Tunnelling and

Underground Space
Technology
incorporating Trenchless
Technology Research
Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2005) 463–478
www.elsevier.com/locate/tust

Design of Pyongtaek LPG storage terminal underneath

Lake Namyang: A case study
a,1 b,* c,2
Jung Joo Park , Seokwon Jeon , Young Shik Chung
a
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Ulsan, San 29 Muger 2-dong Nam-gu, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea
b
School of Civil, Urban and Geosystem Engineering, Seoul National University San 56-1 Shilim-dong Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
c
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Ulsan, San 29 Muger 2-dong Nam-gu, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea

Received 10 December 2001; received in revised form 9 March 2005; accepted 23 March 2005
Available online 5 May 2005

Abstract

This paper presents the geo-engineering problems and approaches in the design of the first LPG storage terminal constructed
underneath a lake in the western part of Korea. Pyongtaek LPG Storage Terminal was proposed to be constructed underneath Lake
Namyang to facilitate the storage caverns within the limited property boundary complicated with complex geological conditions and
potential interference with the neighboring storage caverns in operation. In order to precisely characterize the geological features of the
bedrock underneath the lake with very limited information from the outcrops, a new method of geophysical investigation was applied.
In addition, discreet evaluation of geological data and numerical analyses were carried out to predict the potential hydrogeological
interference with the neighboring caverns. As a result, vertical and horizontal water curtain systems were constructed to prevent
the detrimental drawdown of water level nearby the neighboring caverns. The depth and geometry of the new cavern were determined
based on consideration of the in situ stresses and operation pressure to have as large capacity as possible to overcome the spatial con-
straints. Continuous monitoring during the construction of the storage caverns and tunnels provides favorable measurements for the
final tightness of the storage cavern. In May 1999, the first LPG supply in the cavern was made successfully after the completion of
acceptance test.

2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: LPG storage cavern; Geotechnical design; Water curtain

1. Introduction have the primary reinforcement without lining and store

Korea faces increasing demand for additional storage
facilities of energy resources including crude oil and
hydrocarbon gases. This is due to the fact that the current
stockpiling capacity of 45 days cannot cope with the
increasing energy consumption. Currently, there are five
underground LPG storage facilities in Korea, which only
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +82 2 880 8807; fax: +82 2 871 8938.
E-mail addresses: jjoopark2000@hanmail.net (J.J. Park), sjeon@
snu.ac.kr (S. Jeon), yschung@mail.ulsan.ac.kr (Y.S. Chung).
1
Tel.: +82 2 2222 4030; fax: +82 2 539 1361.
2
Tel.: +82 52 259 2261; fax: +82 52 259 2629.
the content at ambient temperature and at high pressure.
The underground storage caverns have been reported to
have many advantages in construction cost, environmen-
tal protection, and operation safety (Bittkow et al., 1997;
Hamberger, 1991; Lee et al., 1997; Sturk and Stille, 1995;
True, 1998; Winqvist, 1989; Zhao and Bergh-Christen-
sen, 1996; Zhao et al., 1996).
Pyongtaek LPG storage terminal is the first storage
facility constructed underneath a lake. This project dem-
onstrates a possible solution for efficient use of the heav-
ily crowded land. In addition, the successful completion
of this construction project shows that the characteriza-
tion of the bedrock underneath the lake as well as the

0886-7798/$ - see front matter
2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.tust.2005.03.001
464 J.J. Park et al. / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2005) 463–478
evaluation of hydrogeological issues are carried out suc-
cessfully in the designing process. This paper presents
the issues considered in the designing stage including
storage cavern location, geometry, layout, hydrogeolog-
ical interference with the neighboring underground stor-
age facility in operation, and stability of the neighboring
structures.
2. Geological site investigation
The construction site is located at the southern part of
Lake Namyang, an artificial lake made by Namyang
Dyke (Latitude 3700 0 and Longitude 12648 0 ). This
coastal area consists of Pre-Cambrian Kyonggi Massif
banded gneiss and mica schist as shown in Fig. 1. Accord-
ing to the borehole logging data, mica schist layer in the
low part of gneiss includes graphite seams and limestone
lens which implies that the mica schist is geologically
Fig. 1. Tectonic provinces in Korea (Lee, 1988). h Location of the Pyongtaek project site.
weaker than the gneiss (Sun-Kyung Construction Co.,
1992). The gneiss gets narrower approaching to the lake
in its extent. The schist and gneiss group are separated
by the fault zone which intrudes into the bottom of the
lake. Fig. 2 shows the typical geological profile of the pro-
ject site. The soil layer is about 30 m thick at the surface
and 30–65 m thick at the bottom of the lake.
Namyang Dike is sitting on a weak ground in the
west of the project site, and the neighboring butane cav-
erns in operation are located in the southeast of the site
as shown in Fig. 3. The new caverns must have a good
distance of separation with the existing caverns as well
as with the dike to prevent the hydrogeological interfer-
ence and to guarantee the stability of the existing struc-
ture. Therefore, selection of the site is spatially limited.
In order to obtain the accurate underground geologic
information, both the marine and land-marine seismic
refraction survey were carried out. The results indicated
that P-wave velocities ranged between 4000 and
 J.J. Park et al. / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2005) 463–478 465

Fig. 4. P-wave velocity distribution of sound bedrock.

Fig. 2. Typical geological profile in the project site.

jor fault zones among which the one located beneath
the lake and 250–300 m from the southern edge of
Lake Namyang is the most dominant with the orienta-
tion of N70–80W. Due to this fault zone, the location
of the caverns was shifted 30 m to the south from its
original location in the preliminary design (Sun-Kyung
Construction Co., 1995).
The orientation of the discontinuities was not able to
be determined due to the lack of outcrops nearby the
lake. Instead, the geometry of the three joint sets ob-
served in the neighboring caverns was used as shown
in Fig. 5. The joint set 3 disappears at depth of the cav-
ern, but the joint set 1 and 2 coincide with the minor
joint sets observed in the recovered cores from the pro-
ject site. Thus, the orientation of the caverns was
decided to be parallel to the existing caverns to minimize
the hydrogeological interference. In conclusion, the
location of the new cavern complex was decided to be
30 m south of the original location due to the observed
Fig. 3. Overview of the project site. fault zone as shown in Fig. 4, which is 170 and 350 m
apart from the Namyang Dike and the existing caverns
(L-1), respectively. Fig. 6 shows the location of the cav-
6000 m/s for the bedrock underneath the lake, which cor-
ern complex with the proposed layout, which overlaps
respond to the P-wave velocity of weak rock. However,
with the fault zones at a minimum extent.
there was a low velocity band (i.e., vP < 4000 m/s) along
the south bank of the lake. This low velocity zone was as-
sumed to be a fractured gneiss zone or a fault zone. In
particular, the zone coincided with the valley of the lake
as shown in Fig. 4. Therefore, this low velocity zone was
considered very important in determining the layout of
the caverns.
In order to investigate the low velocity zone, four
vertical holes were drilled and a large fractured zone
was observed sub-vertical to the north as shown in
Fig. 4. However, it was not appropriate to accurately
determine the lower boundary of the vertically oriented
fractured zone only with the vertical holes. Therefore,
six holes out of the 14 in total were drilled with an
inclination (h = 30, 45, 45, 60, 70, 70). From the
drilling log, it was determined that there exist three ma- Fig. 5. Orientation of discontinuities.
466 J.J. Park et al. / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2005) 463–478

Fig. 6. Geological map at the elevation of 122 m.

3. Geotechnical design as large as possible. To characterize the rock mass,

3.1. Characteristics of rock mass at the project site
The existence of Namyang Dike in the west and
the existing caverns in the east of the project site lim-
its the extent of the new cavern. This makes it neces-
sary for the cross-sectional area of the cavern to be
rock classification is done according to Q-system
(Barton et al., 1992). The distribution of Q-values
based on the recovered rock drill core are shown in
Fig. 7. Over 80% of the Q-values belonged to fair
or very good rock mass type. However, the graphite
seams or minor faults belonged to the extremely poor
class.
 J.J. Park et al. / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2005) 463–478 467

Fig. 7. Distribution of RQD and Q-value.

Table 1 Table 1 summarizes the results of the laboratory tests

Mechanical properties of the rock and joint at the Pyongtaek project for the mechanical properties of intact rock and joint of
site
the site. The in situ stress measurement was done by
Rock material properties Gneiss Mica Schist hydraulic fracturing method and the results are tabulated
Compressive strength (MPa) 90–210 55–200 in Table 2. As shown in Table 2, the horizontal stress ra-
Tensile strength (MPa) 7–15 5–19 tio K was determined to be equal to 1 below 130 m level.
YoungÕs modulus (MPa) 56,000 33,500–63,000
PoissonÕs ratio 0.20 0.24
Since the compressive strength of the rock was high and
Density (g/cm3) 2.7 2.64–2.94 the K value was small, the in situ stress was not likely to
Friction angle () 35 38 affect the stability of the caverns to a great extent.
Cohesion (MPa) 14 14.2 The reinforcement design at the Pyongtaek site was
Joint properties determined based on the rock mass classification by
Contact shear stiffness (GPa/m) 1.3–2.0 Q-system. The rock mass was classified into five different
Contact normal stiffness (GPa/m) 4.0–39 types and the reinforcement design differed in each case.
Residual cohesion (MPa) 0 Table 3 and Fig. 8 present the different rock mass types
Residual dilatancy angle () 0
and the reinforcement design for each type of rock mass
Residual friction angle () 20
at the site.

Table 2
In situ stress measurement at the Pyongtaek project site
Borehole ID Depth (m) P pdr
s (MPa) P pv
r (MPa) Pb (MPa) Sv (MPa) Sh (MPa) SH (MPa) T (MPa) K Orientation ()
ST-1 121.0 4.16 6.93 10.26 3.27 4.16 4.35 3.33 1.27–1.33
130.0 3.37 5.97 9.92 3.51 3.37 4.14 3.95 0.96–1.18 95 ± 5.0
136.0 3.64 7.04 10.94 3.67 3.64 3.88 3.90 0.99–1.05
(1) P pdr
s is the shut-in pressure estimated from pressure-decay rate (pdr) method using bilinear best-fit.
(2) P pv
r is the reopening pressure estimated from P–V bilinear method.
(3) Pb is the initial breakdown pressure.
(4) Sv is the vertical stress calculated assuming rock density = 2.7 g/cm3.
(5) Sh and SH are the minimum and the maximum horizontal principal stress, respectively.
(6) T is the insitu tensile strength calculated by initial breakdown pressure and secondary breakdown pressure.
(7) K is the in situ horizontal stress ratio (K = rh,in situ/rv,in situ).
(8) Orientation is determined from the oriented impression packer with respect to True North.

Table 3
Rock classification at the Pyongtaek project site
Type: A B C D E
Description Sound gneiss with Sound gneiss with joints Weathered gneiss with Weathered mica Poor mica schist
scattered joints or sound mica schist joints, clay filled schist with joints
Quality Q Quality Q Quality Q Quality Q Quality Q
Roof Good 14 Fair 9.4 Fair 5 Poor 3.33 Ext. Poor –
Wall Very Good 70 Good 23.5 Good 12.5 Fair 8.3 Ext. Poor –
Intersection Fair 4.7 Poor 3 Poor 1.7 Poor 1.11 Ext. Poor –
468 J.J. Park et al. / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2005) 463–478

Fig. 8. Reinforcement design in different rock mass types.

Fig. 9. Typical cross-section of the storage cavern.

 J.J. Park et al. / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2005) 463–478 469

3.2. Determination of cavern geometry
Determination of the cavern geometry requires infor-
mation on in situ stress and mechanical properties of
rock as well as hydrogeological feature at the site. Exca-
vation method, reinforcement pattern, and construction
cost also need to be considered. The bottom line is that
the compressive stress regime to prevent the opening of
the discontinuities around the crown should be guaran-
teed. In addition, the compressive stress on the wall and

Fig. 10. Behavior of rock blocks around the storage cavern by UDEC analysis.
470 J.J. Park et al. / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2005) 463–478

the stress concentration around the corners should be
minimized. In this project, egg shaped cross-section
was selected considering the stress distribution and exca-
vation efficiency after many domestic case histories of
the egg shaped tunnel cross-section were collected and
studied (Hoek and Brown, 1980). The cross-sectional
area was designed to be 320 m2 which was the greatest
figure given the limited geological conditions. Fig. 9
shows the typical cross-sectional dimension of the
cavern.

Fig. 11. Distribution of stress and displacement around the storage cavern by FLAC analysis.
 J.J. Park et al. / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2005) 463–478 471

3.3. Stress analysis 4. Hydrogeological design

Stress analysis around the cavern was done by using
numerical methods, DEM and FDM. The input param-
eters for the DEM analysis are as follows:
For isotropic rock mass:
YoungÕs modulus (E) = 50 GPa
PoissonÕs ratio (m) = 0.25
For anisotropic rock mass:
YoungÕs modulus (E1) = 1.2 GPa
YoungÕs modulus (E2) = 3.4 GPa
Shear modulus (G) = 3.5 GPa
PoissonÕs ratio (m) = 0.25
*Measured from the laboratory tests.
The input parameters for UDEC analysis were
YoungÕs modulus of 50 GPa and PoissonÕs ratio of
0.25. CoulombÕs failure criterion was used in this analy-
sis. The results of the analyses showed that there was no
tensile stress regime around the cavern and the inward
displacement of the wall was less than 20 mm. Thus, it
was concluded that the caverns are stable and safe.
Figs. 10 and 11 show the results of UDEC and FLAC
analyses, respectively.
4.1. Hydrogeological investigations
The most important issue in the construction of an
underground hydrocarbon storage facility is the pre-
vention of leakage. In order to prevent the leakage,
the water curtain system was constructed under the
design criteria as shown in Table 4. Fig. 12 shows
cross-sectional view of the cavern and the water cur-
tain tunnel. The groundwater pressure distribution
around the storage cavern before and after the con-
struction of water curtain was analyzed using a
FEM code. To obtain the input parameters, the fol-
lowing field tests have been conducted (SK Construc-
tion Co., 1998).
(a) Water level observation during and after drilling in
all boreholes.
(b) In situ testing in boreholes.

falling head test,

short duration water injection test: Lugeon test
and injection fall-off test,

long duration water injection test: constant
pressure flow test,

long duration interference test,

long duration pumping test.

Table 4
Design criteria of water curtain system
Facilities Tunnel interval (m) Injection pressure (bar) Water curtain depth (msl) Tunnel length (m) Distance from cavern (m)
Pyongtaek 10 9.5–10 90 100–110 25

Fig. 12. Cross-sectional view of the cavern and the water curtain tunnel.
472 J.J. Park et al. / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2005) 463–478

Table 5
Determination of cavern depth
Parameters Values
Maximum allowed storage pressure [1] 88 m water head
Shape factor [2] 12 m water head
Safety factor [3] 15 m water head
Water level in access tunnel [4] 0 m sea level
Storage depth [5] = [4]  [1]  [2]  [3] = 115 m sea level

The hydraulic conductivity was measured to be

Fig. 13. Conceptual view of the tightness of the cavern.
1 · 106 m/s at the depth of less than 40 m from the sur-
face. The pumping and short-term injection tests re-
vealed that there was lateral continuity in hydraulic
conductivity. The layer had the porosity of 10% and
the conductivity ranged from 4 · 106 to 4 · 104 m/s.
At the depth of 115 m below sea level where the cavern
was to be constructed, the conductivity was as low as
1 · 1012 m/s. The numerical analysis revealed a very
low flow rate around the cavern and weak continuity
at this depth. Therefore, the results of hydrogeological
investigations indicated that the condition at the site

Fig. 14. Surface layout of the water curtain tunnels.

 J.J. Park et al. / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2005) 463–478
was favorable toward construction of underground
LPG storage caverns underneath the Lake Namyang.
4.2. Hydrogeological condition
The tightness of the unlined rock cavern is obtained
by the hydrogeological design. The pressure head
around the cavern should be greater than that inside
the cavern on order to have the flow directed inward
the cavern as shown in Fig. 13. The condition for the
tightness can be expressed using the following equation.
U0 P Ustor þ ðS f þ SÞ;
where U0 is the hydraulic head at the crown, Ustor is the
maximum pressure head inside the cavern, Sf is shape
factor, and S is the factor of safety. The designed depth
of the cavern was determined as shown in Table 5.
Fig. 12 shows the proposed depth of the cavern and
its cross-sectional view.
Fig. 15. Underground layout of the water curtain tunnels.
473
4.3. Water curtain system design
In order to prevent the hydrogeologic interference
with the existing caverns and to guarantee the tightness
of the storage cavern, three types of water curtain sys-
tem were installed: vertical surface water curtain, verti-
cal underground water curtain, and horizontal
underground water curtain system. The vertical surface
water curtain was installed between the entrance of the
access tunnel and the existing butane storage caverns
as shown in Fig. 14. This was intended to prevent the in-
flow of surface water through the access tunnel and the
ð1Þ inflow in the process of constructing the shaft. The ver-
tical underground water curtain system was constructed
at the depth between 55 and 155 m at an interval of
20 m as shown in Fig. 15. Thus, the hydrogeologic inter-
ference between the new and the existing caverns can be
minimized. The horizontal water curtain system pre-
vents the dewatering in the rock mass and guarantees
the maximum allowable storage pressure of 8.87
474 J.J. Park et al. / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2005) 463–478

kg/cm2 which satisfies the tightness condition. The hor-
izontal system was installed from the horizontal water
curtain tunnels located 25 m above the cavern in the
downward direction (from EL 89 to EL 95 m) with
the same interval. The interval was determined to be
10 m in order to minimize the number of tunnels consid-
ering the frictional head loss of 5–10 m and the con-
struction cost. Fig. 16 shows the plan view of the
water curtain tunnels.
5. Stability of the existing structures
5.1. Stability of the existing dike
In order to ensure stability of Namyang Dike located
in the west of the cavern, blast vibration monitoring test
was carried out as shown in Fig. 17. The boreholes were
drilled from the water surface for the blast vibration mon-
itoring: borehole y-14 as the blasting hole and boreholes
BH2 and BH3 as monitoring holes. The maximum dis-
placement at the dike was measured at 0.08 mm and the
peak particle velocity due to the blasting at 2.8 mm/s.
The frequency of the dike body was determined to be
7.55 cycles/s.
The preliminary stability analysis of the dike was in-
cluded in the earlier feasibility study of the project. In
the stability analysis, nonlinear behavior of the rock
mass due to the blasting was modeled using two-
dimensional discrete element method (UDEC). Results
of the analysis presented the time-dependent distribu-
tion of the displacements and the particle velocities of
the surface and underground structures due to the
blasting in vicinity of the cavern. Fig. 18 shows mesh

Fig. 16. Plan view of the horizontal water curtain tunnels.

 J.J. Park et al. / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2005) 463–478 475

Fig. 17. Schematic diagram of the blast vibration monitoring test.

Fig. 18. Mesh generation for the numerical analysis. Fig. 19. Displacement vector plot at the elapsed time of 0.6 s.

generation within the boundary of the analysis, 400 m in
width and 138 m in depth. Figs. 19 and 20 present the
distribution of the displacement and particle velocity
vector in the vicinity of the dike, respectively. It was
concluded that the blasting did not greatly affect the sta-
bility of the embankment (Park, 1993).
5.2. Stability of the neighboring butane caverns
ern should be prevented by constructing the vertical
water curtain system around the access tunnels and the
shaft. The preliminary design suggested the separation
distance between the caverns to be 400 ± 25 m, however,
considering the results of the numerical study on hydro-
geological data along with the installation of the vertical
water curtain system, the separation distance was set at
350 m.

One of the immediate concerns in construction and

operation of the new cavern is the stability of the neigh- 6. Layout of the cavern
boring caverns. For this reason, the caverns should be
separated at a safe amount of distance. In addition, The final location of the caverns was determined after
the dewatering of the rock mass around the existing cav- consideration of the followings: geology, hydrogeological
476 J.J. Park et al. / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2005) 463–478

characteristics and mechanical properties of rock

mass, stability of the neighboring structures, and com-
plaints of the neighbors near the project site. Among
them, the most important factors considered are as
follows:

(a) fault zone in the northern edge,

(b) minor fault in the eastern edge,
(c) safe distance from the fault zone,
(d) safe distance from the existing caverns,
(e) safe distance from wells in the residential
area,
(f) safe distance (40 m) from the nearest residential
area,
(g) access tunnel entrance, plug installation position,
and topography,
(h) long-term stability and tightness.
Fig. 20. Particle velocity vector plot at the elapsed time of 0.6 s.

Table 6
Dimension of caverns and tunnels at the Pyongtaek project site
Cavern A Cavern B Cavern C Cavern D Cavern Total Connection tunnel Construction tunnel Plug
Length (m) 80.00 232.00 278.00 150.00 740 364.00 181.45 5.23
Width · height (m · m) 13.5 · 14.5 17.5 · 22.0 17.4 · 22.0 17.4 · 22.0 – 8.0 · 7.5 8.0 · 7.5 8.0 · 7.5
Area (m2) 160.2 320.34 320.34 320.34 – 53.13 53.13 53.13
Capacity (m3) 12,816 74,319 89,055 48,051 224,241 19,339 9640 –

Fig. 21. Plan view of the finalized cavern layout.

 J.J. Park et al. / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2005) 463–478
Fig. 22. Cross-sectional view of the finalized cavern layout.
The followings outline the final layout of the cavern.
(a) Distance to the fault zone: 30 m,
(b) clearance to the site boundary: 40 m,
(c) distance to the existing caverns: 350 m,
(d) avoid areas of poor rock mass condition as much
as possible.
The final cavern complex was 740 m in length and
224,000 m3 in capacity, which was smaller than the pro-
posed capacity by 75,000 m3 (SK Construction Co.,
1999). Table 6 summarized the dimension and capacity
of caverns at the site. Figs. 21 and 22 show the plan
and cross-sectional view of the finalized cavern layout.
7. Conclusions
The design of the LPG storage terminal construction
underneath a lake required a considerable amount of
engineering judgments concerning the stability of the cav-
ern, tightness of the cavern, and the hydrogeological
interference with the neighboring storage cavern. For
the best result, many different types of geophysical and
hydrogeological investigation and evaluation methods
were successfully used. Continuous monitoring during
the construction and operation of the project demon-
strated that the design of the cavern was done successfully.
From a practical viewpoint, this type of storage cavern is
of particular importance in efficient use of the land.
8. Major construction milestone
Jun. 4, 1997: First blasting for the access tunnel.
Sep. 2, 1997: Excavation of the vertical water curtain
began.
477
Oct. 6, 1997: Excavation of the shaft began.
Nov. 6, 1997: Completion of the vertical water cur-
tain system.
Nov. 15, 1997: Excavation of the horizontal water
curtain began.
Jan. 24, 1998: Completion of the horizontal water
curtain system.
Feb. 2, 1998: Completion of the access tunnel.
Feb. 24, 1998: Excavation of the storing cavern gal-
lery began.
Nov. 16, 1998: Completion of the storing cavern
bench II.
Jan. 30, 1999: Installation of the shaft plug began.
Mar. 10, 1999: Completion of the shaft plug
installation.
Feb. 25, 1999: Installation of the access tunnel plug
began.
Mar. 27, 1999: Completion of the access tunnel plug
installation.
Mar. 29, 1999: Water filling in the access tunnel.
Jul. 5, 1999: LPG supply in the storage cavern.
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