School of Mechanical Engineering

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES

MECH2610 Engineering Mechanics

Semester 2 – Unit 1

Revision

Dr Qingen Meng
Q.Meng@leeds.ac.uk

Copyright © 2023 University of Leeds UK. All rights reserved.

• Revision
• Stress in asymmetric beams
• Shear stress in bending
• Deflection of beams
• Instability (buckling)
• Collapse
• Mathematical theory of elasticity
• Reliability

2
Revision topic 1 – Stress & strain 3

Stress: the internal force per unit area.

∆𝐹
𝜎 = lim
∆𝐴→0 ∆𝐴

Normal (or direct) stress:

perpendicular to the plane that the stress acts on

Shear stress:
parallel to the plane that the stress acts on

Copyright © 2023 University of Leeds UK. All rights reserved.

Revision topic 1 – Stress & strain 4

Notation of stress:
• First subscript = direction normal to plane
• Second subscript = direction in which it acts
• Direct stress: often written with one subscript
e.g.
 xx   x

• Direct stress: If it is acting outwards from the plane, then it is tensile stress. If it
is acting towards the plane, it is compressive stress.

• Positive shear stress: when the direction of the stress and the direction of the
normal to the plane are both positive or both negative.
Copyright © 2023 University of Leeds UK. All rights reserved.
Revision topic 1 – Stress & strain 5

Shear stress:
Only three of the twelve shear stress components of a 3D stress system are
independent.

zy = zy; yz = yz

zy = yz; yz = zy

Complementary shear stresses:

A shear stress on one plane is always accompanied by a complementary shear
stress of the same sign and magnitude on a perpendicular plane
Copyright © 2023 University of Leeds UK. All rights reserved.
Revision topic 1 – Stress & strain 6

Normal (or direct) strain: the increase in length per unit original length.

∆𝑠 ′ − ∆𝑠
𝜀 = lim
∆𝑠→0 ∆𝑠

Positive when the initial line elongates but negative when the line contracts.

Shear strain: change in angle due to shear stress.

π
 = −𝜃
2

Positive when  is smaller than πΤ2

Copyright © 2023 University of Leeds UK. All rights reserved.
Revision topic 2 – Sign convention 7

Copyright © 2023 University of Leeds UK. All rights reserved.

Revision topic 3 – FBD 8

Calculating the internal bending moment and shear force distribution in a beam is
important for other Units.

Example 1:
What are the internal shear forces and bending moment in a simply supported
beam which is loaded with a concentrated force W?

Section 1.4 in Lecture Notes or Section 1.3 of Solid Mechanics Lecture

Notes!
Copyright © 2023 University of Leeds UK. All rights reserved.
Revision topic 3 – FBD 9

Example 2:
A simply supported beam is loaded by a non-uniformly distributed loading.
Dimensions of the beam and the magnitude of the non-uniformly distributed
loading are as shown in the following figure. What are the internal shear forces
and bending moment in this beam?

Copyright © 2023 University of Leeds UK. All rights reserved.

Revision topic 4 – Properties of areas 10

The bending stress equation that you learned in Solid Mechanics

𝑴𝒚
𝛔=
𝑰

2
𝐼𝑦′ = ඵ𝑥 ′ d𝐴
2nd moment of area
2
𝐼𝑥 ′ = ඵ𝑦 ′ 𝑑𝐴

The above two equations are applicable only when the second moments of
area are about the centroidal axes.
Copyright © 2023 University of Leeds UK. All rights reserved.
Revision topic 4 – Properties of areas 11

The bending stress equation that you learned in Solid Mechanics

𝑴𝒚
𝛔=
𝑰

2
𝐼𝑦′ = ඵ𝑥 ′ d𝐴
2nd moment of area
2
𝐼𝑥 ′ = ඵ𝑦 ′ 𝑑𝐴

The above two equations are applicable only when the second moments of
area are about the centroidal axes.
Copyright © 2023 University of Leeds UK. All rights reserved.
Revision topic 4 – Properties of areas 12

Second moment of area of a rectangle

𝑑 Τ2 3 𝑑 Τ2
2
𝑏𝑦 𝑏𝑑 3
𝐼𝑧 = න 𝑦 𝑏d𝑦 = =
−𝑑 Τ2 3 −𝑑 Τ2
12

𝑑𝑏 3
𝐼𝑦 =
12
Copyright © 2023 University of Leeds UK. All rights reserved.
Revision topic 4 – Properties of areas 13

The parallel axes theorem

𝒚𝟐
𝑰𝒙 = 𝑰𝒙′ +Aෝ

𝒙𝟐
𝑰𝒚 = 𝑰𝒚′ +Aෝ

In this case, 𝑦ො = 𝑦 and 𝑥ො = 𝑥.

First moment of area and centroid

1 σ𝒙
෥𝑨
𝑨ഥ
𝒙 = ‫𝑨𝒅𝒙 ׭‬ ഥ = ඵ𝒙𝐝𝑨 =
𝒙
𝑨 σ𝑨

1 σ𝒚
෥𝑨
𝑨ഥ
𝒚 = ‫𝑨𝒅𝒚 ׭‬ ഥ = ඵ𝒚𝐝𝑨 =
𝒚
𝑨 σ𝑨
Copyright © 2023 University of Leeds UK. All rights reserved.
Revision topic 4 – Properties of areas 14

Examples:
The dimensions of the cross section of two beams are given. Calculate: 1. The
centroid of the beams; 2. The second moment of area about the z axis of the
beams.

Copyright © 2023 University of Leeds UK. All rights reserved.

Summary 15

Stress & strain

Sign conventions

FBD

Properties of areas

Copyright © 2023 University of Leeds UK. All rights reserved.