Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
• In particular
2
• Material time derivative of φ = φ(x,t) in spatial
description.
• There exists a differentiable mapping x = x(X, t)
φ(x, t) = φ[x(X, t), t].
• Hence
3
• The material derivative operator
4
Example
• The motion is described by the mapping, x = (1+t)X.
• Determine
(a) the velocities and accelerations in the spatial and
material descriptions
(b) the time derivative of a function φ(X, t) = Xt2 in the
material description.
5
(a) The velocity v ≡ Dx/Dt can be expressed in the material
and spatial coordinates as
6
(b) The material time derivative of φ(X, t) = Xt2 in the
material description is
7
Continuity Equation in Spatial Description
• Ω: arbitrary region in a continuous medium.
• Γ: continuous bounded closed surface of this region.
• vs: velocity of each point on the bounding surface.
8
• Let each element of mass in the medium move with the
velocity v(x, t) and consider a special region Ω such that
the bounding surface Γ is attached to a fixed set of
material elements. Then each point of this surface
moves itself with the material velocity, that is, vs = v, and
the region Γ thus contains a fixed total amount of mass
since no mass crosses the boundary surface Γ.
9
• The relation between the time derivative following an
arbitrary region and the time derivative following a
material region (fixed total mass) is
10
• ρ(x, t): the mass density of a continuous region.
• The principle of conservation of mass for a material
region requires that
for a fixed
region (vs = 0)
φ = ρ
11
• The control volume formulation of the conservation of
mass principle.
Divergence theorem
12
• Since the integral vanishes, for a continuous medium,
for any arbitrary region Ω, we deduce that this can be
true only if the integrand itself vanishes identically
Continuity equation
13
One‐dimensional version of the local form of the
continuity equation
• Consider a flow along the x‐axis
14
• The net mass inflow into the elemental volume is
• The time rate of increase of the total mass inside the
elemental volume is
no mass is created or
destroyed inside the
elemental volume
15
• v is replaced with v = vx ex
16
Example
• Consider a water hose with conical‐shaped nozzle at its
end.
• (a) Determine the pumping capacity required in order
the velocity of the water (assuming incompressible)
exiting the nozzle be 25 m/s.
• (b) If the hose is connected to a rotating sprinkler
through its base, determine the average speed of the
water leaving the sprinkler nozzle.
17
(a) Principle of conservation of mass
exit of the
nozzle
• The flow at section 1 is
18
(b) Average speed of the water leaving the sprinkler
nozzle principle of
conservation of mass
for steady one‐
dimensional flow
19
Continuity Equation in Material Description
• Under the assumption that the mass is neither created
nor destroyed during the motion, we require that the
total mass of any material volume be the same at any
instant during the motion.
• We consider a material body B that occupies
configuration κ0 with density ρ0 and volume Ω0 at time t
= 0.
• The same material body occupies the configuration κ
with volume Ω at time t > 0, and it has a density ρ.
20
• Principle of conservation of mass.
Global form of the continuity equation
Local form of the continuity equation
21
Example
• Consider the motion of a body B described by the
mapping
Determine the material density as a function of position
x and time t.
Compute the velocity components
22
• Modify the continuity equation
23
Compute Dρ/Dt
24
Integrating
• If ρ = ρ0 at time t = 0, we have ln c = ln ρ0. Thus, the
material density in the current configuration is
25