Democracy Era in Pakistan

1.Democracy Era (1951-1958)

The first few years after Pakistan became an independent state in 1947 were marked by
political instability and a battle to construct a reliable democratic government. But throughout this
time, a number of significant events took place that helped to shape the nation's democratic
system.

Pakistan had its first-ever general elections in 1951, which was a significant step
towards establishing democratic rule. The All Pakistan Muslim League, subsequently known as
the Pakistan Muslim League, was the winning political party, and its leader was Khawaja
Nazimuddin. This signaled an end to the administration of Governor-General Liaquat Ali Khan,
who was killed in 1951.

Pakistan experienced its first constitutional crisis in 1954, known as the "Rawalpindi
Conspiracy." The military made an attempt to overthrow the political establishment because it was
unhappy with the government's performance. The issue caused the federal and provincial
administrations to dissolve, which prompted new elections to be held in 1955.

Despite its relatively short duration, the democracy era of 1951-1958 in Pakistan holds
significance as it laid the groundwork for subsequent attempts to establish democratic governance
in the country.

Prime Ministers Of 1951-58 Democracy Era:

Here is a list of the Prime Ministers who held office during this period:

1. Khawaja Nazimuddin (1951-1953

2. Muhammad Ali Bogra (1953-1955

3. Chaudhry Muhammad Ali (1955-1956

4. Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy (1956-1957

5. Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar (1957)

6. Feroz Khan Noon (1957-1958)

President Of 1951-58 Democracy Era:

Iskander Mirza presided over Pakistan during the democracy era, which lasted from 1951 to
1958. First President of Pakistan from 1956 until he was overthrown in a military revolution in
1958, Iskander Mirza.

Which political party was the Government?

During the democracy era in Pakistan from 1951 to 1958, the political party that was in power
was the Muslim League. At that time, Pakistan's largest political party was the Muslim League. It
is important to note that the Muslim League was divided into various groups, which resulted in
internal power struggles and numerous changes in the form of administration. During this time,
Pakistan's democratic government encountered numerous difficulties and instability, which
eventually led to the military coup in 1958.

Historical Events:
During the democracy era in Pakistan from 1951 to 1958, several significant historical events
took place. Here are some notable events:

1. Adoption of the first Constitution (1956

2. Formation of political parties

3. 1954 Provincial Elections

4. Controversies and political instability

5. One Unit Scheme

6. Influence of the military

7. Coup and end of democracy era

These are some of the key historical events that occurred during the democracy era from 1951 to
1958 in Pakistan.

Political Policies:
During the democracy era from 1951 to 1958 in Pakistan, the government implemented
various political policies. However, due to the turbulent nature of the period and the frequent
changes in government, the policy landscape was not consistent. Nonetheless, here are some key
political policies that were pursued during this time:

1. Constitutional Development
2. Federalism and One Unit Scheme
3. Electoral
4. Foreign Policy
5. Economic Development

 Economical Policies:
During the democracy era from 1951 to 1958 in Pakistan, the government implemented
various economic policies aimed at promoting development and addressing socioeconomic
challenges. Here are some key economic policies pursued during this period:

1. Industrialization

2. Agrarian Reforms

3. Infrastructure Development

4. Economic Planning

5. Foreign Investment and Aid.

6. Trade Policy

7. Banking and Finance

 Human Rights:
 During the democratic era from 1951 to 1958 in Pakistan, the state of human rights was
characterized by a mixture of progress and challenges. While efforts were made to protect and
promote certain human rights, there were also instances of violations and limitations on civil
liberties. Here are some key aspects related to human rights during this period:

1. Fundamental Rights
2. Press Freedom
3. Political Participation
4. Regional Disparities
5. Women's Rights
6. Minority Rights
7. Martial Law and Suspension of Rights
It's important to note that the democracy era of 1951-1958 in Pakistan was marked by
political instability and frequent changes in government, which had an impact on the protection and
promotion of human rights.

Relation with Neighbour countries:

Here is a brief overview of Pakistan's relationship with its neighbors during this period:
1. India: Pakistan's relationship with India was marked by tensions and conflicts.
2. Afghanistan: Pakistan maintained generally good relations with Afghanistan during this period.
3. Iran: Pakistan and Iran had cordial relations during this period
4. China: Pakistan-China relations began to develop during this period.
5. Soviet Union: Pakistan maintained diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union during this era.

Relation with US
The United States provided significant economic and military assistance to Pakistan during this
period. Here is a brief description of the relationship:
 Cold War Dynamics
 Economic Assistance
 Military Cooperation
 SEATO and CENTO
 Mutual Interests
 Challenges that Pakistan face During the 1951-58
Democracy Era:
During the democratic era from 1951 to 1958 in Pakistan, the country faced several
significant challenges. These challenges hindered the establishment of a stable and effective
democratic system. Here are some of the key challenges that Pakistan faced during this period:
 Political Instability
 Regional Disparities.
 Governance Issues
 Inter-Provincial Relations
 Economic Challenges
 External Threats and Security Concerns
 Lack of Institutional Development

Role Of Military In Politics:

During the democratic era from 1951 to 1958 in Pakistan, the role of the military in politics was a
significant factor that shaped the political landscape. The military played an influential role during
this period, both directly and indirectly, impacting the democratic processes and governance in the
country. Here are some key aspects of the military's role during this era:
 Martial Law Imposition
 Political Influence
 Power Struggles
 Influence on Foreign Policy
 Infrastructure Development
 National Security Doctrine

Corruption:
Corruption afflicted the government and society of Pakistan during the democratic period,
which lasted from 1951 to 1958. It was characterized by pervasive corruption, such as bribery,
theft, and the prevalence of corruption during this time was also exacerbated by the frequent
changes in government and the absence of strong governing mechanisms.

2.Democracy Era (1972-1977)

The democratic era from 1972 to 1977 in Pakistan marked a significant period of political
transition and social change. This era began with the general elections held in 1970, which resulted
in a landslide victory for the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) led by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. Bhutto
assumed the office of the Prime Minister, ushering in a new era of democracy in the country.
During this period, Bhutto's government implemented several progressive policies and reforms
aimed at empowering the common people. These included nationalization of industries, land
reforms, and the adoption of a socialist-oriented economic system. Bhutto also initiated significant
constitutional amendments that aimed to decentralize power and strengthen democratic institutions.
The democracy era of 1972-1977 witnessed the enactment of the 1973 Constitution, which
established Pakistan as a parliamentary democracy. This constitution provided a framework for
democratic governance, enshrined fundamental rights, and established a parliamentary system with
a bicameral legislature.
However, the era was not without its challenges. The Bhutto government faced opposition from
various political parties and groups, leading to political polarization and tensions. Economic
difficulties, including inflation and an energy crisis, added to the challenges faced by the
government. The democracy era came to an abrupt end in 1977 when widespread protests erupted,
alleging electoral fraud in the 1977 general elections. The military intervened, leading to the
imposition of martial law and the subsequent establishment of military rule.
The democratic era of 1972-1977 in Pakistan is significant in the country's history as it
represented a period of democratic experimentation and reforms. It brought about notable changes
in governance, social policies, and constitutional development. However, its ultimate outcome and
impact were overshadowed by the political instability that followed.

Prime Ministers Of 1972-77 Democracy Era:

During the democratic era from 1972 to 1977 in Pakistan, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto served as the
Prime Minister. He held the position from 1973 until the end of the era in 1977. Bhutto was the
founder and leader of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP), which emerged as the largest party in the
1970 general elections. As Prime Minister, Bhutto implemented a range of policies and reforms,
including the nationalization of industries, land reforms, and the introduction of a socialist-oriented
economic system. However, his tenure was cut short due to political turmoil and the subsequent
military intervention in 1977, leading to the end of the democratic era.

President Of 1972-77 Democracy Era:

The President of Pakistan during the 1972-1977 period of democracy was Fazal Ilahi
Chaudhry. He served as the fifth President of Pakistan from August 14, 1973, to September 16,
1978. Chaudhry was a member of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) and was elected as President
during the tenure of Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. However, in 1977, a military coup led
by General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq overthrew the government, resulting in the end of the
democratic era in Pakistan.

Which political party was the Government?

During the democratic era from 1972 to 1977 in Pakistan, the Pakistan People's Party (PPP)
was the ruling party in the government. The PPP, led by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, came into power after
winning the general elections held in 1970. Bhutto became the Prime Minister of Pakistan in 1973
and his government implemented various social and economic reforms during this period.
However, Bhutto's government was eventually overthrown in a military coup in 1977, leading to
the end of the democracy era and the subsequent imposition of martial law.

Historical Events:
The democracy era in Pakistan from 1972 to 1977 was a significant period that witnessed
several key events. Here are some notable historical events that occurred during this timeframe:

1. 1972: Signing of the Shimla Agreement - In July 1972, the Shimla Agreement was signed
between Pakistan and India following the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

2. 1973 Constitution - Pakistan adopted its third constitution on April 12, 1973.

3. Bhutto's government - Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the leader of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP),
became the Prime Minister in 1973 after his party won the general elections.
4. Baluchistan insurgency - In the mid-1970s, Baluchistan, a province in Pakistan, witnessed an
insurgency led by Baloch nationalist groups.

5. 1977 General Elections and subsequent political crisis - The general elections held in 1977
were marred by allegations of electoral rigging.

6. Zia-ul-Haq's military coup - Amidst the political crisis, Chief of Army Staff General
Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq staged a military coup on July 5, 1977, ousting Prime Minister Bhutto and
imposing martial law.

 Economical Policies:
The period from 1972 to 1977 in Pakistan witnessed a democratic era marked by significant
economic policies and reforms. During this period, several economic measures were implemented
to address the country's economic challenges and promote development. Here are some key
economic policies of the democratic era from 1972 to 1977 in Pakistan:

 Nationalization of Industries
 Land Reforms
 Industrial Policy
 Agricultural Reforms
 Social Welfare Programs
 Five-Year Plans
 Foreign Policy and Aid

Human Rights:
Here is an overview of the human rights situation during this era:

 Constitution and Fundamental Rights

 Women's Rights
 Labor Rights
 Repression of Political Opposition
 Press Freedom
 Baluchistan Conflict
 Martial Law and Suspension of Democracy
Relation with Neighbor countries:
During the democratic era from 1972 to 1977 in Pakistan, the country's relations with
neighboring countries experienced both positive developments and challenges. Here is an overview
of Pakistan's relations with its neighbors during this period:

1. India: The Indo-Pak relations during this era were characterized by efforts to normalize relations
after the 1971 war, which led to the creation of Bangladesh. In 1972, Pakistan's Prime Minister
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and India's Prime Minister Indira Gandhi signed the Shimla Agreement

2. Afghanistan: Pakistan maintained a generally positive relationship with Afghanistan during this
period.

3. Iran: Pakistan maintained cordial relations with Iran during this period. Both countries had
shared cultural, economic, and strategic interests. Bilateral cooperation focused on trade, energy,
and regional security.

4. China: Pakistan-China relations strengthened during this era. In 1971, Pakistan played a crucial
role in facilitating U.S. President Richard Nixon's historic visit to China, which helped in
normalizing China's relations with the international community.

5. Bangladesh: Relations between Pakistan and Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan) remained
strained during this era.

Relation with the US:

During the democratic era from 1972 to 1977 in Pakistan, the relationship between Pakistan
and the United States experienced significant shifts and challenges.

Challenges that Pakistan face During the 1972-77

Democracy Era:
The democratic era in Pakistan from 1972 to 1977 was marked by several challenges that the
country faced. Here are some key challenges:

1. Post-War Reconstruction: Pakistan faced significant challenges in the aftermath of the 1971
war and the subsequent independence of Bangladesh.
2. Economic Difficulties: The economy faced severe challenges during this period. Pakistan
experienced high inflation, a balance of payments crisis, and low economic growth.

3. Political Instability: Political instability was a major challenge during this era. Frequent
changes in government, including the dismissal of governments and the imposition of martial law,
created an uncertain political environment. This instability affected governance, policy
implementation, and long-term planning.

4. Ethnic Tensions and Regional Discontent: Pakistan witnessed rising ethnic tensions and
regional discontent during this period.

5. Repression of Political Opposition: The government implemented repressive measures to

suppress political opposition.

6. Social Unrest and Labor Strikes: The era saw significant social unrest and labor strikes, fueled
by economic difficulties and political discontent.

7. Baluchistan Conflict: The Baluchistan conflict escalated during this period, leading to human
rights violations, including forced disappearances, arbitrary arrests, and extrajudicial killings

8. Regional and Global Dynamics: Pakistan had to navigate complex regional and global
dynamics during this era

Role Of Military In Politics:

During the democratic era from 1972 to 1977 in Pakistan, the military continued to play a
significant role in the country's politics. While the period was marked by civilian governments, the
military's influence and interventions were still notable. Here is an overview of the role of the
military in politics during this era:
 Transition from Military Rule
 Political Support and Influence
 Intervention in Governance
 Security and National Defense
 Influence on Foreign Policy
 Coup and End of Democracy Era

Corruption:
 During the democratic era from 1972 to 1977 in Pakistan, corruption was a significant issue
that plagued the country. While efforts were made to address corruption, it remained a persistent
challenge. Here are some key points regarding corruption during this period:
After assuming power, Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto initiated an anti-corruption campaign,
promising to root out corruption and hold corrupt individuals accountable. The campaign included
the establishment of special courts to try corruption cases, the introduction of stricter laws, and the
formation of anti-corruption bodies.

 Religious Extremism:
During the democratic era from 1972 to 1977 in Pakistan, religious extremism emerged as a
significant challenge to societal harmony and stability
Religious extremism witnessed a rise during the democratic era from 1972 to 1977 in Pakistan.
Several factors contributed to the spread of extremist ideologies and the radicalization of certain
segments of society.
 Islamic Identity and Politics.
 Sectarian Tensions
 Radicalization and Militancy
 Impact of External Events.
 Blasphemy Laws and Intolerance

3. Democracy Era (1988-1999)

The democratic era from 1988 to 1999 in Pakistan marked a significant period of political
transitions, challenges, and transformations. It was a time of alternating civilian governments,
military interventions, and socio-political developments that shaped the country's trajectory. This
era was characterized by a series of governments, frequent changes in leadership, and a mix of
achievements and setbacks

 Prime Ministers Of 1988-99 Democracy Era:

The democratic era from 1988 to 1999 in Pakistan saw several Prime Ministers taking office
during this period. Here is a list of the Prime Ministers who served in Pakistan during this time:
1. Benazir Bhutto: Benazir Bhutto served two non-consecutive terms as Prime Minister, from
1988 to 1990 and from 1993 to 1996.
2. Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi: Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi briefly served as the caretaker Prime Minister of
Pakistan from August to November 1990
3. Nawaz Sharif: Nawaz Sharif’s term began in 1990 and lasted until 1993. He was re-elected as
Prime Minister in 1997 and continued in office until the military intervention in 1999.

 President Of 1988-99 Democracy Era:

During the democratic era from 1988 to 1999 in Pakistan, the country had multiple presidents.
Here is a list of the presidents who served during this period:

 Ghulam Ishaq Khan

 Wasim Sajjad (Acting President

 Farooq Leghari

 Wasim Sajjad (Acting President)

 Which political party was the Government?

Pakistan People's Party (PPP) was the political party in power during the democratic era from
1988 to 1999 in Pakistan.

 Historical Events:
 Death of Zia-Ul-Haq

 Benazir Bhutto's Election

 Dissolution of National Assembly

 Nawaz Sharif's Prime Minister-ship

 Benazir Bhutto's Second Term

  Presidential Controversies

 Nuclear Tests

 Military Intervention

Relation with Neighbor countries:

During the democratic era from 1988 to 1999 in Pakistan, the country's relations with
neighboring countries were characterized by a mix of cooperation, tensions, and diplomatic
engagements. Here is an overview of Pakistan's relations with its neighbors during this period:

1. India: Relations with India remained complex and marked by both cooperation and tensions. In
1999, the Lahore Declaration was signed between Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and Indian Prime
Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee, aiming to promote peace and stability in the region. However,
tensions and sporadic conflicts, including the Kargil War in 1999, strained the bilateral
relationship.
2. Afghanistan: Pakistan's relationship with Afghanistan faced challenges due to the ongoing
conflict and civil war in Afghanistan during this era. Pakistan provided support to various Afghan
factions, which resulted in a complex dynamic and occasionally strained relations.
3. Iran: Pakistan maintained a generally stable relationship with Iran during the democratic era.
Economic cooperation, particularly in the energy sector, was a significant aspect of their bilateral
relations.
4. China: Pakistan-China relations remained strong and cooperative during this period. The
democracy era witnessed the expansion of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) project,
strengthening economic connectivity between the two nations.
5. Central Asian Republics: Pakistan sought to develop closer ties with the Central Asian
Republics, particularly in areas of trade, energy cooperation, and regional connectivity.
Relation with the US:
During the democratic era from 1988 to 1999 in Pakistan, the relationship between Pakistan
and the United States experienced various ups and downs. Here is an overview of the relationship
between Pakistan and the United States during this period:

 Restoration of Aid
 Economic Assistance
 Nuclear Proliferation Concerns
 Sanctions and Tensions
 Counterterrorism Cooperation

 Challenges that Pakistan face During the 1988-99

Democracy Era:
During the democratic era from 1988 to 1999 in Pakistan, the country faced several challenges.
Here are some of the key challenges encountered during this period:
 Pakistan experienced political instability with frequent changes in governments, which
hindered the implementation of long-term policies and led to governance challenges.
 The era witnessed significant economic challenges, including high inflation, fiscal deficits,
and a balance of payment crisis.
 The country experienced an increase in sectarian tensions during this period, particularly
between Sunni and Shia communities
 Pakistan faced challenges related to ethnic and regional divisions, particularly in the province
of Sindh and the city of Karachi.
 Pakistan grappled with rising militancy and terrorism during this era
 Weak governance and institutional capacity posed significant challenges
 Pakistan faced human rights challenges, including violations of civil liberties, restrictions on
freedom of expression, and issues related to religious freedom
 3. Democracy Era (2008-2013)
The democratic era from 2008 to 2013 in Pakistan marked a significant period of political
transition and change. It began with the general elections held in February 2008, which marked the
end of military rule under President Pervez Musharraf and the restoration of civilian democratic
governance. This era witnessed the ascendance of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) and the
Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N) as major political players. Here is a brief introduction to
the democracy era from 2008 to 2013 in Pakistan:
During this era, the PPP-led government faced numerous challenges, including political
instability, economic crises, and security concerns. The government, under President Zardari and
Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani, focused on addressing these issues and implementing various
reforms. Efforts were made to strengthen democratic institutions, ensure the rule of law, and
promote good governance.

 Prime Ministers Of the 2008-2013 Democracy Era:

During the democratic era from 2008 to 2013 in Pakistan, two individuals served as Prime
Ministers:
 Yousaf Raza Gillani (2008-2012

 Raja Pervez Ashraf (2012-2013

President Of 2008-13 Democracy Era:

During the democratic era from 2008 to 2013 in Pakistan, Asif Ali Zardari served as the
President. He assumed office on September 9, 2008, following the resignation of President Pervez
Musharraf. Asif Ali Zardari, a member of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP), held the position of
President until September 8, 2013.

Which political party was the Government?

The Pakistan People's Party (PPP) was the political party in government during the democracy
era from 2008 to 2013 in Pakistan. The PPP, led by Asif Ali Zardari, formed the government after
winning the general elections held in 2008. Yousaf Raza Gillani and Raja Pervez Ashraf, both
members of the PPP, served as Prime Ministers during this period.
 Historical Events:
During the democratic era from 2008 to 2013 in Pakistan, several significant historical events
took place. Here are some key events that occurred during this period:
1. Assassination of Benazir Bhutto (December 2007
2. General Elections and Return to Democracy (2008
3. Swat Valley Conflict and Military Operations (2008-2009
4. Raymond Davis Incident (2011)
5. Memogate Scandal (2011)
6. General Elections and Transfer of Power (2013)

Relation with Neighbor countries:

During the democratic era from 2008 to 2013 in Pakistan, the country's relations with
neighboring countries witnessed both challenges and opportunities. Here is an overview of
Pakistan's relations with its neighbors during this period:
1. India:
Several confidence-building measures were taken, such as the opening of new trade routes and
cultural exchanges. However, the 2008 Mumbai attacks strained relations between the two
countries, leading to a temporary freeze in the dialogue process.
2. Afghanistan: Pakistan played a crucial role in facilitating the Afghan peace process and
supporting efforts for stability and reconciliation in Afghanistan
3. China: Pakistan-China relations continued to strengthen during this period, with a focus on
economic cooperation, infrastructure development, and strategic partnership. The China-Pakistan
Economic Corridor (CPEC) project, launched in 2013, further deepened economic ties between the
two countries.
4. Iran: Economic cooperation, particularly in the energy sector, continued through projects such as
the Iran-Pakistan Gas Pipeline (commonly known as the "Peace Pipeline").

Relation with US:

During the democratic era from 2008 to 2013 in Pakistan, the relationship between Pakistan
and the United States experienced both cooperation and challenges. Here is a brief overview of the
Pakistan-US relations during this period:
  Pakistan provided logistical support and cooperation in the fight against terrorism, including
sharing intelligence and conducting joint operations.
 The United States provided significant economic and military assistance to Pakistan during
this period. Aid was primarily aimed at strengthening Pakistan's capacity to combat
terrorism, improve governance, and promote socio-economic development.
 Tensions emerged in the relationship, particularly following the US raid that killed Osama
bin Laden in Abbottabad in 2011 without prior Pakistani knowledge.
 Drone strikes carried out by the United States on Pakistani territory also strained relations and
sparked a public backlash, leading to demands for greater sovereignty and transparency.
 The closure of NATO supply routes through Pakistan in 2011 following a border incident
strained

Challenges that Pakistan face During the 2008-13

Democracy Era:
During the democratic era from 2008 to 2013 in Pakistan, the country faced numerous challenges
that impacted its political, economic, and social landscape. Here are some key challenges faced by
Pakistan during this period:
 Security and Terrorism
 Energy Crisis
 Economic Instability and Fiscal Challenges
 Governance and Institutional Weaknesses
 Political Instability and Coalition Governments

 Role Of Military In Politics:

During the 2008-2013 democracy era in Pakistan, the military played a significant role in
politics, although it operated in a more indirect manner compared to previous periods of direct
military rule. The military maintained control over matters of national security, defense, and foreign
policy. It influenced decision-making processes and policy formulation, particularly in areas related
to counterterrorism and regional security.
 4. Democracy Era (2013-2018)
The democracy era in Pakistan from 2013 to 2018 marked a significant phase in the country's
political landscape. It began with the general elections held in 2013, which resulted in a smooth
transition of power from one democratically elected government to another—a milestone in
Pakistan's history.

Prime Ministers Of 2013-2018 Democracy Era:

During the democratic era in Pakistan from 2013 to 2018, two prime ministers served in office.
They are as follows:
 Nawaz Sharif (2013-2017)
 Shahid Khaqan Abbasi (2017-2018)

President Of 2013-18 Democracy Era:

Mamnoon Hussain served as the President of Pakistan during the democratic era from 2013 to
2018.

 Which political party was the Government?

The political party that formed the government during the democratic era from 2013 to 2018
in Pakistan was the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N).

 Historical Events:
Some significant historical events that took place during the democratic era in Pakistan from
2013 to 2018 include:
 General Elections 2013
 Operation Zarb-e-Azb
 Panama Papers Scandal
 China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)
 Lahore Bombing (2016)
 Ousting of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif
Relation with Neighbor countries:
During the democratic era in Pakistan from 2013 to 2018, relations with neighboring countries
witnessed both positive and challenging dynamics. Here are some key points regarding Pakistan's
relations with its neighbors during this period:
1. India: Pakistan-India relations remained tense and marked by intermittent escalations and
ceasefire violations along the Line of Control
2. Afghanistan: Pakistan-Afghanistan relations faced complexities due to security concerns, border
management issues, and allegations of cross-border terrorism.
3. China: Pakistan-China relations continued to strengthen during this period, particularly with the
implementation of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC).
4. Iran: Pakistan maintained a complex relationship with Iran, balancing economic cooperation and
security concerns. Border management and cross-border smuggling remained contentious issues,
while efforts were made to enhance trade and energy cooperation.

Relation with the US:

The relationship between Pakistan and the United States during the democratic era from 2013
to 2018 experienced fluctuations and challenges. While cooperation on counterterrorism remained a
key aspect of the relationship, there were strains and periods of tension.
Issues such as drone strikes, divergent policies on Afghanistan, and concerns about Pakistan's
role in combating militant groups affected the bilateral ties

Challenges that Pakistan face During the 2013-18

Democracy Era:
During the democratic era in Pakistan from 2013 to 2018, the country faced several
significant challenges. Here are some key challenges:
 Pakistan grappled with terrorism and security threats from various militant groups,
resulting in frequent attacks on civilians, security forces, and infrastructure
 Pakistan faced economic challenges, including a high fiscal deficit, an energy crisis,
and declining foreign reserves.
  The country experienced severe energy shortages, leading to widespread power
outages and hindering industrial growth
 The government focused on infrastructure development projects, including the China-
Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), to improve connectivity and address
infrastructure deficits.
 Gender inequality, child labor, and poverty were persistent issues that required
attention and reforms.

Role Of Military In Politics:

During the 2013-2018 democracy era in Pakistan, the role of the military in politics was
relatively less pronounced compared to previous periods. The military maintained a more passive
and non-interventionist approach, allowing the elected civilian government to govern. However, the
military continued to play a significant role in matters of national security and foreign policy.
It supported counterterrorism operations, guarded borders, and provided security for major
infrastructure projects such as the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). While there were
occasional tensions and concerns regarding civil-military relations, the overall period witnessed a
relatively smoother civilian-military relationship compared to previous eras.

 Corruption:
During the democratic era in Pakistan from 2013 to 2018, corruption remained a significant
challenge. Allegations of corruption were leveled against several political figures and government
officials, leading to political controversies and legal proceedings. The Panama Papers scandal in
2016 exposed offshore accounts and assets owned by influential individuals, including members of
the ruling party.

5. Democracy Era (2018-2023)

The democracy era in Pakistan from 2018 to 2023 marked a significant period in the country's
political landscape. Following the general elections held in 2018, a new government came into
power, symbolizing the continuation of democratic governance. This era witnessed the transition of
power through democratic means, reinforcing the importance of civilian rule and the electoral
process.
 During this period, the government focused on various aspects of governance, including
economic reforms, social welfare initiatives, and efforts to address pressing issues such as terrorism,
corruption, and human rights. The democratic institutions in Pakistan, including the Parliament and
judiciary, played crucial roles in ensuring checks and balances, upholding the rule of law, and
safeguarding democratic principles.

Overall, the democracy era in Pakistan from 2018 to 2023 represented a period of democratic
consolidation, where the government aimed to address key issues and steer the country towards
stability, development, and greater democratic governance.

Prime Ministers Of 2018-2023 Democracy Era:

The Prime Ministers of Pakistan during the democratic era from 2018 to 2023 were as follows:
1. Imran Khan (Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf

President Of 2018-23 Democracy Era:

The President of Pakistan during the democratic era from 2018 to 2023 was Arif Alvi. Arif
Alvi took office as the 13th President of Pakistan on September 9, 2018.

Which political party was the Government?

The Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) party was the governing party during the democratic era
from 2018 to 2023. PTI, led by Imran Khan, emerged as the majority party in the National
Assembly after the general elections held in 2018. Imran Khan became the Prime Minister of
Pakistan, and his party formed the government at the federal level.
However, please note that there might have been changes or developments in the political
landscape of Pakistan beyond my knowledge cutoff.

 Historical Events:
As of my knowledge cutoff in September 2021, some significant historical events that
occurred during the democracy era in Pakistan from 2018 to 2023 include:
 General Elections 2018
 Pulwama Attack and Balakot Airstrikes
 Economic Challenges and IMF Bailout
  Pakistan-India Border Skirmishes
 COVID-19 Pandemic

Political Policies:
Here are some key political policies during this period:
1. Economic Reforms: The government focused on implementing economic reforms to address
the country's economic challenges
2. Social Welfare Programs: Initiatives such as the Ehsaas Program were introduced to provide
financial assistance, healthcare, education, and social protection to vulnerable segments of society.
3. Anti-Corruption Drive: The National Accountability Bureau (NAB) was tasked with
investigating and prosecuting corruption cases, and efforts were made to recover illicit assets and
promote good governance.
4. Education and Skill Development: Policies were introduced to promote education and skill
development.

 Relation with Neighbor countries:

Here is an overview of Pakistan's relations with its neighbors during this period:
1. India: The Pulwama attack in February 2019 and subsequent military escalation further strained
bilateral ties. However, there were occasional efforts to resume diplomatic dialogue and improve
relations, including the Kartarpur Corridor initiative to facilitate Sikh pilgrims' access to religious
sites in Pakistan.
2. Afghanistan: Pakistan supported initiatives to promote a political settlement in Afghanistan and
hosted multiple rounds of talks between the Afghan government, the Taliban, and other
stakeholders.
3. China: Pakistan's relations with China continued to strengthen during this period, particularly
due to the implementation of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) project. CPEC aimed
to enhance economic cooperation, infrastructure development, and trade links between the two
countries.

Relation with the US:

During the democratic era in Pakistan from 2018 to 2023, the relationship between Pakistan and
the United States experienced periods of both cooperation and tension.