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Name: ________________ Subject: Chemistry

Date: _________________ Grade: X IGCSE
Rate of Reaction
1 Magnesium carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid according to the equation

MgCO3(s) + 2HCl (aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

An excess of magnesium carbonate pieces was added to 50cm3 of dilute hydrochloric

acid. The apparatus in the diagram was used to measure the volume of gas produced.
The total volume of gas collected was recorded every 20 seconds.

(a) The results obtained are shown on the graph.

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(i) What volume of gas is evolved after 100 seconds?

[1]

(ii) Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid that reacted.

[2]

(iii) Using your answer in (a)(ii), calculate the concentration of hydrochloric

acid. Give your answer correct to 3 significant figures.

[1]

(b) (i) Describe how the rate of this reaction changed during the reaction.
Explain why the rate changed in this way.

[4]

(ii) The experiment was repeated using the same mass of powdered
magnesium carbonate with the same volume and concentration of dilute
hydrochloric acid. Explain how the initial rate of reaction and total
volume of gas collected would compare to the first experiment.

[4]
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(c) This method of measuring the volume of gas formed is not very accurate.
Explain why this is so?

[2]

(d) A piece of magnesium ribbon was cleaned. The experiment was repeated using
this clean magnesium ribbon instead of magnesium carbonate.

(i) Write down a balanced chemical equation, with state symbols, for the
reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid.

[2]

(ii) This reaction mixture becomes warmer over time. Explain how this
affects the rate of the reaction.

[4]

(iii) State and explain two improvements that can be made to the
experiment.

Improvement 1 : [1]

Reason :

[1]

Improvement 1 : [1]

Reason :

[1]

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2 Sodium chlorate(I) decomposes to form sodium chloride and oxygen.
2NaClO → 2NaCl + O2
The rate of this decomposition can be studied using the following experiment.

The rate of this reaction is very slow at room temperature provided the sodium
chlorate(I) is stored in a dark bottle to prevent exposure to light.

Sodium chlorate(I) is placed in the flask and 0.2g of copper(II) oxide is added. This
catalyses the decomposition of sodium chlorate(I) and the volume of oxygen
collected is measured every minute. The results are plotted to give a graph of the
type shown below.

(a) (i) Explain why the gradient (slope) of this graph decreases with time.

[1]

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(ii) What can you deduce from the comment that sodium chlorate(I) has to
be shielded from light?

[1]

(iii) Cobalt(II) oxide is a more efficient catalyst for this reaction than
copper(II) oxide. Sketch on the grid, the graph for the reaction catalysed
by cobalt(II) oxide. All other conditions were kept constant. [2]

(iv) Explain the effect of a cobalt(II) oxide in the speed of this reaction.

[4]

(b) Starch hydrolyses to glucose, in the presence of the enzyme, amylase. What is
meant by the term enzyme?

[1]

(c) The effect of temperature on this reaction can be studied by the experiment
shown below. Starch and iodine form a blue-black colour. Glucose and iodine
do not form a blue-black colour.

The time taken for the blue-black colour to disappear was then tabulated.

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(i) Arrange the reactions from slowest to fastest.

[1]

(ii) Suggest why the colour remained blue-black in experiment C.

[2]

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