NOTES

PHYSICS
Class: VII
Note On: UNIT 5.02 Date: 27 - 30/01/2022

❖ Electrical Circuit: It is a Path in which Electrons (and hence Electricity) from a Voltage
or Current Source flow.
It is Closed Loop consisting of Electrical Components.

❖ Electrical Elements: It is the conceptual abstraction that represents individual Electrical

Components and used in the Analysis of Electrical Circuits.
Example: Resistance
Capacitance
Inductance
Voltage Sources
Current Sources

❖ Electrical Component: It is any basic Discrete Device or Physical Entity in an Electrical

System.
They are mostly industrial products and have a number of
Terminals or leads and many might connect together to
create an Electrical Circuit with a particular function.
Example: Resistor
Capacitor
Inductor
Transistor
Diode
Switch
Battery
Transducers

❖ Electrical Circuit Analysis: It is the process of finding the Voltages across and the Current
through all Electrical Circuit Components.

❖ Uses of an Electrical Circuit

o Transfer and Convert Electrical Energy
o Transfer and Process Signals
❖ Electrical Components Symbols Used in a Circuit
On a Circuit Diagram, Electronic or Electrical Devices are represented by conventional
Symbols.
o Wires: It is a Pathway for the Electrons (and hence Electricity) to travel.
o Cell: A Single Unit Device which provides Electrical Energy to Charges in
a Circuit.
o Battery: A Single Unit Device that consists of a group of Cells.
o Light Bulb: It is a Component which produces Light when Electricity is
Passed through its Terminals.
o Diode: It is a Component which allows Current to flow through it in one
direction only.
o Capacitor: It is a Component which is used to store Electrical Charge and
Electrical Energy.
o Resistor: It is a Component which is used in Circuits to Set or Regulate
Current.
o Ammeter: It is a Device that Measure the Current through a Circuit.
o Voltmeter: It is a Device that Measure the Voltage across a Circuit.
o Ohmmeter: It is a Device that Measure the Resistance of any Component
throughout the Circuit.
o Switch: It is a Component that can Disconnect or Connect the Conducting
Path in an Electrical Circuit, interrupting the Electric Current or
Diverting it from one Conductor to another.
o Thermistor: It is a Component whose Resistance Changes when the
Temperature Changes.
o Variable Resistor: It is a Component that is used to Vary the Resistance and
hence Vary the Size of the Current in a Circuit.

❖ Electric Charge: It is the basic Property of Matter carried by some Elementary Particles
that governs how the Particles are affected by an Electric or Magnetic
Field.
Symbol: Q
Unit: Coulomb (C)
Formula: Electric Charge = Electric Current x Time OR Q = It
Measuring Instrument: Electrometer

Electric Charge, which can be Positive (Protons) or Negative (Electrons), occurs in

Discrete Natural Units and is neither Created nor Destroyed.
It is a Fundamental Physical Property that causes Objects/Bodies to feel an Attractive or
Repulsive Force toward one another.
❖ Coulomb: It is the Amount of Charge, in an Electric Circuit, from a Current of 1
Ampere flowing for 1 second.
Here,
1C=1As
Here,
1 Coulomb is Equal to the Charge on 6.241 x 1018 Protons or Electrons.
Charge on 1 Proton = 1.6 x 10-19 C.
Charge of 1 Electron = -1.6 x 10-19 C

❖ Electric Current: It is the Rate of Electric Charge (Electrons) Transferred through a

Circuit.
Symbol: I
Unit: Ampere (A)
Electric Charge 𝑄
Formula: Electric Current = OR I =
Time Taken 𝑡
Measuring Instrument: Ammeter

𝑄
❖ Variations in I =
𝑡

❖ Ampere: An Electric Conductor is carrying 1 Ampere Current when Charge flows

through it with the Rate of 1 Coulomb Per Second.
Here,
1 A = 1 C/s