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REVIEW GUIDE

EARTH

Moon can orbit around the earth for 27 days

Only rocky planet with form of life

With 72% body of water; With 28% is land

Has core of iron and nickel; Has mantle of iron and rock; Has crust majorly made of basalt

Silicon is the most abundant mineral in the Earth's crust

Diameter 7, 926 miles (12,756 km)

Number of moon (Luna - natural satellite)

Highest point on Earth Mt. Everest

Lowest point on Earth Marianas Trench

Longest river on Earth Nile River

Largest lake on Earth Caspian Sea

Deepest lake on Earth Lake Baikal

Largest and deepest ocean on Earth Pacific Ocean

Longest mountain range on Earth Andes mountain

Highest waterfall on Earth Angel Falls

Largest waterfall on Earth Victoria Falls

Biggest sand island on Earth Fraser Island

Largest continent on Earth Asia 

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Largest country in Asia China

Smallest continent on Earth Australia

Smallest independent state Vatican City

Largest nation by area Russian Federation

Most populous nations China and India

Highest population density Monaco

Largest archipelago Indonesia

Largest landlocked country Kazakhstan

Smallest landlocked country: Vatican City

Continents of the world- from Pangaea to Laurasia and Gondwanaland to 7 continents:

1.     Asia

2.     Africa

3.     North America

4.     South America

5.     Antarctica

6.     Europe

7.     Australia

Types of storms:

·        Cyclone-form in Indian Ocean

·        Hurricane - form in Atlantic Ocean

·        Typhoon-form in Pacific Ocean

Global Warming
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·        Cause by increased amount of greenhouse gases

·        Greenhouse gases are molecules absorbing the reflected heat from earth's surface

·        Examples of greenhouse gases: Carbon dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide

·        May cause forest fire, and climate changes effects like el Niño and la Niña

PHILIPPINES

·        Located on the Ring of Fire - area on the surface of the earth where volcanoes in an arc formation.

·        Has 7, 641 islands

·        Has Luzon, Mindanao, and Samar as the largest islands

·        Palawan as the largest province

·        Batanes as the smallest province

·        Has Mt. Pinatubo as the highest point

·        Manila City as the country's capital

·        The only Christian country in Asia

·        Had 5 different republic of the Philippines created from Spanish time up to present

·        Philippines is an archipelago - islands surrounded by water

·        South of Philippines is the Celebes Sea

·        Northwest of Philippine is the West Philippine Sea

·        East of Philippines is the Philippine Sea

·        Coastline is about 36, 290 km (22, 550 miles)

·        70 years old is the average Filipino life expectancy

·        Philippine Peso as the currency

·        World's second largest archipelago

·        Combination of Malay, Chinese, Spaniard, and American culture

·        Most extensive river system: PuRio Grande

·        Known active volcanoes are Mt. Mayon, Taal Volcano, and Mt. Apo

·        BaLongest mountain range: Sierra Madre

·        Largest type of forest: Dipterocarp forest

·        Largest freshwater lake: Laguna de Bay

·        Government type: Republic and Democratic

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LUZON
·        National Capital Region (NCR)

·        Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)

·        Region 1- Ilocos

·        Region 2 - Cagayan Valley

·        Region 3 Central Luzon

·        Region 4 - Southern Tagalog

·        Region 5 Bicol

VISAYAS
·        Region 6 - Western Visayas

·        Region 7 - Central Visayas

·        Region 8 - Eastern Visayas

MINDANAO
·        Region 9 - Western Mindanao

·        Region 10 - Northern Mindanao

·        Region 11 - Southern Mindanao

·        Region 12 - Central Mindanao

·        Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao – ARMM

INVENTION/DISCOVERY PLACE OF ORIGIN

Alphabet Egypt

Boat Australasia

Calendar Babylonia

Coinage Turkey

Control of Fire Africa 

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Farming Mesopotamia

Horse domestication Europe/Asia

Irrigation Mesopotamia

Law code Babylonia

Mechanical Calculator Germany

Mining Europe

Newspaper Germany

Paper Ancient china

Permanent shelters Eastern Europe

Plough Mesopotamia

Pottery vessels Ancient Japan

Scientific method England

Silk Weaving Mesopotamia

COUNTRY EPIDEMICS

India Cholera

Mediterranean Plague of Justinian

Worldwide Black death

India Bubonic Plague

Worldwide Spanish Influenza

   

GREAT FLOODS DESCRIPTION

England Flooding of Thames River 

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Netherlands and Germany North Sea Storm

Western England Tsunami in the Bristol Channel

China Flooding of Yellow River

Central China Flooding of Yellow, Yangtze, and Huai River

FAMINES DESCRIPTION

Central America Collapse of Classic Maya Civilization

China Sparked the Huang Zhao Rebellion

Japan Kangi Famine

India The Durga Dewi Famine in Maharashtra

Iran The Great Persian Famine

Ukraine The Holodomor

VOLCANIC ERUPTION DESCRIPTION

Krakatoa Produced beautiful sunset

Laki Produced largest lava flow ever recorded

Lanzarote Eruption in Canary Island

Montagne Destroyed the town of Saint-Pierre

Oraefajokull "Glacier Burst"

Tambora, Sumbawa "Year without a summer"

Vesuvius Destroyed the Pompeii and Herculaneum

EARTHQUAKES DESCRIPTION

Kanto, Japan Most destructive earthquake in Japanese history

Lebanese Coast Widespread destruction in Beirut, Tyre, and Tripoli

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Shaanxi, China Most destructive earthquake in China's history

Sparta, Greece Revolt of helots and outbreak of Peloponnesian War

EXPLORERS CONTRIBUTION

Alexander Gordon Laing First European to reach Timbuktu

Bartolomeu Dias Rounded Africa's Cape of Good Hope

Christopher Columbus Discovered the Americas, landing in the Bahamas, discovered the
mainland of south America

Diniz Diaz Discovered the Cape Verde islands off the west coast of Africa

Ferdinand Magellan Explored the Philippines

Francis Drake Circumnavigated the globe

Francisco Pizarro Led the conquest of the Inca Empire in Peru

Francisco Vasquez de Coronado Reached the Grand Canyon in 1540

Heman Cortes Led the conquest of the Aztec Empire in Mexico

James Cook Mapped the New Zealand and Australian coasts

John Cabot Discovered mainland of north America

Juan Ponce de Leon Discovered Florida

Leif Eriksson Discovered the Vinland, part of north America

Matthew Flinders Circumnavigated Australia

Meriwether Lewis Led the first transcontinental expedition across the US

Pedro Alvarez Discovered Brazil

Cabral Richard Byrd Completed the first overflight of the North pole

Roald Amundsen First man to reach the South Pole

Vasco Nunez de Balboa First European to Navigate the South Sea

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William Dampier Crossed the Pacific Ocean

WARS DESCRIPTION

Afghanistan War US-led coalition versus Taliban

Chinese Civil War Communists versus Nationalists

Eighty Years' War Dutch versus Philip II of Spain

First Roman Civil War Julius Caesar versus Pompey the Great

French Revolutionary Wars France versus varying coalitions including Britain, Austria, Prussia,
Russia

Hundred Years Wars English versus French

Onin War Yamana clan versus Hosakawa clan

Second Roman Civil War Octavian versus Mark Anthony

Spanish Civil War Nationalists versus Republicans

The Crusades Various western European Christian armies versus Muslim states of the
eastern Mediterranean and Egypt

The Great Northern War Sweden versus Denmark

War of the Three Kingdoms Charles I and Royalists versus Parliamentarians

World War I Entente versus Central Powers

World War II Allies versus Axis

GREAT THINKERS CONTRIBUTIONS

Aristotle Father of Biology

Bertrand Russell Principia Mathematica

Buddha Founder of Buddhism as a path to achieving spiritual enlightenment

Confucius Founder of Confucianism, promote social harmony 

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David Hume Treatise of Human Nature

Francis Bacon Novum Organum

G. W. F. Heget The Phenomenology of Spirit

George Berkeley Principles of Human Knowledge

Immanuel Kant Critique of Pure Reason

Jean-Jacques Rousseau Proponent of the Social Contract

John Locke Proponent of Empiricism

Karl Max Philosopher of Communism

Lao Tzu Founder of Daosim

Ludwig Wittgenstein Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus

Plato The Republic

Plotinus Father of Neoplatonism

Rene Descartes Meditations

Saren Kierkegard Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments

Socrates "A life unexamined is not worth living"

St. Augustine of Hippo Summa Theologiae

AUTHORS CONTRIBUTIONS

Aeschylus Seven Against Thebes

Alexander Pushkin Eugene Onegin

Alexandre Dumas Three Musketeers

Aristophanes The Frogs

Dante Alighieri Divine Comedy

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Euripides Medea

Geoffrey Chaucer The Canterbury Tales

Homer Odyssey

Jane Austen Pride and Prejudice

Jean Racine Phedre

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Faust

John Keats Endymion

John Milton Paradise Lost

Jonathan Swift Gulliver's Travels

Miguel de Cervantes Don Quixote

Moliere Le Misanthrope

Murasaki Shikibu The Tale of Genji

Ovid Metamorphoses

Petrarch Canzoniere

Ralph Waldo Emerson The Conduct of Life

Valmiki Ramayana

Victor Hugo Les Miserables

Virgil Aeneid

William Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet

Xueqin Cao Dream of the Red Chamber

PAINTERS/SCULPTORS CONTRIBUTIONS

Donato de Nicocolo David

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Exekias Achilles and Ajax Playing in a Game

Fra Angelico Annunciation

Fra Filippo Lippi Tarquinia Madonna

Giotto di Bondone Life of St. Francis

Gu Kaizhi Admonitions of the Instructress to the Court Ladies

Jacobo Robusti Tintoretto Last Supper

Jan van Eyck Wedding Portrait

Leonardo da Vinci Mona Lisa

Nicola Pisano Pulpit of the Baptistry of Pisa Cathedral

Paolo Uccello The Battle of San Romano

Phidias Frieze of the Parthenon

Praxiteles Cnidian Aphrodite

Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino Sistine Madonna

Rogier van der Weyden Deposition

SCIENTISTS CONTRIBUTIONS

Alexander Fleming Penicillin

Alexander Graham Bell Telephone

Antoine Lavoiser Discovered oxygen

Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek Invented the Compound Microscope

Barbara McClintock Discovered the jumping genes

Caroline Herschel Catalogue of nebulae

Caralus Linnaeus Father of Modern Taxonomy 

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Charles Darwin On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

Copernicus Heliocentric Model

Daniel Bernoulli Kinetic Theory

Dmitri Mendeleev Periodic Table of Elements

Euclid Optics

Francis Bacon Scientific Method

Gregor Mendel Father of Genetics

Isaac Newton Universal gravitation

James Clerk Maxwell Electromagnetism

James Watson and Francis Crick Structured the model of DNA

Matthias Schleiden Discovered the Plant Cell

Michael Faraday Electrolysis

Neils Bohr Quantum Mechanics

Ptolemy Geocentric Model

Robert Brown Discovered the nucleus

Robert Bunsen Discovered Cesium and Rubidium

Robert Hooke Coined the term "cell"

Rosalind Franklin Discovered the DNA

Rudolf Virchow "Cells came from pre-existing cells"

Staphanie Kwolek Invented the Kevlar

Theodore Schwann Discovered the Animal Cell

William Harvey Human blood circulation

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Five ships of Magellan:

1.     San Antonio

2.     Santiago

3.     Trinidad

4.     Concepcion

5.     Victoria

Five groups of evangelizers arrived in the Philippines:

1.     Augustinian

2.     Franciscans

3.     Jesuits

4.     Dominicans

5.     Recolletos

SPANISH TERMS DEFINITION

Peninsulares Full-blooded Spaniard living in the Philippines born in Spain

Insulares Full-blooded Spaniard born and living in the Philippines

Ilustrados Wealthy individuals studied overseas

Mestizos Mixed racial origins

Indio Native Filipinos

Sangley Full-blooded Chinese

Polo y Servicios Forced Labor

Falla Exemption Fee to Polo y Servicios

Cedula Personal Identification Paper

Obras Plas Charitable foundation

Gobernadorcillo Mayor
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LANDMARKS OF THE PHILIPPINES LOCATION

NATIONAL PARKS

Biak na Bato National Park Bulacan

Caramoan Peninsula National Park Camarines Sur

Hundred Islands National Park Pangasinan

Minalungao National Park Nueva Ecija

Fuyot Springs National Park Isabela

Mount Arayat National Park Pampanga

Guadalupe Mabugnao Mainit Hot Spring National Park Cebu

CHURCHES

San Jose de Ivana Church Batanes

Paoay Church Ilocos Norte

Bantay Church Ilocos Sur

Calasiao Church Pangasinan

Betis Church Pampanga

Barasoain Church Bulacan

Paete Church Laguna

Taal Basilica Batangas

Tayabas Basilica Quezon

Daraga Church Albay

Parish Church of San Raymundo de Peñaforte Cagayan

Parish Church of San Andres de Masinloc Zambales

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Parish Church of the Assumption of Our Lady Cavite

Baclayon Church Bohol

Miag-ao Church Iloilo

CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL LANDMARKS

Rizal Park Manila

Calle Crisologo Ilocos Sur

Leyte Landing Memorial Park Leyte

Sandugo Shrine Bohol

Mactan Shrine Cebu

Jose Rizal Shrine Dapitan

Basilica del Santo Niño Cebu

PHILIPPINE FESTIVALS LOCATION MONTH

Ati-Atihan Festival Kalibo, Aklan January

Mahaguyog Festival Sto. Tomas, Batangas February

Ollalion Festival Tabuk, Kalinga February

Babaylanes Festival Bago, Negros Occidental February

Kaamulan Festival Malaybalay, Bukidnon February

Malasimbo Festival Puerto Galera, Mindoro March

Centurion Festival General Luna, Quezon March

Pasalamat Festival La Carlota, Negros Occidental May

Pista'y Dayat Festival Lingayen, Pangasinan May

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Carabao Carozza Race Festival Pavia, Iloilo May

Tapusan Festival Alitagtag, Batangas May

Barangay Boat Festival Aparri, Cagayan May

Pahiyas Festival Lucban, Quezon May

Pahoy - Pahoy Festival Calbiga, Samar May

Pagoda Festival Bocaue, Bulacan July

Kahimoan Abayan Festival Butuan, Agusan del Norte July

Pangapog Festival Samal, Davao del Norte August

Palu - Palo Festival Basco, Batanes August

Pasaka Festival Tanuan, Leyte August

Kalibongan Festival Kidapawan, North Cotabato August

Hin-ay Festival Irosin, Sorsogon September

Sarakiki Festival Calbayog Western Samar September

Banigan - Kawayan Festival Basey, Samar September

Inug - Og Festival Oroquieta, Misamis Ocidental October

Sagingan Festival Tubod, Lanao del Norte October

Megayon Festival Tigbao, Zambaoanga del Sur October

Lanzones Festival Mambajao, Camiguin October

Catadungan Festival Virac, Catanduanes October

Sanduguan Festival Calapan, Occidental Mindoro November

P'yagsawitan Festival Marasugan, Compostela Valley November

Maytinis Festival Kawit, Cavite December

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PHILIPPINES PRESIDENTS
·        Emilio F. Aguinaldo - 1st President of the Malolos Republic

·        Manuel L. Quezon - 1st President of the Philippine Commonwealth

·        Jose P. Laurel - 1st President of the Japanese Sponsored Government

·        Sergio S. Osmeña Sr. - 1st Speaker of Philippine Assembly

·        Manuel L. Roxas - 1st President of the 3rd Republic

·        Elpidio R. Quirino - Amended the 1935 Constitution

·        Ramon F. Magsaysay - Opened the Malacañang to the poor

·        Carlos P. Garcia - Proponent of Filipino First Policy

·        Diosdado P. Macapagal - Father of Land Reform Act

·        Ferdinand E. Marcos - Longest reigning President

·        Corazon C. Aquino - 1st female President

· Fidel V. Ramos - Created the Philippines 2000

      

·        Joseph E. Estrada - Father of the Masses

·        Gloria M. Arroyo - Led the Strong Republic

·        Benigno Simeon C. Aquino III - Created the K to 12 curriculum

·        Rodrigo R. Duterte - 1st President from Mindanao

BRANCHES OF THE ROLES MEMBERS

PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT

Legislative Makes the law Senate

 
House of Representatives

Executive Carries out the law President

Vice President

Cabinet

Judiciary Evaluates the law Supreme Courts and other Courts

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1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

Preamble

We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society and establish a Government that
shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our
posterity the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do
ordain and promulgate this Constitution.

Article I

National Territory

The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and waters embraced therein, and all other territories over which
the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial, and aerial domains, including its territorial sea, the seabed, the
subsoil, the insular shelves, and other submarine areas. The waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of
their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines.

Article II - Declaration of Principles and State Policies

Article III- Bill of Rights

Article IV - Citizenship

Article V - Suffrage

Article VI - Legislative Department

Article VII - Executive Department

Article VIII - Judicial Department

Article IX - Constitutional Commissions

Article X - Local Government

Article XI - Accountability of Public Officers

Article XII - National Economy and Patrimony

Article XIII - Social Justice and Human Rights

Article XIV - Education, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture and Sports

Article XV - The Family

Article XVI - General Provisions

Article XVII - Amendments or Revisions

Article XVIII - Transitory Provisions 

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