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Multiple-Frequency High-Output Triboelectric
Nanogenerator Based on a Water Balloon for
All-Weather Water Wave Energy Harvesting
Kequan Xia, Jiangming Fu, and Zhiwei Xu*
Energy and the environment are two of the main issues facing the world
today. As a consequence abundant renewable green energy sources such
as wave energy, have become hot topics. Here, a multiple-frequency
triboelectric nanogenerator based on the water balloon (WB-TENG) is
proposed for harvesting water wave energy in any direction. Owing to the
high elasticity of the water balloon, the WB-TENG can realize a multiple-
frequency response to low-frequency external mechanical simulations to
generate high-frequency electrical output. In addition, the water balloon
can achieve self-support without any additional supporting structure
because of its tension, to make WB-TENG still produce electrical output
under slight vibration, which can also bring high energy conversion
efficiency. Moreover, the fabricated WB-TENG generates a maximum
instantaneous short-circuit current and an open-circuit voltage of 147 µA
and 1221 V, respectively. Most noteworthy, under the same conditions, the
total transferred charge of WB-TENG is 28 times than that of traditional
TENG based on double plate structure during one working cycle. There-
fore, this design can provide an effective way to promote the development
of TENGs in blue energy.
1. Introduction
Recently, energy consumption rises as countries industrialize,
and renewable energy will become progressively more impor-
tant as time goes on.[1–3] Remarkably, ocean energy is a huge
source of renewable energy that is inexhaustible and no pollu-
tion, and it is the richest, clean, and reproducible energy on our
earth. Therefore, researchers have eyes to the development and
utilization of ocean energy, especially for wave energy.[4–7] As
we all know, wave energy is an abundant renewable resource,
work on wave energy can be considered the most in the field
of oceanic energy utilization, and there are several advanced
­significant research in recent years.[8–11] However, the traditional
Dr. K. Xia, Dr. J. Fu, Prof. Z. Xu
Ocean College
Zhejiang University
Zhoushan 316021, P. R. China
E-mail: xuzw@zju.edu.cn
The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article
can be found under https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202000426.
DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202000426
Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 2000426 2000426  (1 of 9)
energy harvesters for wave energy based
on electromagnetic generation is unable to
efficiently work under the irregular vibra-
tion of ocean waves.[12,13] Hence, the cur-
rent energy harvesting technologies for
ocean wave energy are still inadequate.
As an effective energy harvester in the
new era, the triboelectric nanogenerator
(TENG) can effectively convert low fre-
quency and amplitude mechanical energy
into electrical energy, which provides a
practical approach to harvest energy from
ocean wave energy.[14–26] As reported in
previous works, the TENGs based on dif-
ferent structure designs have been devel-
oped to harvest ocean wave energy such as
the sphere,[27] oblate spheroid,[28] butterfly-
inspired structure,[29] cylinder,[30] and com-
bined structure integrated with different
structural design.[31] Most  notably,  the
spherical TENG is an important inven-
tion for harvesting ocean wave energy
among various TENG, which can effi-
ciently respond to excitations for the arbi-
trary direction. Nevertheless, the electrical
output performances of the spherical TENGs are still affected
by some factors such as the working modes, application sce-
narios, and material characteristics (flexibility or rigidity).
Specifically, the spherical TENGs are usually designed based
on free-standing mode, where the small ball inside the device
must be transported between two dielectric regions covered
with two symmetrical electrodes that are not connected to gen-
erate the output current. And, the friction contact forms are
based on the point-contact, which greatly influences the elec-
trical output performance of the device due to the limited con-
tact area.[27] Recently, Cheng et  al. have reported that the rigid
ball was replaced by the flexible ball to increase the contact area,
but this can make an obstacle for the effective separation of the
small ball and inner shell wall, especially at low amplitude.[32]
Then, Jiang and co-workers proposed a spherical TENG with
the spring-assistant multilayered structure for harvesting water
wave energy. Although this design can achieve high output per-
formance, the introduction of spring makes the device unable
to work in low amplitude since a certain amount of pressure is
required to compress the spring.[33] Besides, Xu et al. reported
a tower-like TENG integrated multiple balls for harvesting
water wave energy.[34] However, in the complex ocean environ-
ment, generally, the ball would roll disorderly, which can cause
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the positive and negative current signals to cancel each other.
Therefore, a better way of harvest water wave energy, devel-
oping a fast response, high sensitivity, and high-output TENG
for harvesting multimodal water wave energy is desirable.
Herein, a novel multiple-frequency triboelectric nanogen-
erator based on a water balloon (WB-TENG) has been proposed
to harvest water wave energy. The proposed WB-TENG con-
sists of two parts, the square box and a water balloon, where
the square box is composed of six identical acrylic plate coated
covered with a layer of conductive copper foil and a layer nylon
film. A certain ratio of sodium chloride is added to the water to
increase conductivity, and the water is injected into the balloon
to form the water balloon. Specifically, the balloon film and
nylon serve as the triboelectric materials, where the composi-
tion of balloon film is polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and the copper
foil and water with a little sodium chloride both play the role
of conductive electrodes. Owing to the high elasticity of the
water balloon, the WB-TENG can realize multiple-frequency
response to the low-frequency external mechanical simula-
tions to generate high-frequency electrical output. Besides the
water balloon can achieve the self-supporting effect without any
additional supporting structure because of its tension, to make
WB-TENG still produce electrical output under slight vibration,
which can also bring high energy conversion efficiency. More-
over, the maximum instantaneous short-circuit current (Isc)
and open-circuit voltage (Voc) can arrive at 147 µA and 1221  V,
respectively, and under a match load of 20 MΩ, the maximum
instantaneous output power can reach 13.52  mW. Most  note-
worthy, under the same conditions, the total transferred charge
of WB-TENG is 28 times higher than that of traditional TENG
based on double plate structure during one working cycle. We
believe that the WB-TENG will provide an efficient water wave
energy harvester toward practical applications.
2. Experimental Section
As presented in Figure 1a,b, the WB-TENG contains two parts,
the square box with six identical plane triboelectric parts and
a balloon filled with sodium chloride/water solution. Figure  1c
illustrates the schematic diagram of the water balloon and the
plane triboelectric part that consists of the acrylic substrate
(area: 10 cm × 10 cm; thickness: 5 mm), the conductive copper
foil tape, and the nylon film (50 µm). A conductive copper wire
was placed in the sodium chloride solution (concentration:
25%) in the balloon and the conductive copper foil together
to form the conductive electrode. The balloon surface and the
nylon film formed the triboelectric pairs. Figure  1d shows the
photography of the internal structure of WB-TENG, where a
water balloon (diameter: 8  cm) is suspended in the middle of

Figure 1.  a) Schematic diagram of the WB-TENG floating on water. b) Structure expansion diagram of the WB-TENG. c) The internal structure of the
water balloon and the acrylic substrate coated with copper foil film and nylon film. d) The photography of the WB-TENG. e–g) The preparation process
of the water balloon. h,i) The SEM images of the balloon film and nylon film surface.

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the box. And, the preparation process of the water balloon is dis-
played in Figure  1e–g. First, clear water was used to wash the
balloon, and then the conductive copper wire and some sodium
chloride powder were put into the balloon. Then, the balloon
was filled with water to support it by using the water tap.
Finally, a knot was tied to seal the balloon. The scanning elec-
tron microscopy (SEM) images of the balloon film and nylon
film surface are shown in Figure 1h,i. In this work, to measure
the electrical characters of the WB-TENG, the digital oscillo-
scope (DXOS6004A), the low-noise current preamplifier (Model
SR560), and the Keithley System 6517 were used. The external
force was provided by the exciter system and the linear motor.
3. Working Mechanism
Considering that WB-TENG can harvest mechanical energy in
multiple directions, therefore, we only choose the horizontal
direction to show the working mechanism of WB-TENG, as
Figure 2.  a) The working principle of WB-TENG. b) The simulated results under three different states of WB-TENG.
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displayed in Figure 2a. Besides, the main component of the bal-
loon is PVC. According to the triboelectric series,[35] when the
balloon film surface contact with nylon surface, the electrons can
be transferred from the nylon surface to the balloon film surface,
and the balloon surface will be negatively charged and the nylon
surface will be positively charged. When the balloon swings to
the left, the left surface of the balloon will be closed to the left
nylon surface, a current signal can be generated in the external
circuit. When the balloon swings to the right, the left surface of
the balloon will be away from the left nylon surface, and a reverse
current signal can be generated in the external circuit. As the
balloon continues swinging to the right, the right surface of the
balloon will be closed to the right nylon surface, and a current
signal can be generated in the external circuit again. Through
the continuous swing of the water balloon inside the box, WB-
TENG can continuously generate the alternating current signal.
In the meantime, the potential distribution across the conduc-
tive copper foil and the sodium chloride aqueous solution under
different states can be simulated by the COMSOL software.
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4. Results and Discussion
Owing to the flexibility and elasticity of the water balloon,
the WB-TENG has three working modes under the activation
of external force, the full contact–separation mode, the local
­contact–separation mode, and the reciprocating contact–sepa-
ration mode. And, every working mode has great potential
application value for energy harvesting. As for the full contact–
separation mode shown in Figure  3a, the wonderful electrical
output performances can be observed, indicating the perfect
compatibility of the liquid electrode (sodium chloride solu-
tion) and high flexibility balloon. It is worth mentioning that
the TENGs usually need the elastic support component to
respond to external force excitation. However, for the local con-
tact–separation mode illustrated in Figure 3b, the water balloon
can realize the self-supporting effect due to the tension of the
balloon. When the WB-TENG is excited by an external force,
Figure 3.  Schematic diagram of three working modes and corresponding electrical output, such as a) full contact–separation mode, b) local ­contact–
separation mode, and c) reciprocating contact–separation mode.
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the surface of the water balloon and nylon film will generate
contact–separation movement, leading to produce the elec-
trical output, which indicates that the WB-TENG can harvest
low amplitude vibration mechanical energy. The most note-
worthy is that the high elasticity of the water balloon brings the
high energy conversion efficiency for the WB-TENG. In detail,
when the external force acts on the WB-TENG device, the
water balloon will move back and forth inside the box, leading
to multiple-frequency current output. To visualize this output
characteristic, a water balloon was released from a height
of 2  cm for free-falling, and the electrical output can be seen
in Figure  3c. The electrical output (Qsc, Voc, and Isc) of WB-
TENG based on the full contact–separation mode can arrive at
475.4 nC, 1238.4 V, and 38.8 µA. The electrical output (Qsc, Voc,
and Isc) of WB-TENG based on the local contact–separation
mode can reach 404.9 nC, 435 V, and 11.2 µA. It is worth men-
tioning that the electrical output (Qsc, Voc, and Isc) of WB-TENG
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Figure 4.  The 3D surface graph of a) Isc, d) Voc, and g) Qsc under different vibration frequency (0.5–2.5 Hz) and different vibration amplitudes (4–12 cm).
b,e,h) The electrical output signal of Isc, Voc, and Qsc (working frequency: 0.5–2.5 Hz, displacement amplitude: 8 cm). c,f,i) The electrical output signal
of Isc, Voc, and Qsc (working frequency: 0.5 Hz, displacement amplitude: 4–12 cm).

based on the reciprocating contact–separation mode will get
smaller. Therefore, the maximum Qsc, Voc, and Isc of WB-TENG
based on the reciprocating contact–separation mode can arrive
at 130 nC, 665 V, and 6 µA. The real-time video for the visuali-
zation of three working modes can be seen in Video S1 in the
Supporting Information.
To investigate the influence of different external vibration
on the WB-TENG devices, we fixed the bottom of WB-TENG at
the linear motor and used the linear motor to provide different
vibration frequencies and amplitudes. The electrical output of
WB-TENG under different frequencies (0.5–2.5 Hz) and ampli-
tudes (4–12  cm) were measured, as demonstrated in Figure  4.
As shown in Figure  4a,d,g, the 3D graphs show the relation-
ships between electric outputs (such as electrical output Isc,
Voc, and Qsc) and different vibration frequencies/amplitudes,
where the electric outputs can increase first and then decrease
when the vibration frequency or amplitude increases. And, this
result indicates that there is an optimal working frequency and
amplitude for WB-TENG. And, the reason can be attributed to
the changes in triboelectric surface contact–separation rate and
effective contact–separation area when the vibration frequency
and amplitude change. According to the results, the maximum
electric output is obtained, approximately located at the ampli-
tude of 8 cm and a frequency of 1.5 Hz.
Furthermore, the electrical outputs (Isc, Voc, and Qsc) of
WB-TENG under the vibration frequency of 1.5  Hz and the
vibration amplitude of 8  cm are shown in Figure  5a–c. From
the experimental results, the WB-TENG can not only deliver a
maximum instantaneous Isc of 147 µA and a maximum instan-
taneous Voc of 1221  V but also realize the multiple-frequency
­electrical output effects. Also, the reasonable combination of
water and balloon realizes the superflexible surface, which can
bring more effective contact to the two triboelectric materials
surfaces during the triboelectric process, and as a result, the
maximum transferred charge (Qsc) can achieve 625 nC. We also
measured the output voltage, output current, and output power
under different resistances (100 KΩ to 1 GΩ), represented in
Figure 5d,e. The results show that the maximum output power
of WB-TENG can arrive at 13.52  mW with a match load of
20 MΩ. Therefore, the output power density of WB-TENG (size:
10 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm) can reach 13.52 W m−3, which is higher
than the previous work.[34,36] Meanwhile, the reliability of TENG

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Figure 5.  The electrical output signal of a) Isc, b) Voc, and c) Qsc of WB-TENG under the vibration frequency of 1.5 Hz and the vibration amplitude of
8 cm. d,e) The output voltage, output current, and output power under different resistances. f) The reliability of WB-TENG. g) The Qsc of the T-TENG.
h) The voltage on the capacitor (1 µF) charged by the WB-TENG during one working cycle through a rectifier bridge. i) The comparison of total
­transferred charge between T-TENG, WB-TENG with one working unit, and total WB-TENG.

is an important factor in the practical application for TENGs.
Thus, we measured the output voltage under 1500 cycles of
external force stimulation, where the results demonstrate that
the W­ B-TENG has good reliability, as illustrated in Figure  5f.
To further display the advantages of this multiple-frequency
electrical output characteristic, we also designed a compara-
tive experiment to compare the total amount of output charge
during one working cycle for TENGs, where a traditional
TENG (T-TENG) based on the contact–separation mode with
the triboelectric pairs of PVC (thickness: 150  µm) and nylon
(size: 8 cm × 8 cm) was fabricated. As shown in Figure 5g, the
charge transferred of the T-TENG can reach 33.6 nC under
the external mechanical stimulation (vibration frequency:
1  Hz; vibration amplitude: 8  cm), and thus the total amount
of output charge during one working cycle can be achieved
67.2 nC (by calculating). Under the same conditions, to
measure the total amount of output charge during one working
cycle for ­WB-TENG, a 1 µF capacitor was connected with the
WB-TENG through a bridge rectifier. The results in Figure  5h
show the voltage on the capacitor can arrive at 1.9  V charged
by the WB-TENG when the device is impacted by an external
shock, which shows that the total amount of output charge can
achieve 1900 nC. And, the total amount of output charge of
WB-TENG with one working unit can reach 850 nC. As shown
in Figure  5i, under the same conditions, the total amount of
output charge of WB-TENG with one working unit and total
WB-TENG is ≈12.6 times and 28 times than that of T-TENG,
respectively, indicating that WB-TENG has magnificent energy
conversion efficiency, especially for low frequency and ampli-
tude mechanical energy.
Moreover, when the WB-TENG is affected by the external
force in the vertical direction, according to the law of inertia,
the water balloon will remain stationary, leading to the contact
between the balloon surface and nylon film, and then generate
an electrical output. Thus, the WB-TENG can harvest not only
the mechanical energy in the horizontal direction but also
the low-amplitude vibration energy in the vertical direction.
To demonstrate this, we connected the WB-TENG with the

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Figure 6.  a) The schematic diagram of the measurement system in the vertical direction. b) A 3D graph of the output charge peak at different ampli-
tudes and frequencies. c) The diagram of the angle between vibration direction and nylon film surface direction. The dependence of d) Isc, e) Voc, and
f) Qsc on the angle ranging from 0° to 90° under the same amplitude. The directional map of the g) Isc, h) Voc, and i) Qsc.

mechanical exciter vibrates through a flat plate, as shown in
Figure  6a. When the mechanical exciter vibrates, the flat plate
will drive WB-TENG to vibrate together. The mechanical exciter
can provide the mechanical motion (frequency: 2  Hz–4  Hz;
amplitude: 3–12 mm), and the corresponding Qsc of WB-TENG
under different frequency and amplitude was measured, as
displayed in Figure 6b. Based on the results, the Qsc increases
with the amplitude and frequency increasing due to the more
effective contact area as the amplitude and frequency increase.
Therefore, the WB-TENG can harvest low-amplitude mechan-
ical energy in the vertical direction.
In the actual ocean scene, waves in the ocean are multidirec-
tional and irregular, therefore, the ability of WB-TENG to ­harvest
multidirectional wave energy should be developed. Specifically,
we measured the electrical output (such as Isc, Voc, and Qsc)
of WB-TENG when it is subjected to mechanical impact from
different directions, as shown in Figure  6c. Figure  6d–f illus-
trates the electrical output of WB-TENG on the angle ranging
from 0° to 90° under the same amplitude. Based on the experi-
mental  results, the maximum electrical output of WB-TENG
occurs at 0° and 90°, which can be attributed to the fact that
these two locations can provide the maximum effective contact
area between the water balloon and nylon film during the tri-
boelectric process. Also, the directional map of Isc, Voc, and Qsc
of WB-TENG shown in Figure 6g–i further confirms the above
view, and meanwhile, it also reflects the ability of WB-TENG to
harvest wave energy in multiple directions.
To promote the practical application of TENG devices,[37] the
power management circuit (PMC), has been integrated and we
developed the high electric outputs of the WB-TENG, as shown
in Figure 7a. From the results shown in Figure 7c, three capaci-
tors (1, 2, and 3 µF) were charged by the WB-TENG through the
PMC, and the smaller the capacitance, the faster the charging
speed. As presented in Figure  7d, the 3 µF capacitor can be
charged up to 6  V in just 36 s, and then a green commercial
light-emitting diode (LED) can be lighted up. Through the PMC,
the WB-TENG can provide electricity to three green commer-
cial LEDs, and make them glow steadily, as shown in Figure 7e.
Considering the potential large-scale application of WB-TENG,
we envision a future of water waves energy harvesting through
an array distribution, as shown in Figure  7b. To demonstrate
the practical application of WB-TENG, we put the WB-TENG

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Figure 7.  a) Schematic diagram of the WB-TENG integrated with PMC. b) Imaginary picture of future large-scale WB-TENG array for water waves energy
harvesting. c) The voltage of various capacitors charging by the WB-TENG. d) Charging and discharge curves of WB-TENG for powering a green com-
mercial LED. e) The output voltage of the WB-TENG through the PMC for powering three green commercial LEDs. f) The photograph of a WB-TENG
floating on the water and 40 green commercial LEDs can be easily driven. g) The photograph of 142 commercial LEDs arranged as “ZJU OCEAN 2020”
were lighted up. h) The output voltage of WB-TENG under different sizes of waves. i) The dependence of output voltage of WB-TENG on wave height.
j) The effect of water level in the balloon on the output behavior of the WB-TENG. k) The effect of the NaCl concentration on the device output.

in the water tank and used the linear motor to generate waves.
According to the experimental results, 40 commercial LEDs
can be driven easily under slight wave vibration, as shown in
Figure 7f. And 142 commercial LEDs arranged as “ZJU OCEAN
2020” can also be driven, as presented in Figure  7g. And, the
real-time videos for device operation and LED glowing are
shown in Videos S2 and S3 in the Supporting Information.
Besides, owing to the sensitive response of WB-TENG to
external mechanical stimulation, the WB-TENG can also be
used to measure the height of waves, and the corresponding
experimental results can be observed in Figure  7h. And, we
also plotted the voltage versus wave height and calculated the
R2 value, as shown in Figure  7i. In this work, we studied the
effect of water level in the balloon on the output behavior of
the WB-TENG. According to the experimental results shown
in Figure 7j, the electrical output can increase when the water
level in the balloon rises, which can be attributed to the fact that
higher water levels will bring the higher center of gravity, and
the water balloon will vibrate more ­violently when the device is
excited by an external force. Moreover, we also developed the
effect of the NaCl concentration on the device output. Based
on the results shown in Figure  7k, when the concentration of
the NaCl solution increases, the electrical output of WB-TENG
can also increase, which can be attributed to the working mode
of the WB-TENG changing from single-electrode mode to con-
tact–separation mode.
5. Conclusion
In this work, to efficiently promote the development of blue
energy, a novel multiple-frequency triboelectric nanogenerator
based on a water balloon has been proposed. The WB-TENG
based on three working modes can harvest low-frequency
and low-amplitude energy, especially for water waves. Owing
to the high elasticity of the water balloon, the WB-TENG can
realize multiple-frequency response to the low-frequency
external mechanical simulations and generate a high-frequency

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e­ lectrical output. Besides, the water balloon can achieve the self-
supporting effect without any additional supporting structure
because of its tension, to make WB-TENG still produce elec-
trical output under slight vibration, which can also bring high
energy conversion efficiency. Moreover, the maximum instanta-
neous Isc and Voc can arrive at 147 µA and 1221 V, respectively,
and under a match load of 20 MΩ, the maximum instanta-
neous output power can reach 13.52 mW. The wonderful elec-
trical output can be attributed to the effect of high-flexibility,
high-elasticity, and self-supporting. Through testing, the total
transferred charge of WB-TENG is 28 times higher than that
of traditional TENG based on double plate structure during one
working cycle. As a result of the unique working mechanism,
the WB-TENG presents a novel potential application for devel-
oping blue energy in the field of the ocean.
Supporting Information
Supporting Information is available from the Wiley Online Library or
from the author.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the
Central Universities and the National Natural Science Foundation of
China (Grant No. 61674128; Grant No. 61731019). The authors would like
to thank the Ocean Science Experimental Teaching Center of Zhejiang
University for SEM characterization. The authors also thank Ph.D.
Weiqiang Zhang from Georgia Institute of Technology for his help in
academic exchange, Prof. Wei Tang and Baodong Chen from Beijing
Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems for academic guidance, Prof.
Zhiyuan Zhu from Southwestern University for his guidance in scientific
research, and Prof. Min Yu from Peking University for academic exchange.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Keywords
blue energy, high-output performance, multiple frequency, triboelectric
nanogenerators
Received: February 3, 2020
Revised: May 23, 2020
Published online: June 9, 2020
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