Y%S ,xldfõ

iuQy iqidk yd
wid¾:l lekSï
2023 cQks

1
 ud;f,a iuqy ñkSj, .ek l;dj wymqju wmS ys;=jd ur,d odmq
uf.a u,a,s we;=¿ wks;a yeu fokdgu fudlla yß idOdrKhla fjhs
lsh,d' wvqu .dfka fudlo jqfka lsh,d j;a oek .kak ,efnhs
lsh,' wfma wïud ;ju ðj;a fjkjd ta u,a,s ke;s ùu ú| ord
f.k' wms;a .syska fmd,sishg m%ldY ÿkakd wfma u,a,s,d fï iuqy
ñksjf,a urd od,d we;s lsh,d" ta .ek idOdrK mÍlaIKhla
flfrhs lsh,d ys;,d' ta;a oeka wjqreÿ .dkla f.ú,d .sys,a,;a
lsisu mÍlaIKhla keye' Tlafldu hg.y,d' ta ojiaj, fï .ek
Wkkaÿfjka l%shd lrmq udOH jf.au foaYmd,k mlaI;a tajd wu;l
lr,d' iuyre fï urd odmq whf.a mska;=r ta f.d,a,kaf.a
foaYmd,k jdishg mdúÉÑ lrkj ñila ta whg hqla;shla bgq
lrkak wLKav wr.,hla f.kshkafka keye' ud;f,a >d;k j,g
odhl jqkq yqÕ fofkla rfÜ f,dl= ;ekaj,g;a weú;a fyd|g
bkakjd' ta;a wudkqIslj urd odmq wh fmd,jg hg lr,d yx.kak
yokfldg ud;f,a ñksjf,ka ta l;kaor u;= jqk;a wdfhu;a tal
jy,d od,d ta yeu tllau wu;l lr,d' urd odmq Woúhf.a <Õu
whg ú;rhs ta ÿl fõokdj' ud;f,a iuQy ñkSj, lsh,d úfYaIhla
keye" wksla wmrdO j,g jf.au ;uhs" fï rfܧ hqla;sh bgq
fjkjd lshk tl yqÿ n,dfmdfrd;a;=jla ú;rhs'

1989 § w;=reoyka jQ wdkkao bvfï.uf.a fidhqre

nkaÿ, bvfï.u
iïuqL idlÉPdj - 2023 uehs 3

2
Y%S ,xldfõ iuQy iqidk iy
wid¾:l lekSï
idrdxYh
zuu ydr ydrd b|,d
uykais fj,d ;jÿrg;a
jev lrkak tmd
fjkfldg" ug ysf;kjd
uu ydrk jf,a bkafka uu
kï fldfydu fjhso
lsh,d' udj fydhd.kak
ydrk tl kj;a;kjg uu
leu;s kE'Z
2000 § m<jQ uhsl,a
TkavÉÑf.a Anil’s Ghost
^wks,af.a wj;drh&
kjl;dfõ wks,a ;sfiard
fï taldnoaO jd¾;dfjka úNd.
flfrkafka úúO jljdkqj,
.egqïj,ska we;sjQ iuQy
ñkSj<j,a iïnkaOfhka Y%S
,xldj lghq;= l< wdldrhg
wod< jd¾;djhs' wkdjrKh
fkdjQ oi oyia ixLHd; isrere
Èjhsk mqrd iuQy ñkSj<j,aj,
ñysoka lr ;sfí' miq.sh oYl
;=k ;=,§ iuQy ñkSj<j,a
úiaila muK ;rula ÿrg f.dv
oud ;snqk;a" lsisÿ l=gqïNhlg
;u ióm;uhkaf.a fYaIhka
Ndr§ ke;'
Y%S ,xldfõ fldñIka iNd
wfkalhla w;=ßka tllj;a
úIh m:hg iuQy ñkSj<j,a
iïnkaOfhka fidhd ne,Su
we;=,;a jQfha ke;' ta fjkqjg
isÿjqfha" i;Hh fy<s lr.ekSu
i|yd .kakd ,o W;aidyhkag
ndOd meñKùuhs'
ufyaia;%d;ajreka iy fjdaydßl
úfYaI{hka ysáwäfha udre lr
hjk ,§" Widú ksfhda.
l%shd;aul lsÍu fmd,sish úiska
mud lrk ,§" ñkSj<j,a we;s
ia:dkj,g {d;Skag iy
kS;s{hkag m%fõYùfï bvlv
wyqrd ,k ,§" Ôj;=ka w;r
isák idlaIslrejka fidhd
.ekSug lsisÿ W;aidyhla
fkdork ,§" mQ¾j urK o;a;
lsisjla /ia lr fkd.kakd ,§"
hul= wêlrKh úiska jrolre
f,i ;Skaÿ lrk ,o w;sYh
ÿ¾,N wjia:dj,§ mjd isÿjqfha
Tjqkag iudjla §uhs' th
foaYmd,k wêIaGdkhla ke;s
lu;a- fkdiß,k kS;s rduqjla"
ix.; m%;sm;a;shla ke;slula
iy iïm;a ysÕlu;a ms<sn|
wkaorhls' w;=reoykajqjkaf.a
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ish m%shdorhka fkdoelu
ñhEfokafkdah'
fï;dla lekSï fndfyduhla isÿ
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bÈlsÍï lghq;=j,§ iuQy
ñkSj,j,a msysá ia:dk
wyïfnka fy<sjQ úg§h' tfia;a
ke;skï" 1999 § hdmkfha
Èia;%slalfha fpïuksys§ isÿjQ
wdldrhg wdrlaIl wxY
idudðlhka úiska fok,o
f;dr;=re mokï lrf.kh'
lekSïj, wvqmdvq fuu
jd¾;dfjka úYaf,aIKh flf¾'
2013 § u, isrere 155la
f.dv.;a ud;f,a;a" 2013 § yd
2018 § ia:dk foll ms,sfj,ska
isrere 81 la yd isrere 318 la
^orejka 28lao we;=¿j& f.dv.;a
ukakdrfï;a w;aoelSï .ek
úfYaIfhka wjOdkh
fhduqflf¾' udkj ysñlï yd
ixj¾Okh i|yd jk
uOHia:dkh ^CHRD&"
w;=reoykajqjkaf.a mjq,a tl;=j
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i|yd udOHfõÈfhda ^JDS& iy
i;Hh iy hqla;sh i|yd jk
cd;Hka;r jHdmD;sh ^ITJP&
okakd ;j;a lekSï ms<sn|j fï
jd¾;dfõ weuqKqfï we;'
isÿlrk ,o lekSïj,g wod<
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biau;= lr olajkafka
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fldñifï ^ICMP& iuQy
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3
mÍlaIK flreKq wjia:dj,§
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mqoa.,hkaf.a w;=reoyka lsÍug
iy >d;khg j.lsjhq;a;kag
kvq mjrd jrolrejka njg m;a
lsÍu mfil ;sìfhajd"
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iuQy ñkS j,la fidhdf.k
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,xldfõ ke;' tjeks f;dr;=re
/ia lsÍfï wruqK jkafka
fYaIhka y÷kdf.k tajd
kEishkag Ndr§uhs' WodyrK
jYfhka" ukakdrfï fyda
ud;f,a tjka mQ¾j urK o;a;
/ia lsÍula isÿù ke;' 1996
wf.daia;= 19 jeksod yuqod
ks,OdÍka úiska w;a wvx.=jg
.kakd ,ÿj w;=reoyka jQ .rdÊ
ld¾ñlhka fofokl= 1999 §
mjqf,a idudðlhka úiska
fpïuksys§ y÷kd .kakd ,oafoa
Tjqkaf.a we֕j,sks' tla
whl=f.a oEia Tyqf.a lñifhka
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nekshñka .eg .id ;snq‚' ta
wjia:dfõ jqjo" fYaIhka
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ke;'
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(WGEID) iy i;Hh" hqla;sh"
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4 N=ñldj ms<sn|j OMP
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we;s WodyrK fõ'
urK mÍlaIK kS;sh iy
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flgqïm;la 2015 isg ilia
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lr ke;=jdla fukau" tu
flgqïm;a m%isoaêhg m;alr fyda
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yuqjg muqKqjd fyda fkdue;'
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w;=reoyka ;eke;a;ka ms<sn|
ld¾hd,h ^OMP& g lekSï
ksÍlaIKh lsÍug n,h mjrd
we;s fyhska th fuu
l%shdoduhg iïnkaO ù isáfhah'
th fï iïnkaOfhka 2018 §
wêlrK yd nkaOkd.dr
m%;sixialrK wud;HdxYh iu.
idlÉPdj,g uq, mqrd ;snq‚'
CHRD" FoD, JDS fyda ITJP yg
tys msgm;la ,nd .ekSug yels
ù ke;' ta" FoD ixúOdkh
f;dr;=re oek.ekSfï whs;sh
hgf;a 2023 wfma%,a udifha
b,a,Sula lr ;sìh§h'
OMPh msysgqùu we;euqka ;=<
n,dfmdfrd;a;= cks; l<;a"
iajlSh jru m%ldr m%;sM, ,nd
§ úkaÈ;hkaf.a mjq,aj,
úYajdih Èkd .ekSug tu
ld¾hd,h wiu;a ù isà' iuQy
ñkSj<j,a iïnkaO Tjqkaf.a
ld¾hd,fha w¨;au jd¾Isl
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lsishï foaYmd,lhl= fyda Tyqg
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§ uq,skau hqyqiq¿ flrefKa
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Bg fya;=j f,i we;euqka
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w;yer uyskao rdcmlaI
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uqr,sorka ^l¾k,a lreKd& fuu
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mru WodyrKh jkafka ud;f,a
lekSïj,§ tjl wdrlaIl
f,alï jQ f.daGdNh rdcmlaIf.a
N+ñldjhs' 1989 cq,s isg 1990
ckjdß olajd ud;f,a
Èia;%slalfha yuqod iïnkaëlrK
ks,Odßhdj isá Tyq miqj rfÜ
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2023 ckjdßfha§ wdKavqjg ,shd
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jd¾;dj 2019 cqks 30 od Ndr§ug
kshñ;j ;snqk;a" 2023 uehs jk
úg;a th ,eî ;snqfka ke;'
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5
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ixúOdk Y%S ,xldfõ wdKavqjg
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wod< cd;Hka;r udkj ysñlï kS;sh'''''''''''''''''''''' 12
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w;=reoyka jqjkaf.a {d;Ska fyda
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uyck iydh ,nd.ekSug ufyaia;%d;a ÿka ksfhda.
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{d;Ska yd mj;ajk iïuqL mÍlaIK m%udKj;a
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2'4 idlaIl
s rejkaf.a wdrlaIdj yd mßY% l<ukdlrKh''''''' 31
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2'6 ;dlaI‚l Ys,am {dkh''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 35

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2'8 kS;sm;s ld¾hd,fha N+ñldj'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 39

3' ks.uk iy ks¾foaY'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 41

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ICRC yd ICMP we;=¿ cd;Hka;r m%cdj fj; ks¾foaY'''''''' 46

weñKqu '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 47

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7
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 n,y;aldÍ w;=reoyka lsÍï jika lsÍug bv i,ik kS;s rduqj

w;=reoyka jqjkaf.a brKu ;yjqre lr.ekSug l< wid¾:l jEhï ú.%y lsÍug fmr"
isrere ryfia j< oeóu iy j.lsjhq;a;kag oKav uqla;sh m%odkh lsÍu w;S;fha§
we;=¿ w;=reoyka lsÍï jix lr ,Sug fhdod.;a mshjr fláfhka olajuq'

1988 ckdêm;sjrKhg Èk lSmhla ;sìh§ j.lSfuka wdrlaId lsÍfï mk; iïu;

lr.kakd ,§' wdrlaIl wxYj, ish¨ idudðlhka" wdKavqfõ idudðlhka iy kS;sh yd
iduh l%shd;aul lsÍug iïnkaO rcfha ks,OdÍka 1977 wf.daia;= 1 isg 1988 foieïn¾ 16
olajd ld,h ;=, zioa fÉ;kdfjkaZ l< hï l%shdjla fõ kï Tjqkag ta iïnkaOfhka kvq
mejÍfuka uqla;sh tu mk;ska i,id fok ,§' ta ld,h ;=,§ rcfha ks,Odßhl=f.a
wêldrh hgf;a zioa fÉ;kdfjkaZ l%shd l< njg ksoyig lreKq oelaúh yels fjk;a
´kEu mqoa.,hl=g o tu.ska uqla;sh ysñlr § ;snq‚'64

cúfm le/,a, ;Sj% f,iska mej;s 1988 cq,s udifha§" mYapd;a urK mÍlaIK fkd;shd o"
m<df;a ufyaia;%d;ajrhdg jd¾;d fkdlr o" u< isrere neyer lsÍug wdrlaIl
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mj;ajdf.k hdfukau wdrlaIl wxYj,g fok ,o m‚úvh jQfha udkj ysñlï
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cúfm le/,a, ;,d oeuq miqj" 1990 ud¾;= udifha§ ER 55FF wfydais lrk ,§'

;jo" 1993 cQks udih olajd n, meje;ajK q q ER 71 yÈis kS;s fr.=,dish úfYaI fldg
i|yka fldg ;snq mßÈ" yÈis kS;s m%;smdok hgf;a zioa fÉ;kdfjkaz lrk ,o ljr
fyda lghq;a;la iïnkaOfhka kS;sm;sjrhdf.a wkque;shlska fyda uq, msÍulska f;drj
lsiÿ
s isú,a fyda wmrdO kvqjla lsisu wêlrKhl kvq mejßh fkdyel'

fjk;a yÈis kS;s fr.=,dis u.ska 1993 cQks udifhka miq ksishdldr úu¾Yk meje;aùu
ÿIalr lghq;a;la njg m;a lr ;snq‚' WodyrKhlg .;fyd;a" ljr fyda urKhla isÿ
ù we;af;a ikakoaO .egqulska hehs lsishï wdrlaIl yuqod ks,Odßhl= i;= úYajdih
mokï lrf.k yÈis kS;s fr.=,dis hgf;a mÍlaIKhla mj;ajk f,i fmd,siam;sg
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úNd.fha m%;sM, m%isoaO lsÍfï úêúOdk i,id fkd;sì‚' 1993 cQks udihg fmr fuu
uydêlrK úu¾Yk meje;ajf q ka wm%isoaêfhah' fuu úêúOdk u.ska isÿlr we;af;a
fmd,Sish iy wfkl=;a j.lsjhq;= whg oKavuqla;sh iy;sl lrñka" n,y;aldrfhka
w;=reoyka lsÍï iy nys¾kS;sl >d;k jix lsÍu Ñria:dhs lsÍuhs' fuu mÍlaIK
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idlaIslrejka we;=¿ fmd,sisfhka mßndysr md¾Yaj lrejkaf.a idlaIs neyer lsÍu"
i;Hh oek.ekSfï whs;sh mokï fldg.;a úu¾Ykj,§ úkaÈ;hkaf.a N+ñldj flakaøSh
fldg .kakd cd;Hka;r kS;sh W,a,x>kh lsÍula úh'

18
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uE;l§ j< ouk ,o
mqoa.,hdf.a isrerhs' iuQy
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mYapd;a urK mÍlaIK rduqjgu
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tjeks f.dv,Eï i|yd wjYH
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mq¿,a úfrdaO;d uOHfha
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wiaùug isÿ jQ 2022 cQ,s udifha
§ md¾,sfïka;=j úiska w.ue;s
rks,a úl%uisxy ckdêm;s f,i
m;a lrk ,§' 1995 § ol=Kq
wm%sldfõ msysgqjk ,o fldñiu
.ek i|yka lrñka i;H yd
ixys¢hd fldñiula ^TRC&
msysgqùfï ie,iqï .ek
20
ckdêm;s úl%uisxy mqk mqkd
l;d lr ;sfí'81 tlS ie,eiau
ms<sn|j Y%S ,xldj ;=< we;af;a
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,xldfõ úúO úu¾Yk
fldñIka iNd lsisjlg;a ta
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fmkajd fokq jà'83 1994 §
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iNd ;=k iy 1998 § pkaøsld
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fldñIka iNdj úiska ;uka
yuqjg meñ‚ idlaIslrejka
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21
2' lekSï kej; kej;;a
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lekSï ixLHdj b;d w,amhls'
tla jH;sf¾Lhla jkafka
22
l%sIdka;s l=udriajdñ mdi,a oeßh ;yjqre lrk ,§' oKav
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whs;sjdislula ia:dms; lrhs'94
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23
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24
ÿßka ;nd.ekSu jeks&
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26
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27
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28
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29
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mÍlaIK fldñiula m;a lf<ah'
30
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33
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w;=reoyka ;eke;a;ka ms<sn|
ld¾hd,h ksÍIlfhl= jYfhka
bgqlrk ish ld¾hNdrh iy
mqyqKqj ,nd§u ms‚i úfoaY
wêlrK ffjoH úfYaI{hka
furgg f.kajd .ekSu ksidh'169
tfiajqj;a" Y%S ,xldfõ ;;H
wêlrK ffjoH Odß;dj iSñ;j
mj;sk w;r hï ñkS f.dvf.k
mj;ajk mÍlaIKhl m%;sM,
mÍlaId lsÍu ms‚i msgrg
heùug isÿj we;' fpïuksys
f.dv.;a u<isrerej, wiaÓ
idïm, DNA mÍlaIK i|yd
bkaÈhdfõ yhsødndoays wêlrK
ffjoH úoHd ridhkd.drhg
hejQ w;r B<Õg DNA mÍlaIK
i|yd tlai;a rdcOdkshg hjkq
,eîh' m%isoaO l< jd¾;djla
ke;s w;r hï jd¾;djla
lsisÈkl ,nd.;af;aoehs hkak o
meyeÈ,s ke;' 1996 § " fld<U
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wi, msysá .xÕd follska
fidhd.;a u<isrere 25 ka 21 l
ysialn,a ^weuqKqu n,kak&
tlai;a rdcOdksfha .a,iaf.da
úYajúoHd,fha wêlrK ffjoH
iy úoHd wxYfha fcHIaG
wêlrK ffjoH úfYaI{ fj;
hjk ,o w;r tys§ u< isrere
y÷kd.ekSug uqyqKq
m%;sks¾udKh iy ùäfhda
wêia:dmkh Ndú; lr we;'170
t;eka isg tjka Wiia wêlrK
ffjoH Ys,aml%u fhdod.;a njla
oek.ekSug ke;'
36
tla fcHIaG wka;¾cd;sl
wêlrK ffjoH úfYaI{fhl=
fmkajdfokafka fjk;a rgj,a
iuÕ iei§fï§ Y%S ,xldfõ
wêlrK ffjoH úfYaI{hka
w;r Tjqkaf.a jd¾;d ndr§fï§
ie,lsh hq;= m%udo we;s njhs'171
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fyda fjk; afya;= ksid fuu
m%udo isÿúh yelsh' WodyrKhla
olajf;d;a" ukakdrfï if;di
f.dvke.s,af,a f.dv.ka
u<isrere iuíkaOfhka jQ
wêlrK ffjoH jd¾;dj 2019
cQks 30 od jk úg ndr§ug
kshñ;j ;snqKo 2023 uehs
olajd ;ju;a th ndr§ ke;'
fuu ñkS f.dv.ekSï ms<sn|j
iómj ksÍlaIKh lrk uQ,dY%
ielfhka miqjk w;r m%udoh
.ek bÈßm;alrk lreK .ek
wúYajdih m<l,;a m%udohg n,
mE fya;= f,i i|yka lrkafka
ñkS f.dv.;a N+ñfhka yuqjQ
we;eï fuj,ï mÍlaIK
lKavdhug ndr§ fkdue;s
njhs'172
wod< md¾Yjlrejka w;r
mj;sk ukao.dó
iïnkaëlrKh iy ;;ald¾h
mokñka úfYaI{hka
mÍlaIKj,g furgg f.kajd
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ukSj<j,a .ek mÍlaIK
bÈßhg f.khdfï§ ksÍlaIKh
lrk ,o wNsfhda. fjhs'173
fya;=j l=ulaoehs iEuúgu
meyeÈ,s ke;;a" Widú ksfhda.
wkqj lghq;= lsÍfï§ úoHd{fhda
iy fmd,Sish fiñka lghq;=
lr;s' Tjqka iïmQ¾Kfhkau
hglroeóula ksid th isÿúh
yels kuq;a tho foaYmd,k
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md,kh ms‚i l%ufõohla ke;s
w;r thg w¾O jYfhka n,md
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ld¾h uKav,fha ysÕhhs'
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we;s brKu ksYaphlsÍug we;s
nrm;, ndOlhla nj ;yjqreù
we;'176 yqfola ryiH jd¾;djla
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fkdyels fohls'

37
2'7 iïm;a iSud lsÍu
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udkj iïm;a wjYHfjhs'178
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y÷kd.ekSug yelsjQ isoaêh
tafldaÑ; f,i mj;S'179
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b;d uE;l§ u<isrere
f.dvf.k mÍlaIK meje;aùu
ms‚i wruqo,a imhk f,ig
l< b,a,Sï fkdi,ld yeßfhah'
WodyrKhla f,i olajkafka
kï" l¨jkaÑl=ä180 u<isrere
f.dvf.k mÍlaIK meje;aùug
úfYaI{hka lKavdhulg wdOdr
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ffjoH ks,Odßfhl= l<
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w;yer ouk ,o w;r fï olajd
tjka mÍlaIK meje;aùula isÿù
ke;'181
w;=reoyka ;eke;a;ka ms<sn|
38
ld¾hd,h msysgqùfï isg" th ldnka mÍlaIKfha m%;sM,
u<isrere f.dvf.k mÍlaIK i,ld ne,sh hq;= nj;a
meje;aùfï we;eï wxYj,g th iúia;rdul jd¾;djla i,ld
uqo,a ,nd§ we;' WodyrKhla ne,Sfuka miqj bÈß úu¾YK
f,i olajkafka kï" ldnka .ek ks.ukhlg t<ôh hq;=
mÍlaIK i|yd ukakdrñka nj;ah' 2019 ud¾;= 22 od
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meje;aùug uQ,H wdOdr iemhQ lKavdhu úiska
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40
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i|yd iydh ùug cd;Hka;r
m%cdjg j.lSula we;' rdcH
wdh;khla f,i
w;=reoykajQjka ms<sn|
ld¾hdxYhg úkaÈ;hkaf.a
mjq,aj,g iyh ùug iy
iajdëk úksúoNdjhlska tu
ld¾hNdrh bgq lsÍug fkdyels
kï" Tjqkag iydh ùug
cd;Hka;r r;= l=rei lñgqj iy
w;=reoykajQjka ms<sn|
wka;¾cd;sl fldñiu we;=¿
cd;Hka;r m%cdj ueÈy;a úh
hq;=h'
fuu jd¾;dj u.ska y÷kdf.k
we;s ^mjq,aj, iyNd.S;ajfhys
W!k;dj" iSñ; fjdaydßl
YlH;d" fkdmeyeÈ,s ld¾h
mámdá" foaYmd,k ueÈy;aùï
hkd§& nyq;rhla wiu;aùï"
cd;Hka;r iy foaYSh kS;sh
W,a,x>kh lsÍula jk i;Hh
oek.ekSug úkaÈ;hkag we;s
whs;sh je<elaùug rch úiska
is;du;d .kq ,nk mshjrhkag
iudk fõ' n,y;aldÍ iy
fkdleue;af;ka isÿflfrk
w;=reoykalsÍï iïnkaO
wka;¾cd;sl l%shdldÍ lKavdhu"
i;Hh" hqla;sh" ydksmQrKh iy
mqkrdj¾;kh fkdùu iy;sl
lsÍu ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
úfYaI ksfhdað;jrhd o we;=<;a
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a úfYaI
l%shdmámdá wdh;k u.ska fulS
wiu;aùï jd¾;d lr ;sfí'
úfYaI ksfhdað;hd fufia
ks.ukh lrhs(
—Y%S ,xldj jeks w;rueÈ
wdodhï iys; rgl tjeks
41
m%Yak ;sîu widudkH l<ukdlrKh lsÍu i|yd
fõ'˜195 —ixia:dms;fha ksYaÑ; kS;shla iy m%;sm;a;shla
Y%S ,xldj úiska n,d;aul l<
wmrdO" tkï fjk;a
hq;= h' rdcH iy m%dfoaYShno
jpkj,ska lsjf;d;a wêldßka" mjq,a iy ie<ls,a,la
cd;Hka;r udkj ysñlï olajk m%cdjkaf.a
iy cd;Hka;r udkqISh ksfhdað;hkaf.ka ieÿï,;a
kS;sh uyd mßudKfhka ffk;sl jHqyhla ia:dmkh
W,a,x>kh lsÍu iy lsÍu fuhg we;=<;a úh yels
w;r ta i|yd wka;¾cd;sl r;=
wmyrKh lsÍfï m%;sM,h
l=rei lñgqj fyda
w;alr fokakd jQ" rdcH w;=reoykajQjka ms<sn|
Wmdx. l%udkql+,j yd cd;Hka;r fldñiu jeks
iïnkaëlrKhla u.ska cd;Hka;r tackaishla
isÿflfrk wmrdO ms<sn| ksfhdackh lrk úfYaI{hl= o
úu¾Ykh lsÍu iy we;=<;a lr.; yels h' tjeks
wêldßhla" foaYmd,k{hka
wNsfpdaokh iïnkaOfhka
rys; mdroDIH tlla úh hq;= h'
oekg we;s m%udKj;a
fkdjk m%ùK;dj jeä
ÈhqKq lr.ekSug Y%S ,xldj
lghq;= l< hq;= h'
úu¾Yk i|yd úfYaIs;
m%ùK;dj;a" fjdaydßl
úoHdj iy wNsfpdaol
Wmdh ud¾.hka ks¾udKh
lsÍu;a óg we;=<;a jkq
we;' ixia:dms;fha wmrdO
ms<n
s | wêlrKuh YlH;d
mq¿,a lsÍu;a w;HjYH iy
yÈis lghq;a;ls'˜196

OMP úiska lrk ,o ld¾hh

we;=¿j" 2017 iy 2020 jirj,
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a úfYaI
ksfhdað;hd wjika jrg Y%S
,xldjg meñ‚ wjia:dfõ isg
fï olajd hï m%.;shla ,nd
we;;a" cd;Hka;r m%ñ;Skag yd
ia:dms; ksjerÈ Ndú;djkag
wkql+,j uD;foay f.dv.ekSu
isÿflfrk nj iy;sl lsÍu
i|yd ;j;a fndfyda foa lsÍug
b;sßj ;sfí'
wkd.; mrïmrdjka fjkqfjka
iy ld, iSudj,ska Tíng f.dia
iuQy ñkS j<j,a y÷kd .ekSu"
ixrlaIKh lsÍu iy úu¾Ykh
lsÍu we;=¿j tajd
42
3'1' w;S; uD;foay f.dv.ekSï
m%;sia:dmkh i|yd ks¾foaY
Y%S ,xld wdKavqj úiska my;
oelafjk l%shdud¾. .;hq;= h(
1' y÷kd .ekSu" ixrlaIKh
lsÍu iy úu¾Ykh we;=<;a jk
f,i iuQy ñkSj<j,a
l<ukdlrKh iy uD;foay
f.dv.ekSï ms<sn| ksYaÑ;
kS;shla iy m%;sm;a;shla
n,d;aul lsÍu¦ ixrlaIK
l%shdj,shg fidfydkaj,ska fyda
mfika bj;a lrk ,o wiaÓ
fYaIhka wdrlaIs;j .nvd lsÍu
we;=<;a úh hq;= w;r
Ndrldr;aj oduh ksremøs; njg
iy;sl úh hq;=h¦
2' iuQy ñkSj<j,a iy uD;foay
f.dv.ekSï ms<sn| ldrKh
wëlaIKh lsÍu i|yd rcfha;a"
m%dfoaYShno wêldÍkaf.a;a
ksfhdað;hkaf.kao" fjdaydßl
úfYaI{hkaf.ka o" mjq,a iy
fï ms<sn| ie,ls,a,la olajk
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ffk;sl wdh;khla msysgqùu¦
3' ms<s;=re n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka
isák {d;Ska fjkqfjka iEu
uD;foay f.dv.ekSula yd
iïnkaOj mjq,a iïnkaëlrK
ks,Odßfhl= m;a lsÍu¦
4' f.dv.;a uD;foay w;r ;u
{d;Ska isák njg iel lrk
mqoa.,hka iu. il%Shj iïnkaO
ù" Tjqkaf.a mQ¾K wkque;sh
we;sj mQ¾j urK mÍlaIK o;a;
iy DNA /ia lsÍu¦
5' wiaÓ fYaIhka iy ika;lj
;snQ foaj,a yd ta olajd
fidhd.kakd ,o NdKav y÷kd
.ekSug {d;Skag wjia:djla ,nd
§u¦ y÷kd.kakd ,o ljr fyda
NdKavhla fõ kï tajd Tjqkaf.a
mjq,aj,g fmr<d ,nd§u¦
6' iuQy ñkS j<j,a ms<sn|
úu¾Yk we;=¿j n,y;aldr
w;=reoykaùï ms<sn| úu¾Yk
l%shdj,shg wjysr lsÍu
iïnkaOfhka j.lsj hq;= wh"
2018 n,y;aldrfhka w;=reoyka
lsÍïj,ska ish¨ ;eke;a;ka
wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd jQ
cd;Hka;r iïuq;s mkf;ys 12
^4& j.ka;s m%ldrj" kS;sh
yuqjg f.k tau¦
7' w;=reoyka jQjkaf.a mjq,aj,
ióm WmfoaYkfhka iy
iyfhda.S;djfhka" fï olajd isÿ
lrk ,o ish¨u uD;foay
f.dv.ekSïj, m%.;sh
iudf,dapkh lsÍu" fidhd.ekSï
iïmQ¾Kfhka m%ldYhg m;a
lsÍu iy tajd cd;Hka;r
m%ñ;shg wkql+, lsÍu i|yd
l%shdud¾. .ekSu¦
8' cd;Hka;r úfYaI{hkao
we;=<;aj" fhdað; kS;suh rduqj"
m%;sm;a;s iy iuQy ñkS j<j,a
ms<sn| iïu; fufyhqï l%shd
mámdá (SOPs) iïnkaOfhka
mdroDYH núka hq;= WmfoaYk
l%shdj,shla meje;aùu iy tlS
iuQy ñkS j<j,a ms<sn| iïu;
fufyhqï l%shd mámdáho
we;=¿j iEu jHqyhla iy
m%;sm;a;shlgu ñkfidagd iy
fndakau;a uQ,m;%j, ^Minnesota
and Bournemouth Protocols&
m%;smdok mQ¾K jYfhkau
we;=<;a lsÍu¦
9' iuQy ñkSj<j,a iïnkaOfhka
f.!rjkShj yd kS;Hdkql+,j
l%shd lsÍu mámdáuh ^tkï
mSvdjg m;a jQjkag Tjqkaf.a
wjYH;d iy b,a,Sï m%ldY
lsÍug wjYH ;;a;ajhka
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kshudldr ^tkï m%;súreoaO;d"
.egqï iy wd;;Ska ;=,kh lsÍu
u.ska& hk fohdldrfhkau
rdcH n,OdÍka wjfndaO lr .;a
nj iy;sl lr.ekSu¦ ta i|yd —
ksoyia" mQ¾j iy oekqj;a
leue;a;˜ hk m%ñ;Ska yryd
;yjqre lr.;a úkaÈ;hskaf.a
mjq,aj, iy iuQy ñkSj<j,a
msysgd we;s bvï wh;a jkakdjQ
m%cdjkaf.a il%Sh" w¾:j;a
iyNd.S;ajh wjYH flf¾¦
10' w;a;fkdau;sl >d;k iy
w;=reoyka lsÍï we;=¿ iuQy
ñkS j<j, meje;au yd iïnkaO
43
nyqúO W,a,x>khka úu¾Ykh
lsÍu ;=<ska i;Hh i|yd
mjq,aj,g we;s whs;sjdislug
rdcH iy fjk;a md¾Yaj ne£
isák nj rch ms<s.kakd njg
iy;sl lsÍu¦
11' úfYaIfhkau kS;sh
l%shd;aul lsÍfï ks,OdÍka
iu. iïnkaOùfï§ úkaÈ;
mjq,aj,g ufkda-iudc iydh
iïmdokh flfrk njg iy;sl
lsÍu' udkisl fi!LH
;;a;ajhkag m%;sldr ,nd§u"
wd.ñl iydh" iudNs,dIS
lKavdhïj, iyfhda.h fukau
mjq,aj, iydh o óg we;=<;a
úh hq;= h' myiqfjka ,nd.;
yels fiajdjkays .=Kd;aul nj
ms<sn| we;s ksfYaOkd;aul
wdl,am" fiiq ckhdf.a
úksYaphg md;%ùu ms<n| yeÕSï"
myiqfjka ,nd.; yels
fiajdj, W!k;dj iy Wmldr
,nd.; yelafla fldfykaoehs
fkdoek isàu hk lreKq
ksrka;rfhka yuqjk ndOl fõ'
wjYH jkafka w;=reoyka
jQjkaf.a {d;Skag m%dfhda.sl iy
f;dr;=reuh iyfhda.h fukau
úu¾Yk" iuQy iqidk iy
uD;foay f.dv.ekSï hkdÈh
iïnkaOj lghq;= lsÍfï§
{d;Ska yd iómj lghq;= lsÍu
we;=¿ w;=reoykajQ {d;shl=
fiùfï iuia; l%shdoduh ;=<
Ndjuh iyfhda.S;dj iemhSuhs¦
12' wkdjrKh lr.ekSfï"
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fYaIhka iïnkaO fjdaydßl
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fomd¾;fïka;=fõ iy ;ks
mqoa., wêlrK ffjoH
úfYaI{hkaf.a ^m%dfoaYSh
wêlrK ffjoH ks<OdÍ"
fcHIaG wêlrK ffjoH
ks<OdÍ" fjdaydßl udkj
44
úoHd{hka" mqrdúoHd{hka"
úl,dx. oka; Y,HffjoHjreka
iy wfkl=;a úfYaI{hka
we;=¿j& mqoa., j.lSï
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13' iuQy ñkSj<j,a
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wêlrK ffjoH Odß;dj
Yla;su;a lsÍu iy —wfmalaIs;
m%ùK;ajh w;alr .kakd˜ f;la
uD;foay f.dv.ekSfuka je<lS
isàug iy DNA wdlD;s
f.dvkexùu" mß.Kl.; uqyqKq
m%;sks¾udKh yd y÷kd.ekSu"
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úoHd{hka mqyqKq lsÍu i|yd
udkj y÷kd.ekSfï
uOHia:dkhla msysgqùug §m
jHdma; ckdêm;s úu¾Yk
fldñifï we;s ks¾foaY
l%shd;aul lsÍu iy ta w;r;=r
iuQy ñkSj<j,a ms<sn|
f;dr;=re tla/ia lsÍu iy th
tfia lsÍu i|yd iqÿiq
wdh;khlg mejÍu' iuQy ñkS
j<j,a fidhd .ekSug iy
l<ukdlrKhg úYd, mrdihl
me;sreK äðg,a ;dlaIKh jeä
jeäfhka odhl fõ' pkaøsld
PdhdrEm" fv%dak PdhdrEmlrKh"
LiDAR" N+ wjldY úYaf,aIKh
iy ;dmrEmkh197 fuhg
we;=<;a fõ' iqidk ìï y÷kd
.ekSug iy we;eï úg tajd
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;dlaIKhka Ndú;d lrhs'
fidhd.;a fidfydka wdl+,
fkdlrkq jia tajd fidhd
.ekSfï ryiHnj /l .ekSfï
yelshdjo tajdhska imhhs'198
14' kj ffk;sl iy
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w¨f;ka uD; foay f.dv.ekSfï
lghq;= l%shdjg kexùfuka
je<lS isàu¦
15' ´kEu uD;foay
f.dv.ekSul§ cd;Hka;r
ksÍlaIlhka isàu iy ld¾hfha
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ffjoH úfYaI{hka l%shdldÍj
iïnkaO lr .ekSug lemùu¦
16' uD;foay f.dv.ekSï
fya;=fjka isÿjk ´kEu kvq
mejÍula iajdëk yd wmlaImd;S
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iy;sl lsÍu i|yd" kS;sm;s
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iajdëk uyck wNsfpdaok
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17' Y%S ,dxlSh iudcfha jd¾.sl
iy wd.ñl nyqúONdjh y÷kd
.; hq;= w;r fuu m%cdjkag
Tjqkaf.au úúO pdß;% jdß;% iy
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ksfYaOkh lrk wjia:djkaj,§
tjeks foa fYdalh iy wysñùï
we;slr,k jHdl+,;ajh uOHfha
iekiSu ,nd fohs' wd.ñl
ksoyi" úYajdih fyda
m%ldYkfha ksoyi we;=¿j
Tjqkaf.a udkj ysñlï
l%shd;aul lsÍug wod< jk mßÈ"
fuu isß;a úß;a iy pdß;% jdß;%
ksÍlaIKh lsÍug rdcHh ne£
isà¦
18' isú,a iudch iy w;=reoyka
jQjkaf.a mjq,a iuÕ mQ¾K
WmfoaYkfhka miq" Y%S ,xldfõ
uQ,sl jd¾;dj" n,y;aldrfhka
w;=reoka lsÍï ms<sn| lñgqj
fj; heùu' fuh w;=reoykaùï
je,elaùu iy tajdg ms<shï
fh§u iïnkaOfhka rfÜ
;;a;ajh ms<sìUq lsÍfï u.la o
fõ'
19' w;=reoykajQjka ms<sn|
ld¾hdxYfha úu¾Ykj,
fidhd.ekSï zlsisÿ idmrdë fyda
isú,a j.lSula we;s fkdlrkz
nj mjik tu mkf;a 13 ^2&
j.ka;sh wj,x.= lsÍu iy;sl
lsÍu¦
20' ufyaia;%d;ajre iu.
iyfhda.fhka lghq;= fkdlsÍu
iy ufyaia;%d;ajrhl=f.a
ksfhda. l%shd;aul fkdlsÍu
o~qjï ,eìh yels jrola njg
m;a lsÍu¦

21' oeä f,i m%udÈ; ld¾hhla

jQ" uD;foay f.dv.ekSï ms<sn|
cd;sl m%;sm;a;shla flgqïm;a
lsÍu¦ fuys§ cd;sl ixl%dka;sl
hqla;sh ms<sn| m%;sm;a;sfha
fldgila f,i flaj,
ksfhdað;dh;kj, ld¾hNdrh
meyeÈ,s lrñka tu flgqïm;
ilia l< hq;= h'

22' Ndrldr;ajfha oduh

iïnkaOfhka i,ls,su;aùu
iy;sl lsÍu iy wêlrK
l%shdj,sfha§ idlaIsj, ms<s.;
yels nj wjodkug ,la fkdjk
nj iy;sl lsÍu i|yd .kq
,nk mshjr ms<sn| m%;sm;a;s
f,aLkhla úia;rd;aulj
m%ldYhg m;alsÍu¦

23' fhdað; urK mÍla?IK

ms<sn| mk; n,d;aul lsÍu¦

24' úkaÈ;hka" Tjqkaf.a {d;Ska

iy idlaIslrejka ;¾ck" ìh
.ekaùï" ysßyer lsÍï iy
m<s.ekSïj,g tfrysj kS;sfhka
iy m%dfhda.slj wdrlaId lsÍu
iy;sl lsÍu i|yd 2015 wxl 4
ork wmrdOj,g f.dÿrejQjka
iy idlaIslrejkag iyh
oelaùfï iy wdrlaId lsÍfï
mk; ;jÿrg;a ixfYdaOkh
lsÍu iy úkaÈ;hskag iy
Tjqkaf.a mjq,aj,g Tjqkaf.a
whs;sjdislï iy mj;sk ms<shï
ms<sn| f;dr;=re i|yd
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iy;sl ùu' 199

45
3'2' bÈßfha§ uD;foay f.dv.ekSï i|yd OMP fj; iy
ICRC yd ICMP we;=¿ cd;Hka;r m%cdj fj; ks¾foaY
200

1' fjk;a iuQy ñkSj<j,a

;sîug bv we;s ia:dk ms<sn|j
fidhd ne,Su i|yd jD;a;Shuh
jYfhka ksmqK;d iys; úfYaI{
tallhla msysgqjd" tajdfha
fjdaydßl ffjoH Odß;dj
Yla;su;a lsÍu iy DNA
mÍlaIdj we;=¿j m%udKj;a
iïm;a tys we;s nj iy;sl
lsÍu¦

2' wkjYH m%udohlska f;drj"

iuQy ñkSj<j,a ;sîfï úNjhla
we;s ish¨u ia:dk mÍlaId lr"
fndakau;a uQ,m;%fhys
^Bournemouth Protocol& olajd
we;s mshjrhkag wkql+,j"
tajdfha wdrlaIdj iy;sl lsÍu
i|yd o;a; .nvdjla ks¾udKh
lsÍu¦

3' Oqr ld,fhys iqrlaIs;nj"

fiajd fldkafoais" msßia
mßmd,kh iy Wiiaùï yd
fiajfhka mylsÍï we;=¿
wêlrKfha úkh lghq;=
fukau cd;Hka;r wmrdO ms<sn|
mqyqKqj we;=¿j" wêlrKfha
iajdëk;ajh Yla;su;a lsÍu'

46
weuqKqu( iuQy iqidk
ms<sn| f;dr;=re

Èkh ( 1989

ia:dkh ( fydalkaor" fld<U Èia;%slalh

miqìu ( 1987-89 ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa le/,a, iufha isrere

fidhd.kakd ,o fYaIhka ( isrere 19 ls' ish¨u úkaÈ;hkaf.a kï okS'201

j¾;udk ;;a;ajh ( isoaêh ms<sn|j niakdysr" ol=K iy inr.uqj fldñiï iNdfõ wjidk jd¾;dfõ
fojeks fj¿fï oelafjk iúia;r idrdxYhlg wkqj" úkaÈ;hka jkafka 1989 wf.daia;= 13 jeksod iy Bg miq
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fmd,sia ia:dkdêm;s f.a mshdf.a wjika lghq;= isÿflreKq Èkhhs' tÈku wurf.dv - fydalkaor mdf¾
fndaïnhla o mqmqrd f.dia ;snq‚'202 urd oukq ,enqjkaf.a isrere fmd,sia ia:dkdêm;sf.a mshdf.a y;a ojfia
odkh od fndaïnh mqmqrd .sh j<g oud mq¿iaik ,§' tu isrere ufyaia;%d;a ksfhda.hlska f.dv.kakd ,o nj
niakdysr" ol=K iy inr.uqj fldñifï wjika jd¾;dfõ m<uq fj¿fï ;yjqre flfr;;a" ta ms<sn| jeäÿr
úia;r ke;'203

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miqìu ( 1987-89 cúfm le/,a, iufha isrere'

fidhd.kakd ,o fYaIhka ( 39

j¾;udk ;;a;ajh ( fï ñkSj, ms<sn|j niakdysr" ol=K iy inr.uqj fldñifï wjika jd¾;dfjka ;yjqre
flf¾' tu isrere ufyaia;%d;a ksfhda.hlska f.dv.kakd ,o nj fldñiu i|yka lrhs'204

47
3

Èkh ( 1989

ia:dkh ( ksljeráh" l=reKE., Èia;%slalh

miqìu ( 1987-89 cúfm le/,a, iufha isrere

fidhd.kakd ,o fYaIhka ( 20

j¾;udk ;;a;ajh ( fuu j< ms<sn|j niakdysr" ol=K iy inr.uqj fldñifï wjika jd¾;dfjka ;yjqre
flf¾' tu isrere ufyaia;%d;a ksfhda.hlska f.dv.kakd ,o nj fldñiu i|yka lrhs'205 f.dv.ekSfuka miqj
isrerej,g l=ula ùoehs oek.kakg ke;'

Èkh ( 1989

ia:dkh ( ú,amsg" wl=/iai" ud;r Èia;%slalh

miqìu ( 1987-89 cúfm le/,a, iufha isrere

fidhd.kakd ,o fYaIhka ( u< isrere ixLHdj ksYaÑ;j oek.kakg ke;'

j¾;udk ;;a;ajh ( niakdysr" ol=K iy inr.uqj fldñifï wjika jd¾;djg wkqj" ñkSj, we;af;a hqo
yuqod l|jqrla msysá ia:dkfhah'206

Èkh ( 1990

ia:dkh ( jjq,alef,a" .ïmy Èia;%slalh

miqìu ( cúfm le/,a, iufha isÿ jQ wjidk iuqy >d;kh f,i ie<fla'

fidhd.kakd ,o fYaIhka ( jjq,alef,a rlaIs;h ;=< 12 fokl= >d;kh fldg gh¾ oud mq¿iaid ouk ,§'

j¾;udk ;;a;ajh ( .ïmy Èia;%slalfha .ï lSmhl jhi wjqreÿ 17;a 34;a w;r ;reKhka wvqu jYfhka 34
fokl= ùrÕ=, iy .fkauq,a, fmd,sia ia:dkj, fmd,sia ks,OdÍka úiska w;a wvx.=jg f.k w;a;k.,af,a rlaIs;
jkdka;rhg f.khk ,§'207 fï w;ßka 12 fokl=g jOysxid muqKqjd" fjä ;nd" gh¾ oud mq¿iaik ,o w;r"
tla úkaÈ;hl= .e,ù m,d wdfõ fjä jeÿKq ;=jd, iys;j209 h ' isrere mq¨iaikakg fhdod.;a ,S fldg iy
gh¾ weúf,ñka ;sfnkq ÿgq nj iuQy ñkSj< ksÍlaIKhg .sh wêlrK ffjoH ks,Odßhd igyka fldg
;snq‚'210 Èú .,jd.;a tlu úkaÈ;hd iy w;a wvx.=jg .ekSï ÿgq úkaÈ;hkaf.a {d;Ska ,ndÿka úia;r wkqj
uq,skau w;a wvx.=jg .kakd ,o fmd,sia ks,OdÍkaf.a ixLHdj 14 ls' kS;sm;s Wmfoia mßÈ 1990 §
ufyaia;%d;ajrhl= úiska y;a fokl= ksoyia lr yßk ,§' b;sß y;a fokdg meyer.ekSu iy ñkSueÍu
iïnkaOfhka kvq mjrk ,§' tla j.W;a;rlrejl= 1991 fkdjeïnrfha§ kd÷kk ;=jlal=lrejl= úiska >d;kh
lrk ,o w;r b;sß yh fokdg 1994 uq,§ wêfpdaokd m;% Ndrfok ,§'211 flfia fj;;a" idlaIs mriamr;d
fya;=fjka ish¨ fokdu 2000 § ksfodia fldg ksoyia lrk ,§' Èú .,jd.;a weiska ÿgq tlu idlaIslrejd 2017
wfma%,a udifha§ ñh f.dia ;sfí'212
48
6

Èkh ( 1994

ia:dkh ( j,amsg rcfha f.dúfmd<" ñkqjkaf.dv" .ïmy Èia;%slalh

miqìu ( cúfm iellrejkaf.a isrere njg iel flf¾'

fidhd.kakd ,o fYaIhka ( m<df;a ufyaia;%d;af.a kshufhka u< isrere 30la muK f.dv .kakd ,§'

j¾;udk ;;a;ajh ( niakdysr" ol=K iy inr.uqj fldñiï iNdfõ wjika jd¾;dj wkqj fï iuQy ñkSj,
ydrkq ,enqfha f.dúm,lg" m%foaYfha ;eme,a lkaf;darejlg" nexl=jlg iy uxikaêh wi, mqoa.,sl fjf<|
i,lg t,a, lrk ,o cúfm m%ydrhlska wk;=rejh' 1994 uQ,l s úu¾Ykfhka miq niakdysr m<d;a iNdfõ
iNdm;s wdßhr;ak ch;s,l we;=¿ iellrejka 14 fokl= w;a wvx.=jg .kakd ,§' w;a wvx.=jg .kakd
,oaojqka w;r isá fcHIaG fmd,sia wêldß fkdfh,a l=vdfyÜá 1995 fkdjeïnrfha§ wem msg ksoyia lrk ,§'
wem ksfhda.h wj,x.= lrk f,i kS;sm;s ld¾hd,h ó.uqj uydêlrKfhka l< b,a,Sulg wêlrKh tlÕ
úh' flfiafj;;a" thska wjqreoaolg miq iellrejka 11la ksoyia lrk f,i kS;sm;s ld¾hd,h wêlrKfhka
b,a,d isáfhah'213 kvq úNd.h isÿl< ufyaia;%d;a md,s; nKavdrkdhl udrelr hjk ,§' m%cd;ka;%jd§ tlai;a
cd;sl fmruq‚ka md,l fmdÿck fmruqKg me;s udre lsÍfuka miq wdßhr;ak ch;s,l ksfodia fldg ksoyia
flß‚' 2000 § foaYmd,kfhka úY%du .sh Tyq 2015 § ñh .sfhah'214 ksfhdacH fmd,siam;sjrhl= f,iska úY%du
.sh fkdfh,a l=vdfyÜá 2021 ud¾;=fõ § ñh.sfhah'215 uq,skau w;a wvx.=jg .kakd ,o fmd,sia ks,OdÍka w;ßka
whl= jQ ksu,a m%kdkaÿ" miqj fiajfha msysgqjd jhU m<df;a fmd,sia ia:dkdêm;sjrhl= m;a lrk ,§' 216

Èkh ( 1994

ia:dkh ( iQßhlkao" r;akmqr Èia;%slalh

miqìu ( 1987-89 cúfm le/,a, iufha uD; fYaIhka

fidhd.kakd ,o fYaIhka ( u< isrere 300lg wêlh' weô,smsáfhka w;=reoyka lrkq ,enQ mdi,a orejka
we;=¿ ;reKhka 46 lf.a isrere tys j, oud we;s nj mejfia' tfy;a lekSï isÿlrk ,o jD;a;Sh fkdjk
iajNdjh ksid idlaIs úkdY ù f.disks'

j¾;udk ;;a;ajh ( ñkSj< mßY%fhka yuqjQ oE ms<sn| ufyaia;%d;a mÍlaIKhla weô,smsáh ufyaia;%d;a mshfiak
rKisxyf.a wëlaIKh hgf;a 1994 ckjdß 3 od wdrïN flß‚' reyqKq úYaj úoHd,fha wêlrK ffjoH
tallfha uydpd¾h pkaøisß ksßwe,a," m%Odk wêlrK ffjoH ks,OdÍ t,a î t,a w,aúia iy fld<U ol=K
YslaIK frdayf,a ffjoH ks,OdÍ tia tï fld<Uf.a lekSï Ndrj lghq;= l<y' kqmqyqKq Y%uh iy .,afmdfrda"
nq,afvdai¾ jeks fuj,ï fhdodf.k yEÍu ksid fndfyda uD; fYaIhka úkdYhg m;aù" wegiels,s l,jï ù
;snq‚'217 uq,au Èkfha isrere 20lg wh;a hehs ie,flk ysia ln,a y;la iy ñY% wiaÓ .Kkdjla f.dv .kakd
,§' tu idlaIs uqød ;nkakg ufyaia;%d;ajrhd ksfhda. lf<ah' ckjdß 8 jeksod ;j;a leŒula isÿ lsÍug
kshñ;j ;snq‚' tfy;a" mßY%hg meñ‚ úmlaIfha kS;s{jrekaf.a ms<s.ekSu jQfha ñkSj, wmfõYkh fldg
we;s njhs' tla j<la ;jÿrg;a ydrd we;s njgo" j;=r msreKq ;fjllg mia oud we;s njgo" tl j<lg ysia
ln,la iy ly isjqrla w¨;ska oud we;s njgo Tjqyq weô,smsáh ufyaia;%d;a yuqfõ úfrdaO;djla f.dkq l<y'
fï w¨;a zidlaIsz o uqød ;nk f,i ufyaia;%d;a ksfhda. lf<ah' ckjdß 8 od ijia jkúg ;j;a ysialn,a yhla
iy w;a" md lsysmhl wiaÓ o /ia fldg f.k ;snq‚' we;eï wiaÓ nd, jhialdrhkag wh;a njla Èiajqkq w;r
wvqu jYfhka ysia ln,a foll weia jid ne| ;snq‚' ta w;rjdrfha rch úiska iuQy ñkS jf<ka yuqjQ oE
iïnkaOfhka úu¾Ykh lsÍug wmrdO mÍlaIK fomd¾;fïka;= lKavdhula m;a lrk ,§' lekSï isÿ flreKq

49
iuia; ld,fhau mdfya wmrdO mÍlaIK fomd¾;fïka;= ks,OdÍyq j< wi, isáhy' ckjdß 10 jeksod"
weô,smsáh ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKfha§ fYaIhka y÷kd .ekSug uyck;djg wjia:djla i,id fok ,§' bka
wk;=rej fï weg len,s ñksia wiaÓ njg iy;sl lsÍug" urK isÿjkakg we;s ld,h ks¾Kh lsÍug iy
urKhg fya;=j ks.ukh lsÍug fld<U wêlrK ffjoH ks,OdÍ fj; hjk ,§' we;eï idlaIslrejkag urK
;¾ck t,a,ùu iy ;ukag;a ksfji n,d hoa§ fjä myrlg ,la jkakg isÿùu ksid kvq úNd.h l,a ouk
f,i úmlaIh fjkqfjka fmkS isá m%Odk kS;s{hd 1995 ckjdß 17 jeksod b,a,d isáfhah' udOH jd¾;dj,g
wkqj wdKavqj mjid ;snqfka wêlrK ffjoH ks,OdÍ jd¾;d ,enqKq miq bÈß mshjr ;SrKh lrk njhs'218

isiq orejkaf.a foudmshka úiska lrk ,o nrm;, Woaf>daIKj,ska wk;=rej" 1995 § jhi wjqreÿ 15;a 17;a
w;r jQ YsIHhka 24la we;=¿ 25 fokl= >d;khg l=uka;%Kh lsÍu we;=¿ fpdaokd 80la iïnkaOfhka ku
fokl=g tfrysj wê fpdaokd f.dkq lrk ,§' l=uka;%Kh lsÍu" ñkSueÍfï wruq‚ka meyerf.k hdu iy
w;=reoyka lsÍu i|yd fijk yuqod l|jqf¾ whq;= f,i isrfldg ;nd .ekSu iïnkaOfhka 1999 fmnrjdßfha§
yuqod ks,OdÍka yh fokl=g iy úÿy,am;sjrhl=g oi wjqreÿ isr o~qjï mkjk ,§'219 tfia fj;;a" urd
oeóug fmr orejka r|jd ;snq fijk yuqod l|jqf¾ Wiiau yuqod ks,Odßhd jQ wK fok ks,OdÍ tjl ¨;skka
l¾k,a wd¾ mS ,shkf.a ^frdydka mrdl%u -zmeÍZ- ,shkf.a& meyer.ekSug ;snq iDcq iïnkaOh Tmamq lsÍug
m%udKj;a idlaIs fkd;snqKq fyhska Tyq ksfodia fldg ksoyia lrk ,§'220 2002 uq,§ f.dkq lrk ,o
wNshdpkhlska fid,aodÿjka y;r fokl=f.a iy úÿy,am;s f.a jroldß;ajh ;yjqre lrk ,§' ¨;skka l¾k,a
wd¾ mS ,shkf.a ksoyia lr heùug tfrysj kS;sm;s wNshdpkhla f.dkq lf<a ke;' ta foudmshkaf.a wleue;a;
ueo h' Tyq miq lf,l ì%f.aäh¾ ;k;=rg Wiia lrk ,§'221 ta" ,shkf.a ta iïnkaO j.lSula bis¨ nj fijk
l|jqf¾ w;=reoyka lsÍï ms<sn|j niakdysr" ol=K yd inr.uqj w;=reoyka lsÍï ms<sn| fldñiu iïmdokh
l< úfYaI jd¾;djlska ks.ukh lr ;sìh§h'222

Èkh ( 1994

ia:dkh ( tiaie,a," .ïmy Èia;%slalh

miqìu ( 1987-89 cúfm le/,a, iufha uD; fYaIhka'

fidhd.kakd ,o fYaIhka ( ufyaia;%d;a kshufhka 1994 Tlaf;dan¾ 13-14 Èkj, lekSï isÿ lrk ,§'

j¾;udk ;;a;ajh ( niakdysr" ol=K yd inr.uqj w;=reoyka lsÍï ms<sn| fldñifï wjika jd¾;djg wkqj
fï fYaIhka wh;a jkafka m<df;a yuqod l|jqrlska ^B yuqod l|jqr f,i y÷kajd we;& 1989 iema;eïn¾ 19 od
f.khk ,o isrlrejka 15lg fyda 16 lg h' ta w;r ldka;dfjda ;=ka fofklao fj;s'223 ta jd¾;djgu wkqj
iuQy ñkSj< msysáfha tiaie,a," hg.u m%d:ñl úoHd,h wi, h' iuQy ñkSj<la we;s lsÍug fmr —cúfm
m%ydrhlska ñh.sh yuqod ks,Odßhl=f.a ksji wi, ldkqjl oud ;snq fjä jeÿKq ;reK msßñ yd ldka;d u<
isrere m%isoaêfha m%o¾Ykh lrkq ,eîfuka wk;=rej" g%la r:j, Yío iy fjä y~˜ weiqKq nj niakdysr"
ol=K yd inr.uqj w;=reoyka lsÍï ms<sn| fldñiu ksÍlaIKh lr ;snq‚'224

50
9

Èkh ( 1995

ia:dkh ( fnd,af.dv jej" fld<U Èia;%slalh

miqìu ( fï isrere fou< úuqla;s fldá ixúOdkfha idudðlhka hehs iel flreKq fou< ;reKhkaf.a njg
úYajdi flf¾' fld<U úfYaI{ wêlrK ffjoH ks,OdÍ úiska lrk ,o mYapd;a urK mÍlaIKhla iy 1990
fkdjeïn¾ ui ì%;dkHfha .a,diaf.da úYaj úoHd,fha isÿl< uqyqKq m%;sks¾udKh yd ùäfhda wêia:dmkh we;=¿
.eUqre fjdaydßl úNd.j,ska wk;=rej;a mia fokl= w÷kd .kq ,eì‚'225 y÷kd.kq ,enQ isrere Tjqkaf.a
{d;Skag Ndr fok ,oafoa oehs oek.kakg ke;'

fidhd.kakd ,o fYaIhka ( fnd,af.dv jefõ" w,õj Tfha iy Èhjkakd Tfha mdfjk u, isrere 21la yuqù
;sfí'

j¾;udk ;;a;ajh ( wmrdO mÍlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska fï iïnkaOfhka lrk ,o úu¾Ykj,ska

wk;=rej 1996 § fmd,sia úfYaI ld¾h idOl n,ldfha 21 fokl= yd idudkH jeishka ;sfokl= w;a wvx.=jg
.kakd ,§' fld<U m%Odk ufyaia;%d;a yuqjg muqKqjk ,o Tjqka ßudkaâ Ndrhg m;a flß‚' ta w;ßka
ks,OdÍka ;=ka fokl=g w,.iajdñ l=udrisxyï fyj;a lkakka f,i y÷kd .kakd ,o tla úkaÈ;hl=
meyerf.k" idjoH f,i isrfldg ;nd.ekSfï fpdaokd f.dkq flß‚' Tjqkag tfrysj m%udKj;a idlaIs ke;ehs
;SrKh l< kS;sm;s fomd¾;fïka;=j ta fjkqjg úkh mshjr .kakd f,i ks¾foaY lf<ah'226

10

Èkh ( 1999

ia:dkh ( fodf¾wmamd l%Svdx.Kh" hdmkh Èia;%slalh

miqìu ( isrere ldf.aoehs meyeÈ,s ke;' yuqjQ wegiels,s 1987 § W;=re m<df;a jdä ,d isá bka§h idu idOl
yuqod ^IPKF& úiska >d;kh fldg j, ouk ,o hdmkh jdiSkaf.a njg iel flf¾'

fidhd.kakd ,o fYaIhka ( fodf¾wmamd l%Svdx.kfha w¨;ska l%Svl myiqlï bÈlsÍu i|yd w;a;sjdrï ouoa§
wegiels,sj, lïlrejkaf.a ij,a je§ ;sfí'227

j¾;udk ;;a;ajh ( lekSï lghq;= Èk myla ;siafia isÿúh' uq,a Èkfha wegiels,s wglao" B<Õ Èkfha 16lao"
;=kajeks Èkfha 25lao yuqù ;sfí'228

51
11

Èkh ( 1999

ia:dkh ( fpïuks" hdmkh Èia;%slalh

miqìu ( fï iuQy ñkSj<j,a we;s ia:dkh 1996 § wkdjrKh jQfha mdi,a YsIHdjl jQ l%sIdka;s l=udriajdñ
>d;kh fldg blaì;sj wef.a uj" fidfydhqrd iy wi,ajdishl= o >d;kh lsÍu iïnkaOfhka ,dkaia fldam%,a
fidaur;ak rdcmlaI we;=¿ fin¿ka mia fokl=g tfrys kvq úNd.h mj;ajdf.k hoa§ h' wehf.a isrer
f.dv.kakd ,o ia:dkfha ;j;a isrere 400la muK j, oud we;s nj kvq úNd.fha§ rdcmlaI m%ldY lf<ah'

fidhd.kakd ,o fYaIhka ( 15

j¾;udk ;;a;ajh ( w;=reoyka lsÍï 15 lg j.lsjhq;= yuqod idudðlhka mxp mqoa., lñgqjla úiska 1998 §
y÷kd .kakd ,§' lñgq jd¾;dj lsisúfgl;a m%isoaêhg m;a flrefka ke;' yuqod ks,OdÍka y;r fokl= w;a
wvx.=jg .kakd ,§' lekSï isÿlrk ,oafoa fjdaydßl úoHdj ms<sn| reyqKq úYaj úoHd,fha uydpd¾h
wêlrK ffjoH ks,OdÍ pkaøisß ksßwe,a, hgf;a h'229 fpïuksfha we;eï lekSï lghq;= cd;Hka;r fjdaydßl
úfYaI{hka iy weïkiaá cd;Hka;rh úiska wëlaIKh lrk ,§' úfYaI{hka ljrl=j;a lekSïj,g
iïnkaO jQfha ke;'

DNA mÍlaIK i|yd wiaÓ ksheÈ bkaÈhdfõ yhsordndoa fjdaydßl úoHd.drhg;a" t;kska ì%;dkHhg;a hjk
,§' yuqod iy fmd,sia Nghka w;f,diaila wdrïNfha§ w;a wvx.=jg .;af;a jqjo" wê fpdaokd f.dkq flrefKa
ke;' kS;sm;s fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ksfhda.fhka iellrejka wem u; uqod yßk ,§' kvqj miqj fld<U
ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKhg udrelr hjk ,oafoa hdmkh ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKfha fmkS isáhfyd;a ;u Ôú;hg
wk;=rla fj;ehs yuqod ks,OdÍka ;¾l lsÍfuka wk;=rej h' 2006 ckjdß udifha§ kvqj ksudjg f.k tkq
,enqfõ kS;sm;sjrhdf.a Wmfoia ke;s fyhska ;j ÿrg;a kvqj mj;ajdf.k hd fkdyels nj fmd,sish fld<U
ufyaia;%d;ajrhdg oekqï §u;a iu. h' tfia flrefka fmd,sia úu¾Ykj,ska wkdjrKh lr.;a oE kS;sm;s
fomd¾;fïka;=jg Ndr § ;sìh§ h'230

bka wk;=rej" fuu kvqfõ m%Odk iellrejkag Wiiaùï ,nd § ;sfí' lms;dka iS fÊ à fla ,,s;a fyajdg
mdkÿrfha yuqod ksjdvq ksfla;khla Ndr fcHIaG ¨;skka l¾k,a moúhla ,enq‚' lms;dka à ã YIsl fmf¾rd
ukakdrfï yuqod l|jqrla Ndr fcHIaG ¨;skka l¾k,a f,i m;a fldg" miqj l,djej yuqod l|jqrg wkqhqla;
lrk ,§' ¨;skka iÑkaø úfÊisßj¾Ok uq,;sõ yuqod l|jqr Ndr lksIaG ¨;skka l¾k,a fldg miqj mkdf.dv
hqoaO yuqod uq,ia:dkhg wkqhqla; flß‚' ¨;skka ta hg.u úY%du f.disks'231 iïnkaO jqjka f,iska fidaur;ak
úiska kï lrk ,o njg jd¾;djk lsisjl=gj;a tfrysj fpdaokd f.dkq flrefka ke;' ta wh w;r ch;s,l"
kid¾" iurúl%u" mßjdisl fin, fmf¾rd" fin, fÊ tï chisxy" ¨;skka ;=vq.,232 " ¨;skka Wohl=udr"
fïc¾ lreKdfialr" lemagka chj¾Ok" fldam%,a nKavdr" mßjdisl fin, ksYdka;" mßjdisl fin, w,aúia
^ñh f.disks&" mßjdisl fin, uq;=nKavd" idcka is,ajd hk yuqod idudðlhka iy fldia;dm,a m%sho¾Yk"
ks,OdÍ wíÿ,a yóâ iy ks,OdÍ iurisxy233 hk wh fj;s' l%sIdka;s l=udriajdñ ÿIKh fldg urd oeóug
jrolre jQ fidaur;ak rdcmlaI Ôú;dka;h olajd isr o~qjula ú¢ñka isà'

52
12

Èkh ( 2000

ia:dkh ( ñreiqú,a" hdmkh Èia;%slalh

miqìu ( úkaÈ;hka w;=reoyka ù i;shlg miq 2000 foieïn¾ 25 jeksod lekSï lghq;= wdrïN úh'

fidhd.kakd ,o fYaIhka ( orejka ;sfokl=f.a we;=¿j wNHka;ßlj Wkaysá ;eka wysñjQ wg fokl=f.a isrere
f.dv.kakd ,§' mia wjqreÿ tl orejl=f.a isref¾ jo ysxidjg f.dÿre jQ ,l=Kq ;snq‚'

j¾;udk ;;a;ajh ( kvq úNd.h wjika ùug wjqreÿ 15la .;úh' wdrïNfha § kvqj pdjdlÉfÉß ufyaia;%d;a
wêlrKfha mjrk ,ÿj yuqod ks,OdÍka 14 fokl= w;a wvx.=jg .kakd ,§' ;ukaf.a Ôú;hg wk;=rla fj;ehs
ìh m, l< iellrejka kS;sm;s fomd¾;fïka;=fjka l< b,a,Sulska wk;=rej kvqj wkqrdOmqr ufyaia;%d;a
wêlrKhg udre lrk ,§' bka wk;=rej w.úksiqre úiska fld<U uydêlrKfha kvqj úNd. lsÍug úksiqre
uvq,a,la m;a lrkq ,enqKs' wjia:d .Kkdjl§u kvqj l,a oukq ,eîh'234 §¾> wêlrK ld¾hoduhlska
wk;=rej hqo yuqodfõ È.=ÿr úysÿï n,ldfha idudðl iqks,a r;akdhlg 2015 § urK oKavkh mkjk ,o
w;r ;j;a pqÈ;hka y;r fokl= ish¨ fpdaokdj,ska ksoyia flß‚' wNshdpkdêlrKh úiska 2015 § o~qju
;yjqre lrk ,§' o~qju kshu fldg wjqreÿ myla .;fj;au 2020 jif¾§ tjl ckdêm;s f.daGdNh
rdcmlaI" ckdêm;s iudjla ,nd § r;akdhl ksoyia lr heùh'235 2021 § weußld tlai;a ckmoh r;akdhl
trgg we;=,a ùu ;ykï l< w;r236 2023 uq,§ lekvdj úisko a tu mshjru wkq.ukh lrk ,§'237

13

Èkh ( 2010

ia:dkh ( .fKaImqrï" ls,sfkdÉÑ Èia;%slalh

miqìu ( l¿ fmd,s;Ska u¨ j,ska T;d ;snq u, isrere mrK jeisls,s j<la Y=oO
a lrk w;r;=r yuqúh'

fidhd.kakd ,o fYaIhka ( 6

j¾;udk ;;a;ajh ( https://www.dailymirror.lk/article/mass-grave-in-kilinochchi-

4058.html?fbrefresh=1505404589

14

Èkh ( 2012

ia:dkh ( ud;f,a" ud;f,a Èia;%slalh

miqìu ( ud;f,a uy frdayf,a bÈlsÍul ffcj jdhq tallhla ia:dms; lrñka isá lïlrejkag udkj uD;
fYaIhka yuqúh' ud;f,a ufyaia;%d;a Widúfha kvq wxlh B 1810$12 fjhs'

fidhd.kakd ,o fYaIhka ( orejka ;sfokl=f.a we;=¿j wNHka;ßlj Wkaysá ;eka wysñjQ wg fokl=f.a isrere
f.dv.kakd ,§' mia wjqreÿ tl orejl=f.a isref¾ jo ysxidjg f.dÿre jQ ,l=Kq ;snq‚'

j¾;udk ;;a;ajh ( lekSï lrk ,oafoa ufyaia;%d;a p;=ßld o is,ajdf.a wêldß;ajh hgf;a h' w;=reoyka
jqjkaf.a {d;Skg
a iy idlaIslrejkag bÈßm;a jk f,i b,a,d ckudOHfha m%isoO
a oekaùï m,lrk f,i lrk
,o ksfhda.h fmd,sish ms<smeoafoa ke;'
53
fjdaydßl mqrdúoHd{ uydpd¾h rdÊ fidaufoajf.a jd¾;djg wkqj" .sks wú yd fudg WmlrK fhdod.;a nj;a"
ysialn,g weK .eiQ yd ysia .id ouk ,o nj;a oelafjk ,l=Kq f.dv.;a isrerej,ska wkdjrKh ù we;'
fYaIhka w;ßka yuqjQ we;eï udkj lD;s mokï lr.;a Tyqf.a ks.ukh jQfha u, isrere 1980 w. Nd.hg
wh;a nj h' wiaÓ idïm, mÍlaIK lghq;= i|yd úfoaYhlg hjk f,i ufyaia;%d;ajrhd ÿka ksfhda.h wmrdO
mÍlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska i;s yhlg jeä ld,hla fkd;ld yßk ,§' ufyaia;%d;a mÍlaIKhla flfrñka
;sfnk ksid Y%S ,xld kS;s{ ix.uh we;=¿ fjk;a kS;s{jreka úfrdaOh m, lroa§;a" ysgmq ckdêm;sjrhd
;%smo
q a., úu¾Yk fldñiula m;a lf<ah' úksiqrejrhd jydu udrelr hjd fjkll= m;a lrk ,§' wu;r
Èjqreï m%ldY ndr.ekSu m%;slafIam l< w¨;a úksiqrejrhd tf;la ,eî ;snqKq Èjqreï m%ldY ckdêm;s
fldñiug fhduq lf<ah' 156 fokl=f.ka idlaIs /ia l< fldñiu úiska Ökfha úoHd.drhlska iy tlai;a
ckmofha *af,dÍvdfõ îgd wek,ála wdh;kfhka fjdaydßl jd¾;djla ,nd.ekSug kshu lrk ,§'228

ksheÈ ,ndf.k uqød ;nd Bg wod< ,shú,af,a msgm;la ud;f,a ufyaia;%d;a fj; hejQ wêlrK ffjoH ks,Odßhd
úiska îgd wek,ála ^tlai;a ckmofha úfYaI{ iud.ula& ksYaÑ; ud¾f.damfoaY m%ldr uq,a ,sheú,a,
úoHd.drhg hjk ,§' úOdk oduh mj;ajdf.k hk wmrdO mÍlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=jg ksheÈ ndr fok ,§'
ldnka ld, ks¾Kh i|yd úfYaI{ wëlaIKhlska f;drj hjk ,o idïm, îgd wek,ála úiska ks.ukh
flrefka 1950 .Kkaj,g fmr ld, jljdkqjlg wh;a nj h'239

îgd wek,ála ks.ukhg úrqoaOj ;¾l l< fjdaydßl mqrdúoHd{ rdÊ fidaufoaj fhdackd lr isáfha mqrdúoHd
ld, ks¾Khg fjkia ks.ukhla ldnka od;u jd¾;dfõ we;af;a idïm, ÿIH ùula ksid úh yels nj h' 2015 §
wdKavq udrej isÿjQ miq" úu¾Ykh kej; wdrïN l< fldñiu úiska 1950 g fmr ld, ks¾Kh ms<sn|
Wml,amkh wkqu; lrk ,§' ckdêm;s ffu;%smd, isßfiakg fok ,o jd¾;dj lsisodl m%isoê a hg m;a flrefka
ke;' ufyaia;%d;a kvq úNd.h 2015 § wjika lrk ,§' Bg tfrysj wNshdpkd bÈßm;a lsÍfï Wkkaÿjla we;eï
md¾Yjhka fj;ska m< jqk;a" 2023 wdrïNh jkúg;a lsisÿ wNshdpkhla f.dkq lr ;snqfka ke;'240

15

Èkh ( 2013

ia:dkh ( ;srefla;Siajrï" ukakdrï Èia;%slalh

miqìu ( ukakdru ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKfha B768$13 wxlh ork kvqj' wdKavqfõ uq,dY% fpdaokd lrkafka fï
t,aààB h úiska urd ouk ,o hqo Nghkaf.a u< isrere nj h' fjk;a uq,dY%j, fpdaokdj kï fï rcfha yuqod
úiska w;=reoyka lrk ,o úkaÈ;hka njhs'

fidhd.kakd ,o fYaIhka ( 80 lg jeä h'241 ;j;a isrere f.dv.kakg ;sfnk njg úYajdi flf¾'

j¾;udk ;;a;ajh ( 2013 foieïn¾ 22 jeksod ukakdru ufyaia;%d;a wdkkaÈ lk.r;akï úksiqrejßh
mÍlaIKhla wdrïN l<dh' weh fidfydka ìug uQ,sl ksÍlaIKhg .sfha 1999 fpïuks úu¾Ykhg iïnkaO ù
isá wêlrK ffjoH ks,Odß ã t,a ffjoHr;ak iu. h'242 2014 ckjdßfha§ wêlrK ffjoH ks,Odßhd lshd
isáfha frÈms<s fyda ñksia w;ska ksujk ,o lsisÿ udkj lD;shl fyda i,l=Kla ñkSjf<a ;snqfKa ke;s nj h'
wiaÓ fYaI ixrlaIKh i|yd 80lg jeä fmÜá .Kkl mqrjdf.k" f,an,a .id" uqød ;enQ Tyq" tajd wêlrK
ksfhda.hla hgf;a .nvd lsÍu iy jeäÿr mÍlaIK i|yd wkqrdOmqr YslaIK frday,g m%jdykh lr ;sfí'
we;eï wiaÓ fYaIj, fjä WKavj,ska midre flreKq ,l=Kq ;snqKq njo" ;j;a tajdfha w;a msgqmig ne| ;snqKq
njo jd¾;d fõ'

fuh 1930 .Kkaj, isg Ndú;d flreKq idudkH lk;a;la úkd iuQy ñkSj<la fkdjk nj 2014 wfma%,a udifha
§ mqrdúoHd wOHlaI ckrd,ajrhd m%ldY lf<ah' {d;Ska úiska fm;aiï f.dkq lrk ,ÿj 2016 § lekSï kej;
wdrïN ù wiaÓ fYaI folla fidhd .kq ,enq‚'

fjdaydßl mqrdúoHd{hl=$ udkj úoHd{hl= ñkSj<g wod< ld, kS¾Kh lsÍug fmr N+ úoHd{fhla iy
mrudKq úfYaI{fhla Tjqkaf.a jd¾;d bÈßm;a l<y' fuh widudkH h'

wkqrdOmqr YslaIK frdayf,a ;nd we;s wiaÓ fYaI wêlrK ksfhda.hlska f;drj neyer lsÍu 2015
Tlaf;danrfha§ ufyaia;%d;a úiska ;ykï lrk ,§' wd¾ckaákdfõ" fmareúhdfõ iy f.da;ud,dfõ fjdaydßl
54
udkj úoHd{ lKavdhï fj; idïm, hjkakg 2015 foieïnrfha§ wmrdO mÍlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j tlÕ
úh' flfia fj;;a" fuh isÿ fkdjqKs' l,a h;au" wmrdO mÍlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j f.da;ud,dfõ fjdaydßl
udkj úoHd{ lKavdhu yd iïnkaO ù ;snqK;a" wfkla wh yd iïnkaO ù ke;' f.da;ud,d fjdaydßl
lKavdhula Y%S ,xldjg meñK hï mqyqKqjla ,nd § ;snq‚' flfia fj;;a" ukakdrfï iqidk N+ñhg fkd.sh
Tjqyq lsisÿ lekSulg iyNd.S fkdjqy'

2023 uq, Nd.fha§" we;eï fYaIhka wêlrK ksfhda.fhka wiaÓ úkHdihla i|yd fld<U úYaj úoHd,fha
fjdaydßl yd udkj úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=jg f.khk ,§' wka;sfï§" WmfoaYl wêlrK ffjoH ks,OdÍ
ffjoHr;ak úiska tlai;a ckmofha" *af,dÍvdfõ îgd wek,sála fj; heùu i|yd 2023 ckjdß 3 jeksod
idïm, ,nd.kakd ,§' flfia fj;;a" lsisÿ ksfhda.hla yd uqo,a ke;s ;ek tajd ;ju;a we;af;a ufyaia;%d;a
wêlrKh Ndrfha h'

16

Èkh ( 2014

ia:dkh ( l¿jkaÑl=ä" uvl<mq Èia;%slalh

miqìu ( ld;a;kal=ä ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKfha kvq wxl B172$14'

uD; fYaIhka t,aààB ixúOdkh úiska l< >d;kj, úkaÈ;hkaf.a - úfYaIfhkau 1990 cq,s 12 jeksod
l=relal,auvñka meyer.kakd ,o uqia,sïjrekaf.a - hehs úYajdi flf¾'

fidhd.kakd ,o fYaIhka ( 160 lg jvd úh yels h'243 tlÿ uD; foayhlaj;a wo jk;=re f.dv f.k ke;'

j¾;udk ;;a;ajh ( t,aààB h úiska urd ouk ,o tla mqoa.,hl=f.a mq;%hd W.;a mdvï iy m%;sikaOdkh
ms<sn| jQ ckdêm;s mÍlaIK fldñIka iNdj ^LLRC& iy w;=reoyka ùï ms<sn| ckdêm;s fldñiu bÈßfha
idlaIs ÿkafkah' 1990 cQ,sfha§ urd ouk ,o uqia,sïjreka t,aààBh úiska j< ouk ,o ia:dkh y÷kd .; yels
njg m<df;a uqia,sï ksfhdað;hka ckdêm;s fldñiu bÈßfha idlaIs ÿkay' wdrlaIl yuqod iïnkaOhla we;ehs
mejiqKq ia:dkj,g jvd hqyqiq¿j wdrïNfha§ wdKavqj úiska fï mßY%h úu¾Ykh lrk ,§'244 flfia fj;;a"
fld<U isá m%Odk wêlrK ffjoH ks,OdÍ iy rcfha ri mÍlaIl wd§ fjdaydßl úfYaI{hka meñK
fkdisàu jeks fya;= ksid úu¾Yk lsysm jdrhla l,a oukq ,enqKs'

tjla mgka" úu¾Yk wekysg we;s w;r lsisÿ uD; YÍr f.dv,Eula isÿjqfha ke;' fï iuQy ñkSjf<a lekSï
È.gu lrf.k hdfuka t,aààBh w;yer 2008 § uyskao rdcmlaI md,khg yjq,a jQ úkdh.uq¾;s uqr,sorka
^l¾k,a lreKd&f.a iïnkaOhla fy<sjkq we;ehs rch jgyd .ekSu Bg fya;=j f,iska fmkS hhs'245

wêlrK ffjoH ks,OdÍ ld¾hd,fha ksfhdað;hka iu. iel lghq;= ia:dkh fj; hdug 2019 § OMP h úiska
ld;a;kal=ä ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKfhka b,a¨ï lrk ,§'246 Bg wjir ,enqfkao hkak meyeÈ,s ke;'

17

Èkh ( 2018

ia:dkh ( ukakdru" ukakdrï Èia;%slalh

miqìu ( ukakdru ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKfha kvq wxl ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKfha kvq wxl B232$18' wegiels,s
flfia meñ‚fha oehs ;ju;a meyeÈ,s ke;'

fidhd.kakd ,o fYaIhka ( 2018 foieïn¾ jkúg orejka 28la we;=¿ 318 lf.a wegiels,s f.dvf.k ;snq‚'

j¾;udk ;;a;ajh ( ñkSj< wkdjrKh jqfka if;di f.dvke.s,a,la bÈlsÍfï lghq;=j,§ h' ysñlrejka
55
úiska ta nj fmd,sishg okajk ,§' iel lghq;= if;di ñkSj< mßY%fha úu¾Yk i|yd ksÍlaIlhl= f,iska
iyNd.S jkakg OMP h 2018 fkdjeïnrfha § b,a,Sula lf<ah' fidhd .kakd ,o oE w;r ll=,a tlg
.eg.eiSu i|yd fhdod.kak ,o hlv lïì ;snq‚'247 2019 §;a OMPh kvq lghq;a; ksÍlaIKfha fhÿkq w;r"
fjdaydßl udkj úoHd{hkaf.a iydfhka úu¾Ykfha ta olajd m%.;sh iudf,dapkh l< OMP h" wkdjrKh
lr.;a oE {d;Skaf.a ksfhdað;hka we;=¿ wod< md¾Yj iu. idlÉPd lf<ah'

2019 ckjdßfha§" wêlrK ffjoH ks,Odßhd úiska *af,dÍvdfõ" uhdñ ys îgd wek,sála fj; wiaÓ iy oka;
ksheÈ ndrfokq OMP flduidßiajrhl= iy {d;Skaf.a kS;s{ ksfhdað; fom,la ^CHRD& úiska ksÍlaIKh
lrk ,§' 2019 fmnrjdßfha§ ,enqKq f¾äfhda ldnka o;a; mÍlaIdfjka lshjqfka tu idïm, 15-18 Y;j¾Ij,g
wh;a tajd úh yels njhs' m%;sM, ,eîfuka wk;=rej ukakdru ufyaia;%d;ajrhd ;djld,slj lekSï kj;ajd
wx. iïmQ¾K jd¾;djla fok f,i úu¾Yk lKavdhug ksfhda. lf<ah' th ;ju;a ndr § ke;'

yuqodj ñkSj< iïnkaOfhka j.lsjhq;= ke;ehs Y%S ,xld hqo yuqod m%ldYl ì%f.aäh¾ iqñ;a w;m;a;= lshd
isáfhah' —yuqodj ta ñkSj,g iïnkaO kE' wmsg tal;a tlal lsisu .kqfokqjla ;snqfka kE'˜248

18

Èkh ( 2019

ia:dkh ( mqÿl=ähsremamq" uqff,;sjq Èia;%slalh

miqìu ( uq,;sõ ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKfha kvq wxl AR$808$19

fidhd.kakd ,o fYaIhka ( 9

j¾;udk ;;a;ajh ( udkj fYaI yuqjqfha 2019 Tlaf;danrfhah' mßY%hg /lj,a ,d úu¾Ykhla lrk f,i
m%foaYfha fmd,sishg;a" uD; fYaIhka mÍlaId lrk f,i wêlrK ffjoH ks,Odßhdg;a ufyaia;%d;a ksfhda.
lf<ah' ufyaia;%d;ajrhdf.a ia:dkSh mÍlaIdj ksÍlaIKh l< OMP flduidßiajrhl= iy ld¾h uKav,
idudðlhl= úiska úu¾Ykh fmrg f.k hdu i|yd wkq.ukh l< hq;= mshjr iïnkaOfhka jk ks¾foaY
bÈßm;a lrk ,§'249

19

Èkh ( 2020

ia:dkh ( uq,;sjq" uq,;sjq Èia;%slalh

miqìu ( uq,;sõ ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKfha kvq wxl AR$503$20

fidhd.kakd ,o fYaIhka ( fkdokS

j¾;udk ;;a;ajh ( 2020 jd¾Isl jd¾;dj wkqj OMP h úiska kvq úNd.h ksÍlaIKh lr ;sfí'250 2021
jd¾Isl jd¾;dfõ kvqj ms<sn| hdj;ald,Sk lsÍula ke;' ITJP" FoD" CHRD iy JDS ixúOdkhkag jeäÿr
f;dr;=re ,nd.kakg yelsù fkdue;'

56
20

Èkh ( 2020

ia:dkh ( ls,sfkdÉÑh" ls,sfkdÉÑ Èia;%slalh

miqìu ( ls,sfkdÉÑ ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKfha kvq wxl B$542$20

fidhd.kakd ,o fYaIhka ( tla ldka;d wegiels,a,la iy .e,jqKq o;la fidhd.kakd ,§'

j¾;udk ;;a;ajh ( OMP h úiska kvq úNd.h ksÍlaIKh lr ;sfí'251 2021 jd¾Isl jd¾;dfõ kvqj ms<sn|
hdj;ald,Sk lsÍula ke;' ITJP" FoD" CHRD iy JDS g jeäÿr f;dr;=re ,nd.kakg yelsù ke;'

57
58
iudma; igyka
1. ì%fgda m%kdkaÿ iu. iïuqL
idlÉPdj" 2023 wfma%,a 5
2. f.da;ud,dfõ" jir 36l isú,a
hqoaOfhka miqj" 1996 iy 2012
w;r 6"000lg jvd jeä m%udKhla
f.dv.ekSï isÿ lr we;'' n,kak
https://www.ictj.org/news/
guatemalas-claudia-paz-crimes-
past-and-present-justice-must-be-
done' merks hqf.daia,dúhdfõ
.egqfï m%;M s ,hla f,i
w;=reoyka jQ njg jd¾;d jQ
mqoa.,hka 40"000 ka 27"000 ^70]&
lg jeä m%udKhlg isÿjQ foa
fidhdf.k we;' n,kak https://
www.icmp.int/news/sida-director-
general-carin-jamtin-visits-icmps-
western-balkans-program/'
iamd[a[ isú,a hqoaOhg iïnkaO
iuQy ñkSj<j,a wvqu jYfhka
2"000la iamd[a[fhka fidhdf.k
we;;a" ;j;a fndfyda tajd y÷kd
.; hq;j = we;' n,kak José-
Paulino Fernández-Álvarez and
others" ‘Discovery of a mass grave
from the Spanish civil war using
ground penetrating radar and
forensic archaeology’ - " Forensic
Science International" / fj¿u
267, (2016 Tlaf;dan¾) msgq e10-e17
3. ITJP" 1989 iuQy lDrlï ms<sn|
ckdêm;s f.daGdNh rdcmlaIf.a
N+ñldj" 2022 uehs" https://
itjpsl.com/reports/gotabaya-
rajapaksa-the-sri-lankan-presi-
dents-role-in-1989-mass-atrocities
4. cd;Hka;r CIud ixúOdkh, Sri
Lanka: Chemmani exhumations –
positive first steps towards truth
and justice, 1999 cQks 22, https://
www.amnesty.org/ar/wp-content/
uploads/2021/06/
asa370171999en.pdf
5. fï ,ehsia;j= wx. iïmQ¾K
ke;' fjk;a iuyr f.dv.ekSï
ms<sn|j ' ^1993 w. - 1994 uq,a
Nd.fha uykqjr Èia;%slalfha
mQcdmsáfha§ jeks& fï ixúOdk
iuQyh okakd kuq;a tajd weuqKqug
we;=<;a lsÍug m%udKj;a ;yjqre
lrk ,o f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSug
fkdyels úh' we;a; jYfhkau"
ud;f,a iy wkqrdOmqr
Èia;%slalj, 1971 cúfm le/,af,a
iuQy ñkSj<j,a .eko we;eï
ryiH uQ,dY% úiska jd¾;d lr
we;;a" m%udKj;a f,i ;yjqre
l< f;dr;=re fkdue;s neúka tajd
o we;=<;a lr ke;'
6. 2005 tcd uy iuq¿j úiska
iïu; lr.kakd ,o cd;Hka;r
udkj ysñlï kS;sh iy
cd;Hka;r udkqISh kS;h s nrm;<
f,i W,a,x>kh lsÍïj,
úkaÈ;hka i;= ms<shula iy
ydksmqrkhla i|yd jk whs;sh
ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skf a .a uQ,sl
isoaOdka; iy ud¾f.damfoaY
hgf;a" ‘w;=reoyka jqjka bkakd
;ekla ['''] u<jqkf
a .a isrere
fiùu" iy kej; f.dv.ekSu"
y÷kd.ekSu" iy úkaÈ;hkaf.a
m%ldYs; fyda Wml,ams; leue;a;g
wkqj fyda mjq,a iy m%cdjkaf.a
ixialD;sl Ndú;hka wkqj kej;
ñysoka lsÍu i|yd wdOdr lsÍu
hkdÈh" ;Dma;shg m;aùu hkakg
we;=,;a úh hq;=h' n,kak
uQ,O¾u 22 (c)
https://www.ohchr.org/en/instru-
ments-mechanisms/instruments/
basic-principles-and-guidelines-
right-remedy-and-reparation
7. Haglund, William D, Melissa
Connor, and Douglas D Scott. ‘The
Archaeology of Contemporary
Mass Graves’, Historical Archaeol-
ogy 35, No 1 (2001): 57-69
8. nys¾ kS;sl" w;a;fkdau;sl iy
,>q >d;k m,odhS f,i je,elaùu
iy úu¾Ykh ms<sn| ixfYdaê;
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a w;afmd; fþo
110" 2017
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11. nys¾ kS;sl" ,>q fyda
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s frdaëj isÿúh yels
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lsÍuz i|yd msysgqjd f.k we;s
brdl iuQy iqidk lghq;= wOHlaI
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m%dfhda.slj fï uq,msÍu wvmK
lr we;' iajlsh ld¾hh iïmQ¾K
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iy w;=reoyka ;eke;a;ka ms<sn|
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56. n,y;aldr w;=reoyka lsÍï
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jd¾;dj" znqrekaä" uyd ì%;dkHfha
iy W;=re wh¾,ka;h iy Y%S
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62. n,kak n,y;aldrfhka fyda
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65. niakdysr" ol=K iy inr.uqj
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iuQy ñkSj< ms<sn| úu¾Ykhla
fkdue;slu fmd,sish úiska
idOdrŒlrKh lrk ,§
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68. OMP mk;" Section
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70. ckdêm;s fldñIka iNdj
úiska ixfla;d;aul isoaê 48la
iudf,dapkh lrk ,§' th
wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh iy
kS;fs ha wdêm;Hh hgm;a lrñka
wêlrK ;Skaÿ wdmiq yerùug w;
fmùh' tu fldñifï ks¾foaY
l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd ;%s mqoa.,
úfYaI ckdêm;s úu¾Yk
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uKav,h ;SrKh lf<ah' n,kak
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78
75. OMP mk;" fþoh 12^wE&
76. l¿jkaÑl=ä" mqÿl=ähsremamq"
ls,sfkdÉp iy uq,;sjq fuhg
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classification=01.04&p_
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80. 1979 wxl 15 ork wmrdO kvq
úOdk ix.%yh" 373 fþoh"
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/
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86. iuia; ,xld fldñiu" msgqj 4
87. OMP" 2021 jd¾Isl jd¾;dj"
msgq 76-77
88. 2023 uehs ui ueo Nd.h
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90. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/
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92. jeä úia;r i|yd weuqKqu
n,kak
93. jeä úia;r i|yd weuqKqu
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l|jqf¾ w;=reoyka ùï i|yd
j.lsjhq;a;ka jrolrejka
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94. ICPED, Article 24^2&
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s
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njg iy;sl jeks im%udk mshjr
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olajd https://www.ilo.org/dyn/
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112. cd;Hka;r CIud ixúOdkh"
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114. w;=reoyka ;eke;a;ka ms<sn|
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116. OMP" 2021 jd¾Isl jd¾;dj"
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143" 105" 108 msgq¦ W.;a mdvï yd
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jd¾;dj" 163" 164" 166" 172" 340
msgq¦ iuia; ,xld fldñifï
wjika jd¾;dj 16 yd 82 msgq¦
niakdysr" ol=K iy inr.uqj
m<d;a i|yd jQ ckdêm;s úu¾Yk
fldñifï wjika jd¾;djg I
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fjk;a m%dud‚l uq,dY%j, fukau
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l%shd mámdàka úldikh i|yd
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fjhs'
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248. https://
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world/asia/ sri-lanka-children-
torture-remains-found-colombo-
qad?ah-irshad-a8681871. html
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