LINE

Line line simply means “wire”.

A wire is single conductor made of ”mostly of copper or aluminum” .

Two main typs of wires “ solid and stranded”.

Solid wire is single conductor that is either bar or insulated by a protective color sheath.

It offers low resistances and often used for higher frequencies.

Strand wire:- when inside a covering there are many thin strands of wires are twisted together.

These wires are use where flexibility is important. It is used for long time period. This type of
wires have large cross-sectional area than solid wires for the same current carrying capacity.

The transmission line that connects an area to its neighbor area is called tie-lines.

Power sharing occurred between two neighbor through this tie-lines

System frequency rise when load decreases

Assume that your power system includes A.C generators ,in such case if load is sufficient high as
compare to normal load then in such case it will decrease the system frequency.as it will take more
energy from generator thus the new increasing load will decrease the rpm of generator and hence
decrease the system frequency and frequency increase for decreasing the load because of increasing in
the rpm of generator.

We use different types of wires

Single wire.

Double wire,

Quarter wire,

Single line wires are normally used in 11KV and 33KV i.e for LV sides. Its capacity is from 0 to 500
Ampers.

Double line wires are used in transmission of high voltages from 66KV to 220KV.

Its capacity is from 100 ampers to 800 ampers

Quarter line wires are used to carry very high voltages.it consists of 4 line wires.

Its is used in 500 KV or more than 500 KV and its capacity is very high.
 Discs are used in transmission line as insulators to protect the line from over flesh

And support the transmission line straightly. It is connected at the starting and end point of
transmission line.

Discs are made from procelian materials or composite polymer materials. discs types insulators
are used in high voltage transmission lines.normaly in 220 KV and so on.

PIN is also an insulator used for protection from overflesh and support the line straight

Normally it is used in 11KV transmission lines.

SPACER it is used to support and retain the distance between live wires.it is very necessary in double
and quarter line wires.
Spain :- it is the horizontal distance between two transmission line towers

Horizontal distance=Spain

Power line

SAG:- the gap between reference line and over flashed conductor is called sag.

Sag depend upon the distance (pan) between the two towers. greater the distance greater will be the
sag.

ground

Formula for calculation sag and span

S =WL2 /8T
Sag depend upon the following factors

WHERE S = SAG , T =conductor tension, W = conductor weight , L = conductor length

Also sag depend upon temperature because increasing in temperature can expand the conductor and
increase its sag.

When sag = span

When sag is equal to span its means that sag is equal to zero ,the following are the advantages of sag
= span

 Less conductor will required

 Good ground clearance
 Less cost

DISADVANTAGES
1. Tension increases between the towers which may cause damage the tower.
2. Supporting poles can break or tend, insulators(discs an pins) can break causes
accident.

When loose strining:-