Addis Ababa University

Department of Mathematics
Math 1012: Mathematics for Social Sciences
Exercises on Logic and Set Theory
2020/21 Academic Year Semester I.

1. Which of the following are propositions? Determine the truth value whenever possible

(a) Thank you for your co-operation

(b) 3 < 5 or there are infinitely many prime numbers.
(c) 5 is prime but 7 is not prime.
(d) a2 = b2 provided that a = b
(e) x2 + y 2 = 1 for all x, y ∈ R.
(f) The first human being lived in Africa.

2. Write the following sentences in symbolic form.

(a) All students at Addis Ababa University (AAU) are Ethiopians.

(b) No Ethiopians is a racist.
(c) No student at AAU is a racist.
(d) If all students at AAU are Ethiopians and no Ethiopian is a racists, then no student at AAU
is a racist.
(e) No woman is both a politician and a house wife.
(f) Some integers are rational numbers.
(g) All judges are lawyers.
(h) Some women are both lawyers and congresswomen.

3. Let p, q, r be propositions have truth values False, False and True respectively. Determine the
truth value of each of the following prepositions.

(a) p =⇒ (q ∨ r) (c) [p =⇒ (q ∨ r)] ⇐⇒ [(p ∧ (¬q) =⇒ r]

(b) [¬(p ∨ q)] ⇐⇒ [(¬p) ∧ (¬q)]

4. (a) Suppose the truth value of the proposition p =⇒ q is True. What can be said about the
truth value of p ∧ q ⇐⇒ p ∨ q
(b) Suppose the truth value of the proposition p ⇐⇒ q is True. What can be said about the
truth values of p ⇐⇒ ¬p and ¬p ⇐⇒ q

5. If p, q and r are proposition, determine the following compound statements are tautology, contra-
diction or neither.

(a) [(p ⇒ q) ∧ (q ⇒ r)] ⇒ (p ⇒ r) (b) (p ∧ ¬q) ∧ (p ∧ q)

6. Let p(x) : x is an integer less that 4 and q(x) : x is a natural number. Find the truth value for
the following compound prepositions.

(a) p(3) ∧ q(0) (b) p(3) ∨ q(10) (c) p(12) =⇒ q(0) (d) p(3) ⇐⇒ q(−1)

7. Given that Q(x) : x is a rational number; I(x) : x is an irrational number and R(x) : x is a real
number, express each of the following in symbolic form.

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 (a) If x is a rational number, then x is a real number.
(b) If x is a real number, then x is either an irrational number or x is a rational number.
(c) x is a real number if and only if x is an irrational number or x is a rational number.

12. Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4}, p(x) : x is prime, q(x) : x is odd and prime, r(x) : x is less than or equal
to 4 and s(x) : x is divisible by 2. Determine the truth values of the following:

(a) (∃x)p(x) (c) (∀x)r(x) (e) (∃x)q(x)

(b) (∀x)p(x) (d) (∃x)s(x) (f) (∀x)q(x)

8. Let U be the set of real numbers. Determine the truth value of the following propositions.

(a) (∀x)(∀y)(x2 + y ≥ 0). (g) (∀x)(∃y)(x2 = y)

(b) (∃x)(∀y)(x2 + y ≥ 0) (h) (∃x)(∀y)(xy = 0)
(c) (∃x)(∀y)(x2 + y 2 = 1)
(i) (∃x)(∃y)(x + y 6= y + x)
(d) (∃x)(∀y)(x ≤ y 2 )
(e) (∀x)(∃y)(x · y = 1) (j) (∃x)(∃y)[(x + 2y = 2) ∨ (4y + 2x = 5)]
(f) (∃x)(x2 ) = 2 (k) (∃x)(∃y)[(x + y = 2) ∧ (−y + 2x = 1)]

9. Construct truth table for each of the following statements

(a) (p =⇒ q) ⇐⇒ (¬p ⇐⇒ q).

(b) (p ∧ q) =⇒ [(q ∧ ¬p) =⇒ (r ∧ q)].
(c) [(p =⇒ q) =⇒ r] ⇐⇒ (p ∧ ¬q) ∨ r.

10. Find converse, inverse and contrapositive of the following statements.

(a) If a number is divisible by 2, then the number ends in zero.

(b) If you nap or it rains, then you will not do your homework.
(c) If I am hungry and I have money, then I will buy a pizza.

11. Find the negation of each of the following statements.

(a) 3 + 5 = 7 and Mango is vegetable.

(b) All vehicles have 4 wheels.
(c) If 2 is even number, then 4 is prime number.
(d) If all rich people are happy, then all poor people are sad.

12. Determine the validity of each of the following argument forms..

(a) q, p ⇒ q ` ¬q (d) p =⇒ q, ¬r =⇒ ¬q ` ¬r =⇒ ¬p
(b) ¬p =⇒ ¬q, q ` p (e) p =⇒ q, ¬p =⇒ r, r =⇒ s ` ¬q =⇒ s
(c) p =⇒ ¬q, p, r =⇒ q ` ¬r (f) ¬p ∨ q, r =⇒ p, r ` q.

(g) Ayele works part time or full time. If Ayele does not play in the team, then he does not
work part time. If Ayele plays in the team, then he is busy. Ayele does not work full time.
Therefore, Ayele is busy.

13. Which of the following is a set?

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 (a) All Handsome men in Ethiopia.
(b) The collection of all natural numbers less than 200.
(c) The group of people who are friendly.
(d) The collection of all integers x for which: 2x2 − 9 = 16.

14. Describe each of the following set by using listing or set builder method.

(a) The set of all persons whose birthday is 10th of July.

(b) The set whose members in the set {−1, 0, 1}.
(c) The set of all nonnegative integers which are multiples of 4.

15. If U = {0, 1, 2, . . . 9} is the universal set, A = {1, 3, 5, 7}, B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and C = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8}
are sets, then find

(a) A ∪ (B ∩ C) (c) A ∩ (B ∪ C) (e) (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)

(b) A ∩ ∅ (d) (A ∪ C)0 (f) A ∩ A0

16. Let A = {x : x is an odd integer between 2 and 12 }. List all subsets with exactly

(a) one element; (b) two elements, (c) three elements, (d) four elements.

17. Let A and B be two finite sets. If n(A) = 22, n(B) = 26 and n(A ∪ B) = 38, then find n(A ∩ B).

18. If U is a universal set and A and B are subsets of U, use venn diagrams to show that:

(a) (A ∪ B)0 = A0 ∩ B 0 (b) If A * B then A \ B 6= ∅ (c) A = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A − B)

(d) If A and B are finite sets, then |A ∪ B| = |A| + |B| − |A ∩ B|

19. For any two sets A and B and universal set U show that

(a) A4B = (A ∪ B) − (A ∩ B) (c) A4B = B4A

(b) A4∅ = A (d) A ∩ (B ∩ C)0 = (A − B) ∪ (A − C)

20. In a group of 100 students, 35 like tea , 45 like coffee and 15 like both. How many like either of
them and how many like neither?

21. There are 30 students in a class. Among them, 8 students are learning both English and French.
A total of 18 students are learning English. If every student is learning at least one language, how
many students are learning French in total?

22. Among a group of students, 50 played cricket, 50 played hockey and 40 played volley ball. 15
played both cricket and hockey, 20 played both hockey and volley ball, 15 played cricket and volley
ball and 10 played all three. If every student played at least one game, find the number of students
who played only cricket, only hockey and only volley ball.

23. For each natural number n, let An = {x : x is a natural number and x ≤ n2 . Then find

(a) ∩10
n=1 An (b) A3 ∩ A8 (c) A3 ∪ A8 (d) ∪10
n=1 An