1FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO ROAD TRAFI C ACCIDENTS AMONG YOUTHS IN

NANDI COUNTY AT KAPSABET COUNTY REFERRAL HOSPITAL

AUTHOR’S NAME: SHARON JEPKEMBOI

AFFILIATION

SCHOOL NAME

DATE

ADMS D/NURS/20047/3423
2
DECLARATION

This is my original work and has not been presented for any academic award in any other

institution

Signature ………………………………… Date……………………………..

Sharon Jepkemboi

This research project has been submitted for presentation with my approval as the university

supervisor

Signature …………………………. Date……………………..

Mr. Patrick Rotich

Community health nursing

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DEDICATION

This research project report is dedicated to my mother Judith Mwei for believing in me, my

lecture Mr Patrick rotich, for enabling me with research skills and Kapsabet County Referral

Hospital for enabling me to carry out research.

4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I thank the almighty God for granting me strength and good health during the period of this study

and the courage to complete this thesis.

I would like to acknowledge my supervisor Mr Patrick Rotich for his dedicated support and

guidance at the most opportune occasion throughout the process.

I also acknowledge the support I receive from the Nandi traffic police department and the

National Transport and Safety Authority (NTSA) for providing the necessary information

relevant to my research project.

Finally, I acknowledge my family, friends, and colleagues who offered me a great support

system and encouragement to make sure that I finished this research project on time.
5
ABSTRACT

The road transport industry in Kenya plays a vital role in the life of a majority of its citizens.

Many Kenyans utilize different transport modes to reach their various destinations daily. Nearly

3000 people are killed on Kenyan roads annually. This translates to approximately 68 deaths per

10,000 registered vehicles, which is 30-40 times greater than in highly motorized countries.

Nandi County has some road fatality rates for vehicle ownership in Kenya, with an average of 4

deaths from the 35 road crashes that occur each Month. Despite the huge burden the major

causes of accidents in Nandi, have not been modeled to outline the major causes and their inter-

relatedness. Current interventions are sporadic, uncoordinated, and less effective despite the huge

economic burden exerted by RTAs.

This study sought to explore the major causes that were likely to contribute to road traffic

accidents in Nandi County. This was to be achieved using suitable techniques whose

performances were subsequently analyzed. The study utilized accident data between the years

2007-2022 obtained from the Nandi Traffic Police department. Poisson and the negative

regression models were used to identify the main risk factors and models that performed better

with the traffic data in Nandi County.

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Table of Contents

DECLARATION 2

DEDICATION 3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4

ABSTRACT 5

LIST OF ACRONYMS 9

DEFINITION OF TERMS 10

CHAPTER ONE 12

INTRODUCTION 12

1.1Background 12

1.1.1 Global State of Road Traffic Accidents 12

1.1.2 Road Transportation in Nandi County (Kapsabet) 13

1.1.3 Road Transport Agencies 14

1.2 Statement of the Problem 15

1.3 Objectives of the Study 16

1.3.1General Objective 16

1.3.2 Specific Objectives 16

1.3.4 Research questions 16

1.3.4 Justification of the study 16

Significance 17
71.5 Scope 18

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 19

2.0 Introduction 19

2.2 Nandi County Profile 20

2.3 Determinants of Road Traffic Accidents occurrence in Nandi County 20

2.4 Motorcycle accidents 21

2.5 Causes of Motorcycle Accidents 22

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 23

3.0 Introduction 23

3.1Study designs 23

3.2 Study area 23

3.2.1 Map of the study area 24

3.2.2 Geographical Location 24

3.2.3 Transport and communication 24

3.2.3 Economic activities 25

3.3 Study population 25

3.3.2 Exclusion criteria 25

3.4 Sample size determination 26

3.5.0 Sampling technique 27

3.6 Data collection tool 27

3.7 Method of data collection 27

83.8 Data analysis and presentation 27

3.9 Pretesting 28

3.10 Study variables 28

3.10.1 Independent variables 28

3.10.2 Dependent variable 28

3.12 Ethical consideration 28

REFERENCES 30

APPENDICES 31

APPENDIX I: Questionnaires 31

CONSENT FORM 31

QUESTIONNAIRES 32

SECTION A: Demographic data 32

APPENDIX II: Budget 35

APPENDIX: III WORK PLAN 36

9
LIST OF ACRONYMS

KeNHA - Kenya National Highway Authority

KeRRA - Kenya Rural Road Authority

KRA - Kenya Revenue Authority

KRB - Kenya Roads Board

KURA - Kenya Urban Roads Authority

PSV - Public Service Vehicle

RTAs - Road Traffic Accidents

RTIs - Road Traffic Injuries

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DEFINITION OF TERMS

Boda-boda: Popular for motor bicycle taxis in Kenya

Matatu: A passenger service vehicle

Road Traffic Accident (RTA): A collision between vehicles and pedestrians, between vehicles

and animals, or between vehicles and fixed obstacles.

Road Traffic Injuries (RTI): These are injuries occurring as a result of RTA.

Road User: Pedestrians and vehicle users, including all occupants (i.e. driver, rider, and

passengers).

Road: Every public road system: state, regional or local road, or city street.

Vehicle: A machine that is used to carry people or goods from one place to another, it could be a

bicycle, motorcycle, or three-and-above wheeled machine.

Slight injury: This is an injury y of a minor character (i.e. bruise, sprain, cut, or laceration) that

is not judged to be severe and requires roadside attention.

Serious injury: This is an injury resulting in a person being detained in a health facility

asinpatienttient”, or any of the following injuries whether or not detention results (i.e. fractures,

internal injuries, crushing, severe cuts, and concussions). They do cause death 30 or more days

after the accident

Fatal injury: An injury resulting in death

Pedal-cycle: A vehicle operated solely by pedals and propelled by human power. This includes

bicycles, tricycles, unicycles, sidecars, or trailers attached to any of the above-listed devices.
11
CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

This chapter provides the background to the study, context, problem statement, and objectives of

the study. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the research that is presented

through the body of this work.

1.1Background

1.1.1 Global State of Road Traffic Accidents

A road accident refers to a collision involving one or more vehicles on the road, or a pedestrian

and results in death, injury, or damage of property (Odhiambo et al, 2015). Road traffic injuries

place a heavy burden on global and national economies and household finances. With more than

13 million deaths and 20 – 50 million injuries being directly linked to road traffic accidents in

the world, the social and economic burden presents a compromising scenario for Kenya as a

nation. Road accidents follow HIV/AIDS and malaria as the leading causes of death in Kenya

according to (Odero, Khayesi&Heda, 2003). This largely affects the economically productive

population in the country. About 23% of them are motorists, while pedestrians and cyclists

account for 22 and 5 percent respectively. Other victims are pedestrians, vehicle occupants, and

other unspecified users who account for 31% and 19% of the rest of the deaths.

Most road accidents lead to fatalities or serious disabilities which disenfranchise many families.

In addition, family members are plunged into poverty because of the loss of their usual

breadwinner through death or the high costs incurred in medical costs (WHO, 2009). Therefore,

relevant authorities in the transportation sector need to make an effort and enact policies or
12
measures that would significantly reduce the impacts of road accidents including fatalities,

disabilities, morbidity, and the related costs of medical expenses associated with preventable

road accidents.

Most players in the transport sector blame the bad state of the Kenyan roads for the numerous

accidents. With the recent improvement of infrastructure, however, fatal road accidents continue

to be reported. This elicited varied reactions from transport authorities in Kenya including the

ban on night travel on all Public Service Vehicles until they met the stated requirements of the

government. Public Service Vehicles operators have protested this move claiming that the

government has been insensitive about their needs. The blame game between transport

authorities and PSV operators continues even though much has been done to curb the number of

road accidents. Traffic police have also been on the receiving end following their role in

reducing road accidents. Corruption has been cited as one of the reasons the traffic police have

failed to arrest the drivers found to have infringed on the regulations of road use. Policies

developed based on comprehensive statistical models are likely to lead to the development of a

competitive transportation network that will enhance Kenya’s role as a hub in East Africa.

1.1.2 Road Transportation in Nandi County (Kapsabet)

Kapsabet is the headquarter of Nandi County hosting county government ministries, businesses,

and numerous economic activities. It is also an important economic hub for Western provinces.

The population of Nandi has experienced significant growth since the year 2009 when it was at

752,965 (Population and Housing Census, 2009). The county population continues to grow at the

rate of +17.6%. Continued urban sprawl has increased transportation in the county with a large

population relying on the public transport system, which has been marked with unstructured

operations due to poor monitoring.

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Many organizations in Nandi county structure their work hours between 8.00 a.m. and 5.00 p.m.

This system has caused a scramble among the people trying to access their workstations or job

opportunities within the set working hours. This has led to rapid growth in non-conventional

means of public transport comprising of minibuses, taxis and more recently by commercial

motorcycles. Most of these means are notorious for flouting traffic rules resulting to externalities

such as accidents, congestion and corruption. KIPPRA (2015: 1) estimates that in 2020 there

were 500,000 thousand registered vehicles in Kenya and 30% were used in Nandi county. The

distance of the road network in Nandi as in 2020 was about 20,000 kilometers long (KRB, 2020),

with an approximate 50,000 thousand vehicles using these roads.

1.1.3 Road Transport Agencies

The Roads Act of 2007 enacted established three new agencies in charge of road infrastructure

management, rehabilitation, maintenance and development. These are the Kenya National

Highways Authority (KeNHA); Kenya Rural Roads Authority (KeRRA) and the Kenya Urban

Roads Authority (KURA). The Kenya Roads Board (KRB) solicits and distributes funds for

development of the road infrastructure while the Nandi Traffic Department and County

Inspectorate Department are responsible for enforcement duty to ensure compliance with traffic

Act and County Government regulations. The National Transport and safety Authority (NTSA)

whose vision is geared towards a sustainable, safe road transport system with zero crashes has

been instrumental in the efforts to reduce road accidents and is responsible for registration,

licensing and road safety. This informs us that the government appreciates the role of road

transport and research geared towards addressing the influences of RTAs, which will foster a

sound policy formulation framework.

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1.2 Statement of the Problem

Road accidents are among the leading cause of death and disability in the county. Nearly

hundred people die annually because of accident related activities. This translates to

approximately 8 deaths per 10,000 registered vehicles, which is 30-40 times greater than in

highly motorized countries. Research indicates that about two people die out of thirty-five road

crashes that occur each day in Nandi county. Despite the huge economic burden exerted by

RTAs, the major causes of accidents in Nandi have not been descriptively analyzed and modeled

to outline the major causes and their inter-relatedness. This emphasizes the need to

comprehensively understand the major causes of these accidents. This study therefore intends to

utilize generalized linear models to explore the major causes of road traffic accidents in Nandi

County that will help in minimizing loss of lives through road accidents.
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1.3 Objectives of the Study

1.3.1General Objective

Factor contributing to road traffic accidents among youths in Nandi County

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

To determine the suitable technique to model the injuries arising from road accidents in

NandiCounty

To compare the results of models used in estimating the daily number of RTAs.

To know the level of knowledge of road traffic users.

1.3.4 Research questions

Why was the person injured?

When did the accident occur?

Who was injured?

What were the causal factors of the accident?

1.3.4 Justification of the study

Traffic accidents are the leading cause of hospitalization in adolescence, with the 18–24-year-old

age group accounting for 23% of deaths by traffic accidents. Recurrence rate is also high. One in

four teenagers will have a relapse within the year following the first accident. Cognitive

impairments known in adolescence could cause risky behaviors, defined as repetitive

engagement in dangerous situations such as road accidents. Two categories of factors seem to be

associated with traffic accidents: (1) factors specific to the traffic environment and (2) “human”
16
factors, which seem to be the most influential. Moreover, the establishment of a stronger relation

to high speed driving increases traffic accident risks and can also be intensified by sensation

seeking. Other factors such as substance use (alcohol, drugs, and “binge drinking”) are also

identified as risk factors. Furthermore, cell phone use while driving and attention deficit disorder

with or without hyperactivity also seem to be important risk factors for car accidents. The family

environment strongly influences a young person’s driving behavior. Some interventional driving

strategies and preventive measures have reduced the risk of traffic accidents among young

people, such as the graduated driver licensing program and advertising campaigns. So far, few

therapeutic approaches have been implemented. Reason why, we decided to set up an innovative

strategy consisting of a therapeutic post accident group intervention, entitled the ECARR2

protocol, to prevent recurrence among adolescents and young adults identified at risk, taking into

account the multiple risk factors.

1.4 Significance

Researchers have been modeling RTAs with crash prevention models in various parts of the

world. This has however not been done in Kenya. It is essential to conduct research to establish

the main causes of Road Accidents and come out with the reality on the ground so that, policy

makers can design strategies that will effectively reduce the numerous deaths caused by Road

Traffic Accidents to the barest minimum in the country. It is necessary to develop better

prediction mechanism to plan for future occurrence. This will help ensure that resources are

channeled to the right direction geared towards addressing the major cause of Road Traffic

Accidents (RTAs) as many causes have overtime been attributed to causing accidents in Nandi.

It will also aid in policy formulation that would address the major causes of accidents thus

reducing the number of deaths resulting from RTAs in Kenya.

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1.5 Scope

The study will be limited to roads in Nandi County.

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CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

In 2010, the United Nations General Assembly adopted resolution 64/2551 proclaiming a

Decade of Action for Road Safety so as to stabilize and reduce the increasing trend in road traffic

fatalities. Interestingly RTAs in high income countries is expected to fall by 2020, while the

and injuring 4 million more. The loss to the economy was also considerably high at $25 million

per annum. The study also found that men were more at risk of being involved in road accidents

than women, while younger people, especially those aged 18- 44 years, formed the bulk of road

accident victims.

Agoki (1992) indicates that RTAs causation factors may be traced to the road users, vehicles or

the road environment; and in Kenya the proportion is 80% traceable to road users, 6% to vehicle

and 14% to road environment. In Nandi County the contribution by road user factors is as high as

44
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2.2 Nandi County Profile

Nandi County is a county in Kenya in the North Rift, occupying an area of 2,884.4 square

kilometres. Its capital, Kapsabet, is the largest town in the county while other towns include

Mosoriot, Tinderet, Kobujoi, Kaiboi, Kabiyet and Nandi Hills. According to a 2019 census, the

county had a population of 885,711,[2] made up of a number of Kenyan communities, the

majority of whom belong to the native tribe called Nandi.

Geographically, the unique jug-shaped structure of Nandi County is bound by the Equator to the

south and extends northwards to latitude 0034’N. The western boundary extends to west. The

county's major area is covered by the Nandi Hills.

2.3 Determinants of Road Traffic Accidents occurrence in Nandi County

Understanding the effect of a risk factor is very important towards identifying the exact cause of

an accident. Causation may be attributed to human related factors, road factors, environmental

factors and vehicular factors. Human factors are triggered directly by the human behavior when

in the vicinity of the road. According to the Kenya Traffic Police department pedal, driver,

pedestrian, cyclist, passengers are categorized as the human factors directly responsible for

accidents in Nandi County. There are also different risk factors that are connected to immediate

cause of accidents. Fatigues, overtaking improperly, negligence, inexperience, illness are some

of the risk factors likely to result into the occurrence of an accident.

Road factors are risk factors that are associated with the road as an accident cause and include a

slippery road surface, excessive dust obscuring road user view and dilapidated road surface.

Environmental factors constitute weather and animals. Example of situations are fog or mist,

torrential rain, glaring sun and animal in the carriage way. Vehicular factors are the mechanical

defects on the vehicles and any vehicle feature that may contribute to an accident occurring.
20

2.4 Motorcycle accidents

Kenya has reported a continuous increase in the number of motorcycles as is indicated by data

from the Kenya Revenue Authority (KRA). For instance, annual registrations of motorcycles

increased by 3730% from 3,759 in 2005 to 140,215 in 2021 (KRA, 2012). In the same way,

accidents involving bodaboda motorcycles have also exhibited an upward trend. For example

nationally, deaths and injuries related to motorcycles accidents have increased by a factor of 4.4,

from 451 in 2005 to 1,991 in 2013.

In 2021, a total of 180 road traffic deaths were reported by the Nandi Traffic Police of which

approximately 7% were motorcyclists (World Health Organization, 2019). According to National

Transport and Safety Authority, between 1st and 13th January 2020, the number of motorcyclist

who died due to motorcycle accident have increased by 20% and the number could increase in

the remaining months of 2020 if no interventions are made. Hurt, Quellet, & Thom, (1981)

observe that riders of motorcycles received their raining from friends and family or unqualified

trainers.

In spite of offering advantages such as affordability, availability, flexibility and even ability to

travel on poorly maintained roads, safety concerns have emerged. The motorcycle taxis have

been categorized as having a poor road safety record that increased by 58% during the first four

months of 2015. Road traffic injury patients represent between 45-60% of all admissions to

surgical wards. It is essential to note that Kapsabet county referral hospital identified the need to

have to improve its capacity to address accidents and converted some of its wards for emergency
21
use. These wards include 6A, C, and D which receives a large number of motorcycle victims

brought into the hospital. If nothing is done more accidents are likely to occur with serious socio-

economic implications.

2.5 Causes of Motorcycle Accidents

According to the Kenya Traffic Police department, different vehicles are primarily responsible

for causing RTAs on Kenyan roads. These have been classified as motor cars, Lorries, buses and

taxis, motorcycles, pedal cycles, animals and matatus. About 582 cases people who were

involved while using motorcycles accidents were recorded in high According to the Kenya

Traffic Police department different vehicles are primarily responsible for causing RTAs on the

Kenyan roads. These have been classified as motor cars, Lorries, buses and taxis, motorcycles,

pedal cycles, animals and matatus. About 582 cases people who were involved while using

motorcycles accidents were recorded in high numbers. The number of cases has continued to

sour with motorcycles accounting for 18% of annual road fatalities.

Rapid growth in the use of motorized two-wheeled vehicles in Kenya has been accompanied by

increases in injuries and fatalities among its users. The problem of untrained riders has been a

stubborn stain on the motorcycle industry resulting to its publicity. As a matter of priority the

causes of RTAs in Kenya should thus be established in earnest.

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CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

This chapter outlines the research design and methodology that will be used to carry out the

study. The chapter also deals with the target population, type of data collected, sampling

technique, the sample size, data collection analysis techniques and how exactly data will be

presented.

3.1Study designs

The study research will use cross sectional descriptive design. Descriptive study is concerned

with finding out who, what, where and how much of a phenomenon which is the concern of the

study Sokoran., (2015) observes that the goal of descriptive research is to offer the researcher a

profit or describe relevant aspects of the phenomenon of interests from the individual

organization, industry or other perspective. In addition, the design best fit in the ascertainment

and description of characteristics of variable in this research study and allows for use of

questionnaire, interviews and descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages. A

descriptive design also is appropriate since it will enable the researcher to collect enough

information necessary for generalization of predisposing factors to TC.

3.2 Study area

The study will be conducted at Kapsabet County Referral Hospital

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3.2.1 Map of the study area

3.2.2 Geographical Location

Kapsabet County Referral Hospital is located in Nandi County, Emgwen Constituency, in Nandi

central and it is located 40Km South west of Eldoret on the way to Chavakali. The facility

borders Kapsabet town and court of law. Kapsabet contains people of different tribes with a

population of 86,803 (2019 census), where majority of them are Kalenjin. The main religious

buildings nearing the facility are the Roman Catholic Church, ACK, AIC, CITAM and a Mosque

3.2.3 Transport and communication

There are well tarmacked roads that stretch all the way from Nairobi through Nakuru, Eldoret to

Kapsabet and goes as far as Kisumu and Kakamega. Telecommunication is well serviced by

Safaricom, Airtel, Orange among others.

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3.2.3 Economic activities

The main economic activity is agriculture. Main food crops are maize and various vegetables.

Tea growing is the cash crop plant.

3.3 Study population

The study population for this study will include all children aged between 4-13 years with their

parents seeking medical services at Kapsabet County Referral Hospital.

3.3.2 Exclusion criteria

The study will exclude all parents of children aged between 18 and below.

3.4 Sample size determination

Sample size determination using standard Fischer’sformula (1991).

n=z2pq/d2

where:

n=Desired sample size required if target population is greater than 10,000

z=The standard normal deviate at required confidence levels (normally 95%).

p=Proportion in target population estimated to have specific characteristics being measured.

d=the level of statistical significance set at 5% or 0.05%.

q=1-p, (1-0.05) =0.05

n=1.962x0.05x0.05/0.052

n=384.16
25
If target population is less than 10,000 the required sample size will be smaller. IN such a case

the final sample estimate (nf) using the following formula

nf=n/1+(n/N) used,

where:

nf=The desired sample size when population is less than 10,000

n=The desired sample size when population is more than 10,000

N=The estimate of the population size

384.16/ (1+384.16/120)

=384.16/ (1+3.20)

=384.16/4.20

=91 respondents

3.5.0 Sampling technique

The researcher will use purposive sampling technique.

3.6 Data collection tool

Questionnaires will be used comprising of both open and closed ended questions to determine

what causes traffic accidents in Nandi County.

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3.7 Method of data collection

Questionnaires will be given to respondents who can read and write but those who will not be ab

le to read and write, the questionnaires will be asked through interviews and the researcher will

fill for them.

3.8 Data analysis and presentation

This will be done by use of tables, pie charts and bar graphs.

3.9 Pretesting

Pretesting will be done prior to data collection in Mosoriot Sub County Hospital Bodaboda riders

with aged between 18-24 years at the outpatient department using questionnaires. Interview will

be used where respondents will need clarity. It will be carried out on 10% of the total number of

respondents. This pilot study will help in checking the validity, accuracy, and reliability of the

tool.

3.10 Study variables

3.10.1 Independent variables

Social-demographic; Age, Sex, Gender

Knowledge on Road Traffic users

3.10.2 Dependent variable

Knowledge, transport status

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3.12 Ethical consideration

Approval of the study will also be obtained from the research committee of Mosoriot KMTC

department of nursing. The research permit will be obtained from NACOSTI, the permission will

be gotten from the study site which is KCRH including consent from the respondents where by

the researcher will clearly explain the purpose of the research and the benefits to the respondents.
28
CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 INTRODUCTION.

This chapter presents data analysis, presentation and interpretation of the study.

4.2 Demographic Characteristics.

This is demographic characteristics of the respondent of gender, age, level of education and

marital status of the respondent in Nandi County.

4.2.1 Distribution of the respondent by Gender.

The researcher found out the following distribution of youth respondent by gender in table 4.2

Table 4.2 Distribution of Respondent by Gender.

Description Frequency Percentage

Male 55 60

Female 36 40

Total 91 100

There were more male youth participants by 60 (60.4%) than female at 36 (39.5%) Therefore the

gender balance was fairly well distributed.

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frequency

Male
Female

4.2.2. Distribution of return by rate of age.

The researcher found out that distribution by age as it presented in table 4.3

Table 4.3 Distribution of return by age.

Description Frequency Percentage

18-24 years 10 11

25-29 years 41 45

30-35 years 40 44

Total 91 100

Age above 25-29 years were highest participant by 41 (45.05%) followed by age 30-35 years at

44 (43.95%) and finally age 18-24 years at 10 (10.98%).

frequency
18-24 years
25-29 years
30-35years
30
4.2.3 Distribution of return by Road Trafic Accient Occurence.

Description Frequency Percentage

All Time 3 3.30

Day time 18 19.78

Peak Hours 41 45.05

Night 29 31.86

Total 91 100

Peak Hours is the highest participant by 41 (45.05%) followed by Night at 20 (21.98%), Day

time at 18 (19.78%), followed by All Time at 9 (9.89%) . Therefore, the majority of the accidents

occurs at peark hours.

frequency
All time
Day time
Peak Hours
Night

4.2.4 Distribution of return by marital status.

The researcher wanted to understand the distribution of return by marital status and the result

were presented in table 4.5.

Table 4.5 Distribution of return by where accident occurs mostly.

Description Frequency Percentage

Urbern centers 36 39.56

Rural Areas 64 70.33

31

Stage 10 10.99

Onther specified 9 9.9

Total 91 100

The majority of the youths who participated were Rural Areas at 64 (70.33%), followed closely

by Urbern centers at 36 (39.56%), Stage at 10 (10.99%), Onther specified at 9 (9.9%)

respectively.

frequency

Urbern Centers
Rural Areas
Stage
Other Specified

4.3. Methods of suicides.

The participants were asked in their own perception to rate methods of suicidal behavior in

Nandi County, summarized in the following table 4.6

Table 4.6 causal factors of accidents.

Description Frequency Percentages

Fatal 47 51.65

Minor Injuries 52 57.14

Critical injuries 20 21.98

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Total 91 100

Leading causal factors of accident is presented by Minor Injuries 52 (43.70%) followed by

Fatal at 37 (31.09 %), and Critical injuries at 20 (16.81%)

frequency

Fatal
Minor injuries
Critical injuries

4.3.1 who are the most injured

The respondents were asked to indicate how they rate the most injured among the accidents in

Nandi county response were as follows.

Table 4.7 most injured.

Description Frequency Percentage

Driver 28 30.78

Passenger 45 49.45

Pedestrian 18 19.78

Total 91 10
33
The issues of injuries caused by accident was rated as the highest being at Passenger 45

(49.45%), Driver was also a major injured at 28 (30.78%). Pedestrian was at least at 19

(19.78%).

frequency

driver
passanger
pedestrian

4.2.2. most causes of accidents.

Table 4.8 information on most causes of accident

Description Frequency Percentage

Reckless driving 45 50

Poor roads 35 38.89

Unworthy vehicle 11 12.22

Total 91 100

Most of the youths got information from the Reckless driving at 45 (50%), Poor roads at 35

(38.89%) and Unworthy vehicle at 11 (12.22%).

34
frequency

reckless driving
poor roads
unworthy vehicle

4.4 knowledge and awareness.

Table 4.9 where did you here the information accident.

Description Frequency Percentages

Media 30 32.97

Communnity 25 27.47

Own Experience 34 37.36

Other specify 4 4.4

Most of the people get the information on there own experience at 34 (37.36%), followed by

Media at 30 (32.97%), Communnity at 25 (27.47%)and other specify was at 4 (4.4%).

35
frequency

Media
community
own experience
other specify
36

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Introduction

Based on study results, there is an urgent need to address the root causes of accidents in Nandi

County. Laws and regulatory frameworks should be formulated and enforced promptly to avoid

losses caused by the occurrence of an accident.

5.2. Summary of Findings

The results attest that a robust model will be beneficial in so far as RTAs mitigation and

prevention is concerned. Given the nature of data being handled, a parsimonious model should

always be chosen. In this study the negative binomial was chosen given that our data was over-

dispersed.

The study also concluded that the causes of RTAs in Nandi County are multi-factorial and can be

categorized into driver factors, vehicle factors and roadway factors. Driver factors relates to all

proximate factors affiliated to the driver that may result to an accident occurring. Speeding is a

leading cause of accidents and policy should be geared towards addressing driver behavior as it

predisposes the driver and other road users to injury.

5.3. Recommendations

From the results and finding in the study this recommendation if implemented will significantly

reduce the number of accidents in Nandi County. Additionally, motor cyclists should undergo

formal training on road safety; increase levels of road use awareness among pedestrians, enforce

use of seatbelts and discourage carrying excessive passengers.

5.3.1. Recommendation to Nandi County

37
The public should be sensitized on safe practices on the roads. Bumps should be erected in

regions with a high population density.

5.3.2. Recommendation to planners and policy makers

RTAs require a collaborative approach in from different sectors so as to address RTAs in a

holistic manner. Pedestrian’s walkways and pedal-cyclists lanes should be factored in road

design. The government, the police, the health personnel and general public should be

incorporated into preventive measures to be formulated. Road safety professionals should be

trained, to monitor the magnitude, severity and burden resulting from RTAs in Nandi County to

counteract the paucity of evidence occasioned by insufficient data handling skills. County

planning should incorporate all road users in mind and should focus more on the behavior and

the setting. Law enforcement officers should also be trained on different important aspects of

road safety.

5.3.3. Recommendations for scholars

Future research should focus on the spatial modeling of road traffic accidents.
38 REFERENCES

Abdel-Aty, M. A. and H. T. Abdelwahab (2004). Predicting injury severity levels in traffic

crashes: a modeling comparison. Journal of transportation engineering 130(2), 204–210.

Abdelwahab, H. T. & Abdel-Aty, M. A. Development of Artificial Neural Network Models to

Predict Driver Injury Severity in Traffic Accidents at Signalized Intersections. Transportation

Research Record 1746, Paper No. 01-2234.

Abdelwahab, H. T. and M. A. Abdel-Aty (2002). Investigating driver injury severity in traffic

accidents using fuzzy artmap. Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering 17 (6), 396–

408.
39
APPENDICES

APPENDIX I: Questionnaires

My name is …….a student at KMTC Mosoriot undertaking a diploma in Kenya registered

community health nursing. I am carrying out a study on the factors contributing to road accidents

among youths in Nandi county at the Kapsabet county referral hospital.

INSTRUCTIONS TO THE RESPONDENT

1. Read and understand the questions before responding

2. After choosing the most appropriate answer, tick on the box provided in front of the answer

3. Do not tick more than one answer unless the question demands so

4. The questionnaire is made for study purpose hence confidentiality will be maintained

CONSENT FORM

All information given will be handled with strict confidentiality and without any victimization

This questionnaire is entirely a research tool meant for academic purposes.

Confirmation consent

Are you willing to participate? Yes…………No…….

Respondent

Signature……………………. Date………………

Interviewer

Name………………………… Date…………………
40
Signature…………………….

QUESTIONNAIRES

SECTION A: Demographic data

1.Gender of the respondent

Male [ ]

Female [ ]

2. Age of respondent

[a]20-25 years [ ]

[b] 26-30 years [ ]

[c] 31-35 years [ ]

[d]Above 35 years [ ]

3.Road traffic accident occurrence

[a]All time [ ]

[b] Day time [ ]

c. Peak Hours ( )

d. Night ( )

4. Where does accident occurs frequently

[a]Urban centre

[b]Rural areas
41
c. Stage

d. Other speficy………………………………………….

5.What are the casual factors

[a] Fatal [ ]

[b]Minor injury [ ]

c. Critical injury ( )

6. Who are the most injured

a. Driver ( )

b. Passenger ( )

c. Pedestrians ( )

7. What are most causes of accidents

a. Reckless driving ( )

b. Poor roads ( )

C. Unworthy vehicles ( )

8. Are Drivers causing accident under drug influence?

a. Yes ( )

b. No ( )
42

SECTION B: Knowledge on awareness

9. Where did you get the information on accidents

Media [ ]

Community [ ]

Own Experience [ ]

Hospital [ ]

Other Specify [ ]

10a. Do you have any suggestions to overcome traffic accidents

a. Yes ( )

b. No ( )

9b. If yes what are your suggestions………………………………………………

11. Have you ever encountered someone who has been involve in an accident

Yes [ ] b. No [ ]

12. If yes what was the cause of accident

a. over speeding [ ] b. Victim was under drugs [ ]

c is any other specify……………………………….

13. What action did you take?

43 a. call the police [ ]

b. Inform the community [ ]

c. advice [ ]

e. Other Specify [ ]

APPENDIX II: Budget

ITEM QUANTITY UNIT OF COST TOTAL

AMOUNT

Pens 10 pieces 10 100

A4 Book 200 pages 145 145

Spring file 1 piece 150 150

Razorblade 2 pieces 15 30

Pencils 5 pieces 30 60

Ruler 1 piece 40 40

Rubber 2 pieces 25 50

Typing and printing 1 copy 30 and 20 1200

of proposal and respectively

questionnaires

Photocopying of @5 1600

questionnaires

Flash disk and 1 flash disk and 1200 and 50 1350

44
bindinding three copies respectively

Accommodations 2 weeks 200 2800

Transportation and 2 weeks 400 5600

lunch

Printing papers 1 reem 800 800

Total 13,925

APPENDIX: III WORK PLAN

 45
ACTIVI JUNE JUL AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR

TY 2022 Y 2022 2022 2022 2022 2022 2023 2023 2023

2022

Research

theory

Topic

selection

Objective

Introducti

on

writing

Literature

review

Proposal

writing

and

presentati

on

Submissi

on of the

proposal
46