Ledgers

 Ledgers are the main horizontal tubes and provide lateral support to the
structure
 They must be level and fixed to the inside of standards with right-angle, load
bearing couplers

 Ledgers should be joint with sleeve couplers and should be as close to the
node points (the point at which the ledger is fixed to the standard) as possible
Scaffold Terminology
Scaffold Lifts
Scaffold Measurements
 WORKING PLATFORM ACCESS- QUY ĐỊNH SÀN THAO
UNOBSTRUCTED ACCESS- CHIỀU RỘNG TỐI THIỂU SÀN
TÁC
• Sàn thao tác có vật tư - For transporting materials:-
Minimum 675mm , or (3 x boards wide)
•Sàn thao tác chỉ có công nhân và dụng cụ cầm tay nhẹ
- For persons with Handtools only:
- Minimum 450mm or (2 x boards wide)

WORKING PLATFORM - VÁN SÀN

-Ván sàn phải được giằng với ống giáo –
-Planks to be lashed.
•Trên cùng một mặt sàn không đổi hướng ván sàn chỉ được ghép đấu đầu nhau - All
Timber Boards must be lashed or pinned.
•Tại góc đổi hướng sàn thao tác các ván sàn phải lắp chồng lên nhau, trừ sàn modular
- Lapping Board only on:- returns or bridging on modular scaffold.
•Không sử dụng ván sàn có chiều dày khác nhau trên cùng một mặt sàn thao tác -
Boards of different thickness not to be used on same platform.

* Ván sàn gỗ có chiều rộng Min 225 mm, còn lại 250mm; 275mm; 300mm;
320mm
Working Platform
Working Platform
 MAXIMUM SPAN FOR TIMBER SCAFFOLD BOARDS
BS, EN, OSHA, AS PER 1577

THICKNESS OF BOARD MAX. SPAN BETWEEN PUTLOGS

KARRI (HARDWOOD) 32mm 1.0m

OREGON 38mm 1.5m

OREGON 50mm 2.0m

OREGON 63mm 2.5m

KHÂU ĐỘ THANH NGANG ĐỠ VÁN SÀN – BOARD OVERHANG

NOTE:- ALL BOARDS MUST BE FULLY LASHED – VÁN SÀN PHẢI ĐƯỢC KẸP CHẶT
 ACCESS AND EGRESS

LADDER ACCESS- THANG

• Thang phải dựng hợp với tường góc75o -Ladder pitch 75o
• Thang phải nhô ít nhất 0.9m khỏi sàn thao tác-Top of ladder must
exceed at least 900mm above top landing
• Thang cao nhất là 6m - Maximum distance between ladder landings
6.0m or 3 x lifts
• Nếu bắc thang chui lên phía trong sàn thao tác, thì phải bố trí tay vịn cho
phần nhô lên khỏi sàn và phải có nắp đậy cho lỗ thang- If ladder is inside
working platform, handrails or a trapdoor are required (alloy tower and
mobiles)
LADDERS: NOT TO BE USED - KHÔNG ĐƯỢC DÙNG
* STEP LADDER * DOMESTIC -THANG CHỮ
V, THANG GIA ĐÌNH
TO BE USED – CHỈ ĐƯỢC DÙNG:
* MUST BE INDUSTRIAL APPROVED- THANG
DÀNH CHO GIÀN GIÁO
* LADDERS MUST BE FIXED BOTH AT TOP
OF SCAFFOLD
* LADDERS MUST NOT BE ACCESSED BY
SCAFFOLDERS UNLESS SECURED OR FOOTED
 Ladder

Access:
Access to a working platform is usually by a
ladder

The ladder must be secured near the top and

extended above the level of the platform by a
minimum of five rungs (1 m) unless adequate
handholds are provided
 Guardrails And Toeboards

Guardrails must be provided where persons can fall 2m or more, at least 910mm
above the platform and fixed inside the standards

Toeboards must accompany guardrails and fixed inside the standard with proper clips
 Working Platform

The minimum requirement for a working platform is for a width of 600 mm,
irrespective of whether it is a trestle scaffold or a scaffold surrounding a multi-store
building
TIES (CONT’D)- MỞ RỘNG CHÂN ĐẾ GIÀN
 TIES AND HANDRAILS ACCESS
HAND RAILS & TOE BOARDS:- TOP RAIL: MIN 900mm
MAX 1100mm

NOTE:- 1. Double H/R and Toe Board required over 2.0m in height.
2. Hand/R Post max of 3.0m spacing on slabs etc.

TIES:-
MAX. SPACING NORMAL MAX. SPACING USING PLAN BRACES
NO MORE
HORIZONTAL MAX. OF 6 x BAYS
THAN 3 x BAYS

VERTICAL NO MORE THAN MAX. OF 4 x LIFTS

2 x LIFTS

NOTE:- ALL TIES MUST BE FIXED TO STANDARDS, IF POSSIBLE WITH 90o COUPLERS
(PICK UP BOTH STANDARDS). IF COMING OFF LEDGERS MAX. DISTANCE FROM
STANDARDS = 300mm
 TUBE AND FITTING REQUIREMENTS- VERTICAL TIES
QUY ĐỊNH LIÊN KẾT GIẰNG THEO CHIỀU CAO

NOTE:- TO PLACE MORE LEVELS IT MUST BE APPROVED BY A COMPETENT

PERSON E.G.. LICENSED MAN OR ENGINEER.
* PLATFORMS MAY BE CONTINUOUS ON ONE LEVEL OR STAGGERED AT DIFFERENT
LEVELS
* PLATFORMS MUST EXTEND ACROSS THE FULL TRANSVERSE WIDTH OF THE BAY
* PLANKS FORMING ANY ONE WORKING PLATFORM WILL BE OF UNIFORM
THICKNESS AND BE CLOSELY LAID
* EXCEPT AT RETURNS OR IRREGULAR PROFILES, PLANKS MUST BE BUTTED
INSTEAD OF LAPPED
 BRACING
TYPICAL TRANSVERSE BRACING FOR A SCAFFOLD

1. HEEL & TOE 2. ZIG ZAG 3. ZIG ZAG

NOTE:- MINIMUM REQUIREMENT: END BRACES ON EACH

END OF SCAFFOLD.

NOTE:- IT IS PRACTICAL TO PLACE DOG LEG BRACES ON

EVERY SECOND BAY IN FREE STANDING SCAFFOLDS.

NOTE:- IF LOAD BEARING BRACES ARE REQUIRED ALWAYS FIX

WITH 90o COUPLERS ON LEDGERS AND TRANSFORMS.
 BRACING- QUY ĐỊNH KHOANG GIẰNG CHÉO
Các khoang góc phải có chéo, 4 khoang trong kề nhau 1 khoang có chéo

END BRACE
Min. requirement:- on each end of Scaffold
FRONT BRACE
Min. requirement:- every 4th bay,(3 clear bays)
NOTE: existing face brace 4 clear bays is not correct
DENOTES: On the job extra brace
DENOTES: Min. brace requirement
DENOTES: Face brace if tube and fittings
are used
 BRACING (Cont’d)
Braced Braced

3 x Clear Bays

MINIMUM REQUIREMENT:- BRACES EVERY 4TH BAY

Braced Braced

3 x Clear Bays

LONGITUDINAL BRACING (FRONT/FACE BRACE)

= FACE BRACING PREFERRED ON TUBE & FITTING SCAFFOLDS
 TUBE AND FITTING REQUIREMENTS (Cont’d)
JOINTS IN SCAFFOLD:-

NOTE:- DENOTES JOINTS VERTICALLY

DENOTES JOINTS HORIZONTALLY
DENOTES JOINTS HORIZONTALLY

AUSTRALIAN STANDARDS:-
• JOINS SHOULD NOT BE MORE THAN 300mm FROM THE NODE POINT, EITHER VERTICAL OR
HORIZONTAL (LEDGERS AND STANDARDS).
• NO JOINS IN END BAYS (LEDGERS ONLY).
• DO NOT HAVE 2 JOINS OPPOSITE EACH OTHER BOTH ON LEDGERS AND STANDARDS.

STAGGERING THE JOINTS - - CÁC MỐI NỐI TRONG 1 KHOANG PHẢI BỐ TRÍ SO LE NHAU
 TUBE AND FITTING REQUIREMENTS
WORKING PLATFORMS:-

HEIGHT OF SCAFFOLD (M) STEEL TUBE ALLOY TUBE

MAX. 45.0m OR LESS 2 LEVELS 1 LEVEL

MAX. 30.0m OR LESS 3 LEVELS 2 LEVELS

MAX. 15.0m OR LESS 4 LEVELS 3 LEVELS

NOTE:- TO PLACE MORE LEVELS IT MUST BE APPROVED BY A COMPETENT

PERSON E.G.. LICENSED MAN OR ENGINEER.

* PLATFORMS MAY BE CONTINUOUS ON ONE LEVEL OR STAGGERED AT DIFFERENT

LEVELS
* PLATFORMS MUST EXTEND ACROSS THE FULL TRANSVERSE WIDTH OF THE BAY

* PLANKS FORMING ANY ONE WORKING PLATFORM WILL BE OF UNIFORM THICKNESS

AND BE CLOSELY LAID

* EXCEPT AT RETURNS OR IRREGULAR PROFILES, PLANKS MUST BE BUTTED INSTEAD

OF LAPPED
 TUBE & FITTING REQUIREMENTS (CONT’D)
• MAXIMUM LIFT HEIGHT = 2.0m
• MAXIMUM LIFT HEIGHT WITH DOUBLE STANDARDS = 3.0m (GANTRY’S ETC).

2.4m

2.0m
MAX. 2 X BOARDS
* WIDE WITHOUT
2.0m
SPUR
* 3.0m WITH
DOUBLE
2.0m
STANDARDS

Normal Lift Scaffold Gantry Scaffold Cantilever Scaffold

• MAXIMUM HEIGHT OF SCAFFOLD WITHOUT APPROVAL = 45.0m

• TO GO HIGHER = RULE OF THUMB APPLIES:-
• Every 1.0m over 45.0m you need 1.0m of Double Standard
• Spur Scaffold to hold weight, 1 x set of spurs to hold maximum of 5 x lifts
• U-Beams to hold total weight above 45.0m
• Maximum height of Puncheons = 30.m
 GIÀN CÔNG SÔN TRÊN THANH CHỐNG XIÊN
SPUR SCAFFOLD

Trường hợp không thể bố trí được giàn

chống xiên thì có thể bố trí giàn kéo xiên.

Lưu ý: Thanh chống

• Chiều dài max thanh nén: 2m. xiên 2 nhịp
• Chiều dài max thanh kéo: 6,0 m. tổng max 4m BRACING OF SPUR
M0RE THAN 2M
LENGH
(Max. 4m Lengh)
Nếu không chống được
Dùng kéo xiên Trụ đứng
Achiều dài Max. 6m Standard
EXTENSIVE SPUR MAX. 6 M Hai trụ ghép
IF CAN’T USE COMPRESS Thanh chống xiên
Spur Puncheon
 GIÀN CÔN SÔN TRÊN DẦM NGÀM SÀN – CANTILEVERED SCAFFOLDS
LEDGERS
BOTTOM
• U-BEAM METHODS:- LIFT
MINIMUM WIDTH OF U-BEAM = 75mm

MINIMUM DIAMETER OF THREADED ROD (BOLTS) = 15mm SPOT WELD

ALWAYS USE PLATES AND LOCK NUTS ON BOLTS FORKHEAD
TO NEEDLE
PLATE U-B (NEEDLE)
IN-BOARD OUT BOARD
¾ ¼ THREADED ROD
75% 25% LOCK NUT

IN-BOARD 75% OUT-BOARD 25%

FORKHEAD
• ONE OF MANY TUBE AND FITTING METHODS:
NEEDLE
SCREW JACKS
MAY USE ACROW PROPS?

SPUR TUBE
SUPPORT SCAFFOLD
CHECK
FITTINGS
* DO NOT USE DRILL – IN ANCHORS
**
NEEDLE FIX POINT
 GIÀN CÔNG SÔN TRÊN
Chân DẦM CHỐNG TRẦN
Đế
CANTILEVERED BEAM
Tăng Liên kết
Adjustable Giằng SCAFFOLD- FRAME METHODS
Base tường Outbooard Max a- Inboard Min.3a
Tie to
the wall

Chân đế U
U-Adjustable Dầm chữ I
baseplate Chân đế U - BasePlate

Xuyên tường

3a Phần ngàm sàn Outboard a I-BEAM

Inboard 3a 1a phần công sôn
 GIÀN GIÁO THANH CHỐNG XIÊN - SPUR SCAFFOLDS
PUNCHEON

CHECK FITTING
NEEDLE PHẢI DÙNG CÙM
SPUR 90
CÔNG-SÔN SPUR TUBE
CHỐNG XIÊN

MAX LENGTH DOUBLE SPUR

2.OM Chia đôi khẩu độ

Note: Maximum length in

compression = 2.0m
Chú ý: Chiều dài 1 khẩu độ chống xiên Max. 2m

* SPURS MUST ALWAYS BE FIXED ON 90o COUPLERS

LIGHT DUTY * MAXIMUM LENGTH OF SPUR IN COMPRESSION = 2.0m
* ALWAYS USE SAFETY FITTINGS WITH SPURS (CHECKS) HEAVY DUTY
TẢI TRỌNG NHẸ • MAXIMUM NO. OF LIFTS THAT CAN BE ERECTED ON A SINGLE TẢI TRỌNG NẶNG
45o
SET OF SPURS = 5 x LIFTS ONLY
* MAXIMUM ANGLE OF SPURS = 45o :-
• MAXIMUM LENGTH OF TENSION SPURS = 6.5m 90o
• Số tầng nâng giàn trên hệ công sôn thanh chống xiên Max. 5 tầng, hoặc cao Max. 10m
Truss Out Scaffold
Truss Out Scaffold
Cantilever Drop Scaffold
Truss Out Scaffold
Truss Out Scaffold
TUBE AS BEAMS - ỐNG DÁO DÙNG THAY VÌ DẦM

1000mm NO BOARDS, SINGLE TUBE (NEEDLE)

Chỉ ống giáo công sôn:W.L.L. = 80Kg

1000mm FULLY BOARDED, SINGLE TUBE

(NEEDLE)- Ống dáo kèm ván sàn công sôn:
W.L.L. = 80Kg x 2 = 160Kg
1000mm NO BOARDS, SINGLE TUBE
(ON BOTH BEAMS) - Ống dáo 2 gối:
W.L.L. = 80Kg x 4 = 320Kg
1000mm FULLY BOARDED, SINGLE TUBE (ON
BOTH BEAMS)- Ống và ván giữa 2 gối:
W.L.L. = 80Kg X 8 = 640Kg
Eg: TO FIND W.L.L. OF TUBES 900mm & 1.2M
SINGLE TUBE = 80Kg : 900mm = 88.88Kg
SINGLE TUBE = 80Kg : 1.2M = 66.66Kg
 LADDER AS BEAMS - THANG LỰC DÙNG THAY VÌ DẦM

1000mm NO BOARDS, SINGLE TUBE (NEEDLE)

Chỉ ống giáo công sôn:W.L.L. = 80Kg

1000mm
LADDER BEAM (NEEDLE)
Chỉ thang chịu lực công sôn 1m
W.L.L.=80Kg*8=640kg

1000mm NO BOARDS, SINGLE TUBE

(ON BOTH BEAMS) - Ống dáo 2 gối:
W.L.L. = 80Kg x 4 = 320Kg
1000mm
SINGLE LADDER BEAM (ON
BOTH BEAMS)- Thang chịu lực giữa 2 gối:
W.L.L. = 320Kg X 8 = 2.560Kg
Eg: TO FIND W.L.L. OF LADDER BEAM 900mm & 1.2M
SINGLE STANDING LADDE BEAM = 2,560Kg : 900mm = 2,845Kg
SINGLE STANDING LADDE BEAM = 2,560 Kg : 1.2M = 2,134Kg
Thang nằm ngang có gối đỡ tải trọng gấp 2 lần tải ống giáo. Thang đứng gấp 8 lần ống giáo
Cantilever Drop Scaffold
Gantry Scaffolds
Support Scaffold
Safety Ledgers

Outriggers are fixed in position

Timber Packing
Cantilever Drop Scaffold
Cantilever Drop Scaffold
SPUR SCAFFOLDING CONTINUED
 SPUR SCAFFOLDING CONTINUED
FORCED DIAGRAMS :-
1.0M LOAD (E.g.. 800
Kg)

VERTICAL
DISTANCE
1.6M
(PUNCHEON)

FIXING POINT

STEP 1 PUNCHEON HT. 1.6M 1.6M 800

800Kg =
16 Units
100
STEP 2 TO FIND UNITS (USE 100 AS GUIDE) E.g.: = 16 UNITS.
16
STEP 3 TO FIND FORCE IN SPUR
100
* DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS = 1.9M = = 19 UNITS
19
* 19 UNITS x 50Kg = 950Kg
 FANS (PROTECTION)
PUTLOG NEEDLE LADDER BEAM

TENSION SPUR TENSION SPUR

TOE BOARD
TOE BOARD

TIES TIES
BRIDLE TUBE
BOARDS
SCAFFOLD BOARDS
LEDGER
ACCESS WAY

SPUR
Góc 60 độ vật rợi dưới 1kg
Chỉ cần ống giáo

LIGHT DUTY HEAVY DUTY

 2 tầng có lưới đảm bảo 75%

Góc 60 độ vật rợi >1kg giàn giáo có lưới
 Mỗi 1 tầng có lưới đảm bảo 100%
 PITCHED WORKING PLATFORMS

1.0M
90
7 7
8.0M
1 MAX ALLOWABLE ANGLE OF A WORKING PLATFORM
= 1 : 8 RATIO.

1.0M 90 100mm GAP BETWEEN

20 CLEATS FOR BARROW WHEEL

3.0M

2 MAX ALLOWABLE ANGLE ON A BORROW RAMP 20 = 1 : 3 RATIO.

Góc nghiêng Max. Sàn thao tác là 20 hoặc tỷ lệ 1:3
FOOT 100mm (MAX)

BARROW RAMPS:-

• CLEATS MUST BE FIXED TO RAMP AT A MAX OF 450mm CENTRES.

Khâu độ giữa 2 thanh ngang Max. 450mm

• MAX ALLOWABLE GAP AT FOOT OF RAMP = 100mm

Chiều cao chân sàn nghiêng so với mặt đất Max. 100 mm
 BARRICADES, HOARDINGS & GANTRIES
INTERPRETATION:-
BARRICADE:- MEANS TEMPORARY FENCE CONSISTING OF RIGID VERTICAL
HORIZONTAL MEMBERS.
HOARDING:- MEANS A SUBSTANTIAL AND FULLY SHEETED FENCE OR SCREEN.
GANTRY:- MEANS A STRUCTURE THAT IS USED
A) FOR OVERHEAD PROTECTION OF PERSONS.

PUBLIC A SAFETY
THE MAIN CONTRACTOR ; MUST ERECT EITHER OF THE FOLLOWING, ADJACENT TO
ANY PUBLIC PLACE BEFORE COMMENCEMENT OF CONSTRUCTION WORK:-
1. TO EXCLUDE PERSONS FROM ENTERING THE SITE ERECT A BARRICADE OR
HOARDING.
2. IF THE HEIGHT OF ANY PART OF THE BUILDING STRUCTURE OR PROPOSED
STRUCTURE EXCEEDS A HEIGHT WHICH IS 2 x TIMES THE HORIZONTAL DISTANCE
BETWEEN THE BUILDING OR STRUCTURE & THE BOUNDARY OF ANY PUBLIC PLACE
ADJACENT TO THE SITE – ERECT A GANTRY.
 GANTRY’S (Continued)
A. HEAVY DUTY:-
• MAX. LOAD 730 KG. PER M2.
• FOR STORING MATERIALS AND WHERE LOADS ARE BEING LIFTED OVER THE GANTRY.

B. MEDIUM DUTY :-
• MAX . LOAD 360 KG. PER M2 .
FOR PLACING SITE OFFICE ETC. AND DEMOLITION WORK.

C. LIGHT DUTY:-
* MAXIMUM LOAD 100KG. PER M2.
* FOR PUBLIC PROTECTION DURING ALTERATIONS OR PAINTING OR SIMILAR WORK.

NOTE:-
* GANTRY MUST EXTEND AT LEAST 2.0M PAST EACH END OF SITE.

* WORKING PLATFORMS MUST SHED WATER TO ONE END MAX. SLOPE 1:40.

* PLATFORM BOARDS MUST BE CLOSELY LAID AND BE DUST PROOFED WITH A WATERPROOF COVER OF METAL OR
MATERIAL (APPROVED).

* SIDES FULLY BOARDED TO MINIMUM OF 900MM. OR BRICK GUARDS WITH DUST PROOFING.

* STANDARD SPACING NO MORE THAN 2.0M. CENTRES.

 GANTRY’S (Continued)

FRONT ELEVATION FULLY

BOARDED TO END ELEVATION
MIN. OF 900mm

HOARDING OR
BARRICADE
NIGHT LIGHTS
BOTH ENDS
SPURS
DOUBLE STANDARDS
MUST BE PAINTED
WHITE UP TO A
HEIGHT OF 2.050mm
2.1M (MIN)
MIN 300mm
ALL FITTINGS TO BE TO OUTSIDE
WRAPPED ON HAND EDGE OF
RAILS, BRACES & FOOTPATH
FOOT TIES
DOUBLE STANDARDS
FOOT TIE FOOTPATH
SOLE BOARDS
HEAVY DUTY:- 2 x BOARDS THICK
MEDIUM DUTY:- 1 BOARD THICK
LIGHT DUTY:- 1 BOARD THICK
 CIRCULAR SCAFFOLDING
12.2M INNER DIAMETER OR SCAFFOLDING
TUBE FITTING SCAFFOLDING ONLY:
• A SCAFFOLD IS TO BE ERECTED AROUND
THE OUTSIDE OF A CIRCULAR TANK WITH A
DIAMETER OF 12.OM.
• HEAVY DUTY SCAFFOLD WITH A WIDTH OF
900MM (4 x BOARDS)
• CALCULATE THE NUMBER OF STANDARDS
REQUIRED WITH A 100MM CLEARANCE FROM
THE TANK.
12M DIAMETER TANK
NOTE:- YOU ALWAYS HAVE TO FIND
THE NUMBER OF BAYS

FORMULA:- TO FIND THE NUMBER OF

BAYS :-

DIAMETER OF TANK + CLEARANCE x 2 + WIDTH OF SCAFFOLDING x 2

= 12M + (100mm x 2) + (900mm x 2) = 12M

TO FIND CIRCUMFERENCE OF OUTER DIAMETER OF SCAFFOLDING x π

:- 14M X 3.142 = 44M

 

14M OUTER DIAMETER OF SCAFFOLDING TO FIND No OF BAYS REQUIRED HEAVY DUTY (1.8M)
:- 44M 1.8M = 25 BAYS u 44M 25 = 1.76M

:- 12M + (100 x 2) = 12.2M x 3.142  25 = 1.53M

TO FIND INNER SPACING OF SCAFFOLDING DIA. OF TANK + (100MM x 2)
1.76M
 ACCESS THROUGH SCAFFOLDS - QUY ĐỊNH TRỔ CÔNG
ĐI XUYÊN QUA GIÀN GIÁO
**

* *
METHOD “A”

MAX 6.0M OR 3 x BAYS

SPURS IN COMPRESSION MAX 2 x BAYS

PHƯƠNG ÁN A
GIA CƯỜNG BẰNG CHÉO NÉN

• DENOTES SAFETY DOUBLE

STANDARDS
FITTING (CHECKS)
CHÚ Ý: LIÊN KẾT CHÉO BẰNG
CÙM CHẾT

IN TMETHOD “B” * *
SPURS IN COMPRESSION **
STANDARDS
PHƯƠNG ÁN B DOUBLE TO FULL
HEIGHT OF
GIA CƯỜNG BẰNG CHÉO KÉO OPENING