strenuous activities are usually
carried out by male workers, such as; Land preparation, reef construction, pest and disease spraying,
fertilization and harvesting. Meanwhile, the involvement of female workers in harvesting is to assist
in weighing and selecting citrus fruits. The rather strenuous activities are usually carried out by male
5
workers, such as; Land preparation, reef construction, pest and disease spraying, fertilization and
harvesting. Meanwhile, the involvement of female workers in harvesting is to assist in weighing and
selecting citrus fruits.
3.3. Farmer Women's Income
The income of women farmers who carry out citrus farming activities is obtained from the net income
of women farmers who work as farm laborers on other people's land and income from other activities
(traders, middlemen, and others). The income of women farmers can be seen in Table.2.
Table 2. The income of women farmers in the district. Tebas, Sambas Regency, 2021.
No. Type of work Type of Work Average (Rp/year) Net Income
1. In farming (farm labor) 1.328.750
2. Outside of farming (traders, middlemen, Etc). 1.205.000
Total Income 2. 533.000
Table. 2 can be seen that the average income of women farmers in farming activities (farm labor)
is Rp.1,328,000/year, while the average income earned by women farmers from activities outside of
farming is Rp.1205,000/year. From the results of the study, it was found that the highest income was
obtained from activities outside of farming. Not all women farmers work outside the farm, this is
due to lack of capital. There are several women farmers who carry out other activities besides farming,
namely as traders, middlemen and others. In general, women farmers who work outside of farming are
those who have available capital. In addition, the high internal motivation in managing the household
economy.
3.4. Contribution of Women's Income in the Household
Table 3. shows that the average income of husbands and children in the family is higher
(Rp58,352,000) compared to the average annual income of women farmers (Rp2,533,000). This
is because male workers (husbands) and children in Tebas District have great opportunities to do work
both inside and outside the farm when compared to the available work opportunities that can be done
by women. However, women farmers still show their ability to contribute in increasing income for their
households.
Table 3. Contribution of Women's Income in Family Income in Tebas District Sambas District
No. Information Income
1. Average income of women farmers year (inside and outside the farm) 2.533.000
2. Average income of husband and children One year (inside and outside the farm) 58.352.000
3. Average Family Income One year (1+2) 60.885.000
4. The income contribution of peasant woman 4,34 %
The contribution of women's income to family income is the percentage ratio between the
income of women farmers and the total family income. The involvement of women farmers in a
farming activity contributes to the income of the farm itself. The contribution of women's income to
income is calculated based on the time allocated by women in citrus farming divided by the total
income of the farmer's household. From the results of the study, it was found that the contribution of
women's income to farming was Rp4.3%, this shows that the contribution of women workers in
farming is still low because not all jobs in farming can be done by farmers and not all women can
do other business work outside of farming.
6
4. Conclusion
Women farmers in Tebas District, Sambas Regency, who work in citrus farming, have a very
important role and contribution, both in orange farming or in their household income. The outpouring
of female farm labor in Tebas District is 87.97 HOK (Person Working days) per planting season, the
income of female farmers in farming activities is Rp1,328,000/year, and income from non-agricultural
activities is Rp1,205,000/year, and the contribution of women's income to farmer household income
is 4.34%. There needs to be a local government policy regarding gender equality in determining the
wages of women farmers in Tebas District, Sambas Regency.
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Contribution of women labor to orange farmers income in

Figure 1. Map Research Location in Tebas District, Sambas Regency

3. Results and Discussion

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