ADULT BLOOD CIRCULATION

Our heart is a pump and it’s a muscular organ about the size of our fist and it is located slightly left
center of our chest. Our heart is divided into left and right side. It is a division of oxygen-rich blood
and oxygen poor blood preventing from mixing to each other. Our heart pumps 5 quarts every minute
and it beats 100,000/day.
Oxygen poor blue blood returns to heart after circulating through our body. The right side of the
heart composed of the right atrium and right ventricle that collects and pumps the blood to the lungs
through the pulmonary arteries. The lungs refresh the blood with a new supply of oxygen making it
turn to red oxygen-rich blood. The oxygen rich blood enters the left side of the heart composed of left
atrium and left ventricle and pumped through the aorta to the body to supply tissues with oxygen.
Four valves within our heart keeping our blood moving the right way. The tricuspid, mitral,
pulmonary and aortic valves work like gates on a fence they open only one way and only pushed on
each valve opens and closes once per heartbeat or about once every second. A beating heart
contracts and relaxes. Contraction is called systole and relaxing is called diastole. During systole our
ventricles contract, forcing blood into the vessels going through your lungs and body. The right
ventricle contracts a little bit before the left ventricle does. Our ventricles then relax during diastole
and are filled with blood coming from the upper chambers, the left and right atria then the cycle
starts over again.
Tricuspid Valve: The tricuspid valves job is to allow blood flowing into the heart from the body to
flow to the right ventricle where it's pumped to the lungs for oxygen.
Mitral/Bicuspid Valve: The valve allows blood to flow from the left ventricle (pumping chamber) to
the aorta and prevents blood from flowing backward.
Pulomonary Valve: Help oxygen-poor blood reach your lungs, where it gains oxygen and gets rid of
carbon dioxide.
Aortic Valve: Opens to allow blood to leave the heart from the left ventricle through the aorta and
the body. Prevents the backflow of blood from the aorta to the left ventricle.

● Entrance to the heart. Blood enters the heart through two large veins,
the inferior and superior vena cava, emptying oxygen-poor blood from the
body into the right atrium of the heart.
● Atrial contraction. As the atrium contracts, blood flows from the right
atrium to the right ventricle through the open tricuspid valve.
● Closure of the tricuspid valve. When the ventricle is full, the tricuspid
valve shuts to prevent blood from flowing backward into the atria while
the ventricle contracts.
● Ventricle contraction. As the ventricle contracts, blood leaves the heart
through the pulmonic valve, into the pulmonary artery and to the lungs
where it is oxygenated.
● Oxygen-rich blood circulates. The pulmonary vein empties oxygen-rich
blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart.
● Opening of the mitral valve. As the atrium contracts, blood flows from
your left atrium into your left ventricle through the open mitral valve.
● Prevention of backflow. When the ventricle is full, the mitral valve shuts.
This prevents blood from flowing backward into the atrium while the
ventricle contracts.
● Blood flow to systemic circulation. As the ventricle contracts, blood
leaves the heart through the aortic valve, into the aorta and to the body.
 FETAL CIRCULATION

There are 3 shunts in the fetal circulatory system. These are small passages that direct blood toward
the oxygen it needs. These shunts are needed to prevent the liver and lungs. That's because these
organs will not work fully until after birth. The shunt that bypasses the lungs is called the foramen
ovale. This shunt moves blood from the right atrium of the heart to the left atrium. The ductus
arteriosus moves blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta. The placenta carries nutrition and
oxygen from the mother's blood to the fetus. The enriched blood divides into three branches as it
travels via the umbilical cord to the liver. After that, the blood travels to the inferior vena cava. This is
a major vein that connects to the heart. Most of this blood is sent through the ductus venosus. This is
also a shunt that lets highly oxygenated blood bypass the liver to the inferior vena cava and then to
the right atrium of the heart. A small amount of this blood goes straight to the liver to give it the
oxygen and nutrients it needs. Waste products from the fetal blood are transferred back across the
placenta to the mother's blood.

Take note that blood doesn't actually mix during pregnancy, but instead separated by the placental
membrane.

Blood enters the right atrium. When the blood enters the right atrium, most of it flows through the
foramen ovale into the left atrium. Blood then passes into the left ventricle. This is the large artery
coming from the heart. From the aorta, blood is sent to the heart muscle itself and to the brain and
arms. After circulating there, the blood returns to the right atrium of the heart through the superior
vena cava. Very little of this less oxygenated blood mixes with the oxygenated blood. Instead of going
back through the foramen ovale, it goes into the right ventricle.

At birth, the umbilical cord is cut and the baby no longer gets oxygen and nutrients from the mother.
With the first breaths of life, the lungs start to expand. As the lungs expand, the alveoli in the lungs
are cleared of fluid. An increase in the baby's blood pressure and a major reduction in the pulmonary
pressures reduce the need for the ductus arteriosus to shunt blood. These changes help the shunt
close. These changes raise the pressure in the left atrium of the heart. They also lower the pressure in
the right atrium. The shift in pressure stimulates the foramen ovale to close.

DIFFERENCE OF ADULT CIRCULATION TO FETAL CIRCULATION

Fetal circulation is markedly different from circulation in adults. In the fetus, the main
filtration site for plasma nutrients and wastes is the placenta, which is outside of the body cavity. In
adults, the circulation occurs entirely inside the body.
 FETAL
Placenta - receive blood without oxygen though umbilical arteries.

Placenta convert deoxygenated to oxygenated blood serves as fetal lungs

Placenta delivers rich oxygen blood to baby through umbilical vein

Arteries (deoxygenated)
Vein( Oxygenated)

Then the umbilical vein delivers blood to the right atrium and bypasses the liver and direct it to the ivc
through ductus venosus the first shunt.

The rich oxygenated blood will circulate to the right atrium and because of hypoxic
vasoconstriction,the pressure on the right side of the heart is high causes less blood to flow in the
right ventricle.
The hole or pathways that was formed by the heart septums or the hole between two chambers was
called patent foramen ovale which allows the blood to flow from right atrium direct to the left atrium.

The blood will now flow to the left ventricle which pumps poor oxygen blood to the aortic semilunar
valve.The blood will flow on descending aorta through systemic circulation.
The umbilical arteries will now recieves deoxygenated blood and delivers it to the placenta

Not all the blood will direct to to the left atrium,a fetus heart able to accumulate oxygen poor blood
and pump it to the pulmonary trunk and bypasses lungs through the ductus arteriosus and direct the
oxygen poor blood to the descending aorta

The ductus arteriosus is a portal between pulmonary trunk and aortic arc
 ADULT
What does the circulatory system do?
The circulatory system’s function is to move blood throughout the body. This blood circulation keeps
organs, muscles and tissues healthy and working to keep you alive.
The circulatory system also helps your body get rid of waste products. This waste includes:
Carbon dioxide from respiration (breathing).
Other chemical byproducts from your organs.
Waste from things you eat and drink.

How does the circulatory system work?

Your circulatory system functions with the help of blood vessels that include arteries, veins and
capillaries. These blood vessels work with your heart and lungs to continuously circulate blood
through your body.

The heart’s bottom right pumping chamber (right ventricle) sends blood that’s low in oxygen (oxygen-
poor blood) to the lungs. Blood travels through the pulmonary trunk (the main pulmonary artery).

Blood cells pick up oxygen in the lungs.

Pulmonary veins carry the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart’s left atrium (upper heart
chamber).

The left atrium sends the oxygenated blood into the left ventricle (lower chamber). This muscular part
of the heart pumps blood out to the body through the arteries.

As it moves through your body and organs, blood collects and drops off nutrients, hormones and
waste products.

The veins carry deoxygenated blood and carbon dioxide back to the heart, which sends the blood to
the lungs.

Your lungs get rid of the carbon dioxide when you exhale.

There are three main types of blood vessels:

Arteries: Arteries are thin, muscular tubes that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart and to
every part of your body. The aorta is the body’s largest artery. It starts at the heart and travels up the
chest (ascending aorta) and then down into the stomach (descending aorta). The coronary arteries
branch off the aorta, which then branch into smaller arteries (arterioles) as they get farther from your
heart.
Veins: These blood vessels return oxygen-depleted blood to the heart. Veins start small (venules) and
get larger as they approach your heart. Two central veins deliver blood to your heart. The superior
vena cava carries blood from the upper body (head and arms) to the heart. The inferior vena cava
brings blood up from the lower body (stomach, pelvis and legs) to the heart. Veins in the legs have
valves to keep blood from flowing backward.
Capillaries: These blood vessels connect very small arteries (arterioles) and veins (venules). Capillaries
have thin walls that allow oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste products to pass into and out
of cells.
How does your heart work with other organs?

Nervous system: Your nervous system helps control your heart rate. It sends signals that tell your
heart to beat slower during rest and faster during stress.

Endocrine system: Your endocrine system sends out hormones. These hormones tell your blood
vessels to constrict or relax, which affects your blood pressure. Hormones from your thyroid gland can
also tell your heart to beat faster or slower.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Pathway of air: nasal cavities (or oral cavity) >
pharynx > trachea > primary bronchi (right & left) >
secondary bronchi > tertiary bronchi > bronchioles
> alveoli (site of gas exchange)

The digestive system plays an important role in

the absorption of nutrients into the body. It takes
the food we ingest, breaks it down mechanically
and chemically in the mouth and stomach. It then
absorbs nutrients, fats, proteins and water in the
intestines before eliminating the waste through
the rectum.
Major organs involved in the digestive system
include the mouth, stomach, small intestine, large
intestine, liver, pancreas.
The digestive system is designed to do a few
major things. They can be grouped into four
categories:
1. Ingestion
2. Digestion
3. Breakdown
4. Excretion

Following Food from Mouth to Anus

Para maintindihan kung pano ma digest ang ating pagkain sa ating digestive system, mag umpisa tayo
sa mouth.

Salivary glands- This glands is responsible to trigger to produce saliva, a compound that will aid in the
digestion meal.

As food enters your mouth, your teeth begin mechanically breaking down the food into
small and smaller pieces. The saliva starts to chemically break it down as well. Soon,
your conscious mind says, “lets swallow this food.” You swallow it and take another bite.

While we are thinking about our next bite of food, our nervous system is helping to
move the bolus (it is the food package you swallowed), down throat. So, a small flap of skin
called your epiglottis makes sure your food goes down your esophagus. Movements of
the smooth muscles, known as peristalsis. And the peristalsis help move that bolus down your
esophagus. When it reaches your stomach, a sphincter opens and dumps the food in.

Inside the stomach, cells start to secrete different acids that help increase acidity to a
pH of 2. And pH of 2 is considered as strong acid. This strong acidic environment kills most bacteria
and starts to chemically
break apart the food. Movements of the smooth muscles in the stomach, known as
peristalsis mix and churn the food up more. After the food has been well mixed and has
a consistency of oatmeal or like a lugaw, it is ready to move to the small intestine. At this stage it is
known as chyme.

To move into the small intestine, chyme must pass through the pyloric sphincter. From
here it enters the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. The liver mixes in bile,
which helps break down fats in the food. The pancreas also secretes digestive enzymes
that aid in digestion.

Most of the nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine and moved into the blood
stream via a system of small folds, called vili.
After the food moves through the small intestine it enters the large intestine. The large
intestine is named for the diameter of the cavity and not for the length. It is actually
much shorter than the small intestine. The role of the large intestine is to remove any
extra water from the digested material before it is finally excreted.