INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON APPLIED AND ENGINEERING PHYSICS

PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBER WITH CORE INFILTRATED BY CARBON TETRACHLORIDE FOR NONLINEAR
EFFECTS GENERATION
Nhat Thai Danga , Linh My Nguyena, Chi Linh Danga, Trang Thi Nguyena, Vu Tran Quocb, Khoa Dinh Xuana, Lanh Van Chua
aDepartment of Physics, Vinh University, 182 Le Duan Street, Vinh City, Viet Nam;

bThu Khoa Nghia High School for The Gifted, Chau Doc City, An Giang province, Vietnam;
Contact: chuvanlanh@gmail.com.vn

ABSTRACT:
Photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with core infiltrated carbon tetrachloride is considered as a new design for nonlinear effects generation. In this paper, we studied a hollow-core PCF infiltrated with
carbon Tetrachloride liquid instead of using different organic solvents. Hence, it improves the loss, optimizes the dispersion and effective mode area of this PCF for nonlinear effects generation
applied in supercontinuum generation.
Keywords photonic crystal fiber, dispersion, effective mode area, supercontinum generation.

I. INTRODUCTION
Zero and Chromatic Dispersion wavelengths at Ʌ = 2.5µm
Infiltration of liquids into the hollows of the cladding or core has been a breakthrough in
D at 1.55µm D at 1.55µm
dispersive management technology in recent years [6]. At the same time, using the fluids is d/Ʌ ZDW (µm) (ps/nm/km) d/Ʌ ZDW (µm) (ps/nm/km)
well suited in supercontinuum generation [9]. 0.3 1.5840 -2.2469 0.6 1.2957 34.8470
Since 2006, studies on PCFs infiltrated with liquids have been of particular interest. Due to the 0.35 1.5025 1.5180 0.65 1.2667 41.4311
high nonlinearity and optimized dispersion, compared to before, liquid permeation to the core 0.4 1.4405 10.6505 0.7 1.2364 48.4219
has been applied to the supercontinuum generation [7]. 0.45 1.3990 16.3386 0.75 1.2103 56.0501
In the context of tuning of dispersion characteristics it seems interesting to use liquids to 0.5 1.3590 22.7465 0.8 1.1832 64.2300

infiltrate air holes (Kedenburg et al. 2012). Application of liquids with various refractive 0.55 1.3247 28.5900

indexes allow for the modification of dispersion properties of the fiber without changing its Fig 4. Change of the Zero Dispersion Wavelength Table 1. Data of Zero dispersion wavelength for different d/Ʌ ratio
geometrical parameters, which seems to be very practical (Pniewski et al. 2016). range (ZDW) when changing the fill factor d / Ʌ and the value of chromatic dispersion for the fiber Ʌ-2.5 Carbon
Otherwise,the fiber properties can be easily modified by varying the temperature and pressure, for two fibers Ʌ = 2.0 µm and Ʌ = 2.5 µm. TetraChloride at 1.55 µm.

since liquids are much more sensitive to these parameters than glass itself [9]. Due to Figure 4 illustrated the Zero
outstanding properties, the nonlinear fluids have been used to increase the nonlinearity of pcfs. Dispersion Wavelength decreases by
In this paper, Carbon TetraChloride was chosen for infiltration, This is the liquid which has fill factor. At Ʌ = 2.5µm, ZDW
high nonlinear property. The presence of nonlinear effects requires refractive index refraction transforms almost linearly, However
of the material in the fiber [2], to put it another way, there is the appearance of the Kerr effect. ZDW receives much smaller value
II. SIMULATION METHOD AND RESULTS for the case of Ʌ = 2.0µm.
Figure 5a depicts the dependence of
dispersion D on the wavelength of
Figure 1. Investigated structure
the uniform hexagonal photonic Fig 5 . Dispersion graph at Ʌ = 2.0 µm (a); Ʌ = 2.5µm (b)
with a Carbon TetraChloride core,
crystal fiber (H-PCFs) at Ʌ = 2.0µm
lattice pitch ʌ = 2.0 µm and filling
From the graph, we can see that all the dispersion lines have the same form. The fiber with
factor d/ʌ = 0.75: base design (a),
fill factor d/Ʌ = 0.3 has a very flat dispersion and runs along the zero dispersion line from
final structure with fundamental
1.5 µm. The graph of d/Ʌ = 0.35 intersects the zero dispersion line at 1.28 µm and 1.95 µm,
mode calculated at 2 µm (b).
In this range, the dispersion line is quite flat and has variable dispersion around 5 ps / nm at
1.55 µm. Other fiber samples with a structure of d/Ʌ ratio vary from 0.4 to 0.8 have the Zero
The structural cross-sectional area of a Photonic Crystal Fiber which was studied with a structure of eight
Dispersion Wavelength decrease from 1.15 µm đến 0.93 µm.
rounds of air-hole into uniform hexagonal, lattice pitch and air holes diameter in the cladding are constants With all of the sample structures studied, we observed that the value of the dispersion D
defined. In The center is a large diameter core . In this study, Carbon tetrachloride is selected for the increases as we increase d/Ʌ ratio and. At the same time, the width of the ZDW band will
infiltration. In this paper, The structures with the lattice pitch Ʌ from 1.0 to 2.5 µm were considered. The narrow around the wavelength range of 1.55 μm when we increase the lattice pitch Ʌ.
filling factor varied from 0.3 to 0.8. Furthermore, when we increase the d/Ʌ values for each fiber structure, the result is a strong
II.1. EFFECTIVE MODE AREA shift of the ZDW values to the visible light region. The Zero and chromatic dispersion
Effective mode area is a parameter which plays
wavelength of the structure Ʌ = 2.5 μm at 1.55 μm are shown in Table 1.
an important role in assessing the applicability of II.3. CONFINEMENT LOSS
a PCF fiber and it is defined by[1] :

Lc = 8.686ko Im(neff ) [ dB / m ]
( ∫∫ E dxdy )
2 2

Aeff = Confinement loss can be adjusted by changing the core size, lattice pitch, or the number of
4 round holes around the core. Figure 7 shows a range of 0.8 μm to 2.0 μm, when the
∫∫ E dxdy
wavelength increase the loss also increases from 0.01678 dB/m to 48.39481 dB/m.
Fig 2. Variation of effective mode area with the Figure 6 shows the relationship between the confinement loss and fill factor d/Ʌ. We
operating wavelength for the lattice pitch Ʌ = 2.0 µm obtained the result that when d/Ʌ ratio increases, the loss will also decrease. In addition,
Carbon fiber structure TetraChloride has more linear lines as the filling factor increases from 0.3 to 0.8. In increasing the value of the lattice pitch also reduces the loss significantly. At 1.55 µm, with
this report, the result of effective mode area Aeff was obtained is 2.78 µm2 at d/Ʌ=0.3 and Ʌ = 2.0. With Toluene core structure was
such small mode area values, it produces a high nonlinear effect for the supercontinuum generation. reported by Lanh Chu Van et
II.2. CHROMATIC DISPERSION al., the confinement loss was
The essential parameter describing the full propertisty of fiber is the dispersion D, it is obtained at 0.4 dB/cm [6].
calculated by [5]: Meanwhile, the structure Ʌ =
2.5μm with fill factor d/Ʌ =
0.3 of the carbon tetrachloride
λ d n eff
2
core, the value of 0.136 dB
D= − /cm was obtained at 1.55 µm.
c dλ 2
Fig 6. loss variation in the PCF core Fig 7. Relationship between loss and wavelength of
Carbon TetraChloride core Ʌ = 2.5

V. CONCLUSIONS
VI. REFERENCES
[1] Ademgil, H. and Haxha, S. (2011) Bending Insensitive Large Mode Area Photonic Crystal Fiber. Optik-International Journal In this paper, hollow photonic crystals with hexagonal lattice structure have been designed
for Light and Electron Optics, 122, pp. 1950-1956. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2010.09.048 and simulated for a variety of fill factor and lattice pitch. The use of carbon tetrachloride as a
[2] J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. St. J. Russell, and D. M. Atkin, “All-silica single- mode optical fiber with photonic crystal
cladding”, Optics Letters, Vol. 21, Issue 19, pp. 1547-1549 (1996).
filler in the core for fiber will significantly reduce the dispersion of the pcf. The changing in
[3] E. Palik, “Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids” Vol I, Academic Press, Orlando (1985). dispersion around 5 ps/nm at 1.55 μm. In addition, the zero dispersive wavelength also
[4] S. Kedenburg, A. Steinmann, R. Hegenbarth, T. Steinle, and H. Giessen, “Nonlinear refractive indices of nonlinear liquids: increased to more than a 900 nm range to close to 1500 nm. Achieving a value of 1.064 μm is
wavelength dependence and influence of retarded response,” Appl. Phys. B 117, 803–816 (2014).
[5] R. Buczynski, “Photonic Crystal Fibers” Information Optics Group, Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University Pasteura 7, 02-093 very important and is necessary for super-continuous transmission with short pulse laser.
Warsaw, Poland. The fiber with carbon tetrachloride core was obtained a small mode area in narrower
[6] Lanh Chu Van, Alicja Anuszkiewicz, Aliaksandr Ramaniuk, Rafal Kasztelanic, Khoa DinhXuan,Van Cao Long, Marek
Trippenbach and Ryszard Buczyński, “Supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fibres with core filled with toluene’’5th
wavelength ranges. In this new model, the minimum loss is 0.14 dB / cm measured at 1.55
Workshop on Specialty Optical Fibers and Their Applications, Grand Resort, Limassol, Cyprus (2017). μm. The combination of high nonlinearity, low confinement loss and low transmission loss of
[7] Lanh Chu Van, Tomasz Stefaniuk, Rafał Kasztelanic, Van Cao Long, Mariusz Klimczak, Hieu Le Van, Marek Trippenbach, carbon tetrachloride core produces a range of promising new applications for nonlinear
Ryszard Buczyński, Temperature sensitivity of photonic crystal fibers infiltrated with ethanol solutions”. Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9816
98160O-1, pp. 1-6, Optical Fibers and Their Applications 2015 fibers.
[8] G.Dhanu Krishna, G.Prasannan, S.K.Sudheer, V.P. Mahadevan Pillai .“Design of Ultra-low Loss Highly Nonlinear Dispersion
Flattened Octagonal Photonic Crystal Fiber” OPJ, Vol. 5, No. 12, December 2015.
[9] Lanh Chu Van, Khoa Dinh Xuan, Van Cao Long, Quang Ho Dinh, Luu Van Xuan, Marek Trippenback, and RyszardBuczynski. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
“Dispersion characteristics of a suspended-core optical fiber infiltrated with water”,OSA, Vol.56, Issue 4, pp. 1012-1019 (2017)
[10] P. Petropoulos, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, V. Finazzi, R. C. Moore, K. Frampton, D. J. Richardson, and T.M. Monro, "Highly I really thankful to Prof Lanh Van Chu, Prof. Khoa Dinh Xuan for their valuable
nonlinear and anomalously dispersive lead silicate glass holey fibers" Opt. Express 11, 3568-3573 (2003).
[11] V. V. Ravi Kanth Kumar, A. K. George, J. C. Knight, and P.St.J. Russell, “Tellurite photonic crystal fiber” Opt. Express 11, efforts in this paper.
2641-2645 (2003).
[12] Liang Dong, Brian K. Thomas, and Libin Fu, " Highly nonlinear silica suspended core fibers", Optics Express, vol. 16, issue
21, p. 16423 (2008).