PBG 101 - Introduction to Agricultural Botany

Chromosome Progenitor/ No. of Economic

S.No. Common name Scientific name Family Origin Pollination Inflorescence Fruit Remarks
number Ancestor Stamens part
i) Dwarf mutant is Dee-Gee-Woo-
1. Rice Oryza sativa 2n = 24 Poaceae South East Self 6 Panicle Caryopsis Grain Gen, ii) Wonder rice is IR 8, iii) Two
Oryza perennis
Asia cultivated species are Oryza sativa
and Oryza glaberrima
i) King of cereals, ii) First man made
2. Wheat Triticum aestivum 2n = 42 Poaceae Central Asia Triticum Self 3 Spike Caryopsis Grain cereal – Triticale, iii) Isolation of
boeoticum dwarf mutant from Norin 10, iv)
Hexaploid wheat
i) Queen of cereals, ii) Monoecious
and Protoandry, iii) Male
3. Maize Zea mays 2n = 20 Poaceae Mexico Teosinte Cross 3 Panicle Caryopsis Grain inflorescence is Tassel and Female
inflorescence is Cob, iv) Protein
present in maize is Zein
4. Sorghum Sorghum bicolor 2n = 20 Poaceae Africa Sorghum Often cross 3 Panicle Caryopsis Grain Poisonous content is HCN (Hydrogen
arundinaceum cyanide)

2n = 14 Poaceae Africa Pennisetum Cross 3 Panicle Caryopsis Grain

5. Cumbu Pennisetum glaucum Protogyny
perottetti
6. Ragi Eleusine coracana 2n = 36 Poaceae India Self 3 Spike Utricle Grain Rich in calcium, phosphorus and
Eleusine indica
iron content
7. Tenai Setaria italica 2n = 18 Poaceae China Setaria viridis Self 3 Panicle Caryopsis Grain

8. Samai 2n = 36 Poaceae India Panicum Self 3 Panicle Caryopsis Grain

Panicum sumatrense
psilopodium
9. Varagu Paspalum scorbiculatum 2n = 40 Poaceae India - Self 3 Panicle Caryopsis Grain

10. Panivaragu Panicum miliaceum 2n = 36 Poaceae Mediterranean Self 3 Panicle Caryopsis Grain
-
region
11. Kuduraivali Echinochloa frumentacea 2n = 36 Poaceae East Asia - Self 3 Panicle Caryopsis Grain

12. Guinea grass Panicum maximum 2n = 18,36,48 Poaceae Tropical Often cross 3 Panicle Caryopsis Entire plant
-
Africa
Cumbu Napier Hybrid (2n=21)
It is the hybrid between pearl millet
and napier grass. Sterile plants
13. Napier grass Pennisetum purpureum 2n = 28 Poaceae South Africa - Self 3 Panicle Caryopsis Entire plant produced.
Pennisetum glaucum (2n=14) x P.
purpureum (2n=28) - Hybrid 2n=21
(triploid, sterile)
Kolukattai 2n = 32, 36, White Kolukattai - Cenchrus ciliaris,
14. Cenchrus sp. Poaceae Tropical - Self 3 Panicle Caryopsis Entire plant Neela Kolukattai - Cenchrus glaucus,
grass 40, 54 Black Kolukattai - Cenchrus setigerus
Saccharum Saccharum officinarum – Noble cane
15. Sugarcane Saccharum officinarum 2n = 80 Poaceae New guinea Cross 3 Arrow Caryopsis Stem Saccharum barberi – Indian cane
spontaneum Saccharum spontaneum – Wild cane
16. Redgram Cajanus cajan 2n = 22 Papilionaceae India Often cross 10 (9+1) Pod Seed Cajanus cajan var bicolor (Arhar)
Atylosia sp. Cajanus cajan var flavus (Tur)
Vigna radiata Cotyledons contains batter (amino
17. Blackgram Vigna mungo 2n = 22 Papilionaceae India Self 10 (9+1) Pod Seed acid related substance), it is
var. sublobata suitable for making idly etc.,
18. Greengram Vigna radiata 2n = 22 Papilionaceae India Vigna radiata Self 10 (9+1) Pod Seed
var. sublobata
19. Cowpea Vigna unguiculata 2n = 22 Papilionaceae Africa Vigna unguiculata Self 10 (9+1) Pod Seed
var. dekindtiana
 Chromosome Progenitor/ No. of Economic
S.No. Common name Scientific name Family Origin Pollination Inflorescence Fruit Remarks
number Ancestor Stamens part
South West Cicer i) Rich in malic (94%) and oxalic
20. Bengalgram Cicer arietinum 2n = 16 Papilionaceae Self 10 (9+1) Pod Seed acid (6%) ii) Two cultivated types:
Asia reticulatum Desi and Kabuli
Garden bean – Lablab purpureus
21. Lablab Lablab purpureus 2n = 22, 24 Papilionaceae India Self 10 (9+1) Pod Seed var. typicus – Avarai (2n = 22),
-
Field Bean – Lablab purpureus
var. lignosus – Mochai (2n = 24)
22. Horsegram Macrotyloma uniflorum 2n = 24 Papilionaceae India - Self 10 (9+1) Pod Seed Poorman’s pulse crop
23. Soybean Glycine max 2n = 40 Papilionaceae China Glycine soja Self 10 Pod Seed i) High protein content (43%)
ii) Both pulses and oilseed crop
i) King of oilseeds
24. Groundnut Arachis hypogaea 2n = 40 Papilionaceae Brazil Arachis Self 10 Pod Seed ii) New textile fibre Ardil
monticola manufactured from groundnut
protein iii) Aflatoxin
25. Lucerne / 2n = 16, 32, South West
Medicago sativa Papilionaceae - Tripping 10 (9+1) Pod Entire plant Queen of fodder
Alfalfa 64 Asia
26. Muyal Masal Stylosanthes scabra & 2n = 40 Papilionaceae West Asia Self 10 Pod Whole plant used as green
- Entire plant
Stylosanthes hamata fodder
27. Clitoria Clitorira ternatea 2n = 22 Papilionaceae Asia - Self 10 (9+1) Pod Entire plant Whole plant used as green
fodder
Entire plants are used for shade,
28. Agathi Sesbania grandiflora 2n = 14 Papilionaceae - - Self 10 (9+1) Pod Entire plant green leaf manure, fodder and
as greens
Plants are used as green
29. Sunnhemp Crotalaria juncea 2n = 26 Papilionaceae India - Cross 10 Pod Entire plant manure; stem used for
extraction of fibre
30. Gingelly Sesamum indicum 2n = 26 Pedaliaceae Africa - Often cross 4 Capsule Seed i) Queen of Oilseed
ii) Antioxidant - Sesamol
Heterogamous
North i) Ray floret and Disc floret
31. Sunflower Helianthus annuus 2n = 34 Asteraceae Helianthus Cross 5 Head or Achene Seed ii) Protoandry iii) 90 % PUFA
America petiolaris
Capitulum and semidrying oil (35-40%)
Homogamous
32. Safflower Carthamus tinctorius 2n = 24 Asteraceae Asia - Often cross 5 Head or Achene Seed
Capitulum
Homogamous
33. Chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum indicum 2n = 36 Asteraceae - - Often cross 5 Head or Achene Flower
Capitulum
i) J. grandiflorum (Royal Jasmine
- Pavalamalli)
ii) J. angustifolium (Wild Jasmine
Berry,
34. Jasmine Jasminum officinale 2n = 26 Oleaceae - - Cross 2 capsule or Flower – Kattumalligai)
iii) J. multiflorum (Star Jasmine-
drupe Kasthuri malligai)
iv) J. sambac (Arabian Jasmine –
Kundumalli)
 Chromosome Progenitor/ No. of Economic
S.No. Common name Scientific name Family Origin Pollination Inflorescence Fruit Remarks
number Ancestor Stamens part
i) Erucic acid crop ii) Indian rape
seed (2n=20) - Brassica campestris
var. brown, yellow and toria
Rapeseed and 2n = 16, 18, Cross & iii) Indian mustard - B. juncea
35. Mustard Brassica sp. Brassicaceae - - 6 Siliqua Seed (brown mustard, Rai)
20, 22, 36 Self iv) Black mustard - B. nigra
(Banarasi rai) (2n: 16)
v) White Mustard - B. alba (Ujili
sarson) (2n: 24)
36. Cabbage Brassisca oleracea var. 2n = 18 Brassicaceae - Cross 6 Siliqua Modified
-
capitata leaves
Brassisca oleracea var.
37. Cauliflower 2n = 18 Brassicaceae - - Cross 6 Siliqua Inflorescence Head of a cauliflower also
botrytis called a “curd”
i) Monoecious (Female flowers -
Many - Schizocarp upper part and male flowers –
38. Castor Ricinus communis 2n = 20 Euphorbiaceae Ethiopia - Cross Terminal Seed base) ii)Toxic alkaloids like
Polyadelphous Panicle (Regma)
ricin (blood coagulant), ricinin
and allergen are present
10 in 2 Schizocarp
39. Jatropha Jatropha curcas 2n = 22 Euphorbiaceae - - Cross Seed i) Monoecious ii) Biodiesel fuel
whorls (Regma) extracted (Biofuel crop)
South 10 in 2 Ovoid or i) Monoecious (Male flowers -
40. Tapioca Manihot esculenta 2n = 36 Euphorbiaceae - Cross Tuber upper part and Female flowers
America whorls globose
– base) ii) Protogyny
i) Monoecious (Female flowers -
41. Coconut Cocos nucifera 2n = 32 Arecaceae Malaysia - Cross 6 Spadix Drupe Endosperm upper part and male flowers –
base)
i) Monoecious
42. Arecanut Areca catechu 2n = 32 Arecaceae Africa - Cross 6 Spadix Drupe Nut ii) Alkaloid - Acrecoline,
arecotine, arecaidine,
guvacoline, guvacine
Mesocarp and
43. Oilpalm Elaeis guinensis 2n = 32 Arecaceae Africa - Cross 6 Spadix Drupe i) Monoecious
Kernel

44. Sugarpalm Borassus flabellifer 2n = 36 Arecaceae Africa Cross 6 Spadix Drupe i) Dioecious ii) Juice from male
- Inflorescence
peduncle used as toddy
Gossypium i) Gossypol content (Pest
45. Cotton Gossypium sp 2n = 26, 52 Malvaceae - Often cross Many Boll Lint resistance) ii) Old world
raimondii cotton and New world cotton
46. Mesta Hibiscus cannabinus 2n = 36 Malvaceae Africa - Self Many Capsule Stem i) Bast fibre extracted from
stem
47. Bhendi Abelmoschus esculentus 2n = 56 Malvaceae - - Often cross Many Capsule Fruit
Corchorus olitorius and Africa and
48. Jute 2n = 14 Tiliaceae Self 5 to many Cyme Capsule Stem i) Bast fibre extracted from
-
Corchorus capsularis Indo-Burma stem

49. Betelvine Piper betle 2n = 32 Piperaceae - Cross 1-10 Spike Ovoid or Leaf i) Dioecious
globose
Northern Terminal
50. Sugar beet Beta vulgaris 2n =18 Chenopodiaceae - Cross 5 Tuber i) Bolting in sugarbeet
Europe open panicle
 Chromosome Progenitor/ No. of Economic
S.No. Common name Scientific name Family Origin Pollination Inflorescence Fruit Remarks
number Ancestor Stamens part
i) Curing, Topping and
51. Tobacco Nicotiana tabacum 2n = 48 Solanaceae South - Self 5 Capsule Leaf Desuckering
America
ii) Nicotine content
52. Potato Solanum tuberosum 2n = 48 Solanaceae South - Cross 5 Berry Stem tuber i) Alkaloid - Solanine
America
53. Chilli Capsicum annuum 2n = 26 Solanaceae Mexico - Often cross 5 Berry Fruit i) Pungency - Capsaicin
Tropical
54. Tomato Solanum lycopersicum 2n = 26 Solanaceae - Self 5 Berry Fruit i) Rich in Lycopene content
America (red color)
i) Four types of flowers: long -
styled, medium styled, true
55. Brinjal Solanum melongena 2n = 24 Solanaceae India - Often cross 5 Berry Fruit short styled and pseudo short
styled
ii) Nicotine content
Velimasal /
56. Hedge lucerne Desmanthus virgatus 2n = 28 Mimosae - Self Many Pod Leaves i) Very good fodder

57. Subabul Leucaena leucocephala 2n = 104 Mimosae - Cross 10 Pod Leaves i) 3F tree – feed, fertilizer, fuel
ii) Tree fodder
Morus alba - White
mulberry i) Mulberry leaves particularly
58. Mulberry Morus nigra - Black 2n = 28 Moraceae Cross - Catkin Drupe Leaves white mulberry are important
-
mulberry food source of the silkworm
Morus rubra - Red (Bombyx mori)
Mulberry
59. Cucumber Cucumis sativus 2n = 14 Cucurbitaceae - Cross 3 Pepo Fruit i) Monoecious
60. Pumpkin Cucurbita moschata 2n = 40 Cucurbitaceae - Cross 3 Pepo Fruit i) Monoecious
61. Ashgourd Benincasa hispida 2n = 24 Cucurbitaceae - Cross 3 Pepo Fruit i) Monoecious
Mediterranean i) Protoandry
62. Onion Allium cepa 2n = 16 Alliaceae - Cross 3 Umbel Capsule Bulb ii) Pungency of onion due to n
region
propyl disulphide
Mediterranean
63. Garlic Allium sativum 2n = 16 Alliaceae Cross 3 Umbel Capsule Bulb i) Pungency of garlic due to
-
region Allicin
Musa sapientum and i) Fruit set of banana is
64. Banana 2n = 22 to 88 Musaceae South East Fruit
- parthenocarpically
Musa paradisiaca Asia
ii) Triploid
i) Structural fibre (hard/leaf)
65. Manila hemp Musa textilis 2n = 20 Musaceae South East - Cross 6 Spike Berry Leaves extracted from leaf sheath
Asia
ii) Monoecious
66. Coffee Coffea arabica 2n = 44 Rubiaceae - - Cross 5 Cymose Berry Seeds
i) Caffiene
(Beans)
South East
67. Tea Camellia sinensis 2n = 30 Theaceae - Cross Many Capsule Leaf i) Caffiene (4%)
Asia