Stress and Strain ANALYSIS

CONCEPT OF STRESS AND STRAIN

•When some external forces or loads are applied on a body
(structure), then it undergoes some deformation.
•Due to this applied load, an internal resistance set up
(induce) within the body that resists the deformation in the
body.
•This internal force is called as resisting force and its
direction is opposite to the direction of applied load.
•The magnitude of deformation increases gradually with
increase in externally applied load. This resisting force per
unit area is known as stress or intensity of stress. The
deformation produced by the body is known as strain.

Within a certain limit (i.e., in the elastic stage), the resisting

force induced in the body is proportional to the deformation
produced.
Also, within elastic limit the resistance force is numerically
equal to the applied loads. But, beyond the elastic stage, if
load is further increased, then deformation will continue,
until failure of material takes place.
Definition of stress and strain

• Stress: It is the internal force of resistance per unit area.

Stress = resisting force/ Area

Unit of stress : N/m2 or pascal

• Strain: The ratio of change of dimension of the body to the original

dimension known as STRAIN.

Strain = change in dimension/ Original dimension

It is dimensionless.
Types of Stress

• There are two types of

stress:
1. Normal stress
- act perpendicular to the area.
• Tensile Stress:
- The stress-induced in a body when it is
subjected to two equal and opposite pulls.
• Compressive stress:
- The stress-induced in a body when it is
subjected to two equal and opposite push.

2. Shear stress 3. Bending stress

Types of Strain
1. NORMAL STRAIN
It is the ratio of change in length to the original
length.
Normal strain = (change in length / original
length)
There are two types of normal strain: tensile
strain and compressive strain

•Tensile strain
The ratio of increase in length to the original
length is known as tensile strain.

•Compressive strain
The ratio of decrease in length to the original
length is known as compressive strain.
2. SHEARING STRAIN

Shear stress causes the displacement of

the material in the direction of force.

Shear strain = Initial angle at ‘A’ – Final angle at ‘A’

Shear strain=∠BAD –∠B’ADShear strain
Shear strain=π/2−θ=γA
Thus, shear strain is defined as the change in the right angle of material measured in
radian.

3. VOLUMETRIC STRAIN
The ratio of change in the volume of the body to the original volume is known as
volumetric strain.
Volumetric strain = (change in volume / original volume)
Poisson ratio

• The LATERAL STRAIN at any point in a bar is

proportional to the LONGITUDINAL STRAIN at that
same point if the material is linearly elastic.
• The ratio of these strains is a property of the material
known as POISSON’S RATIO.

• It is denoted by 1/m or v.
 CONCEPT OF ELASTICITY & ELASTIC LIMIT
What is ELASTIC and INELASTIC/PLASTIC BODY ?
We have the elastic bodies and the inelastic bodies, THE ELASTIC
BODIES REGAIN THERE ORIGINAL SIZE AND SHAPE AFTER
DISTORTION WHILE INELASTIC BODIES DO NOT REGAIN THERE
ORIGINAL SHAPE AND SIZE AFTER DISTORTION.

If the applied force is so large, every material

reaches a point at which elasticity is not obeyed.
This point is the ELASTIC LIMIT.

8
Hook’s law

9
Generalized Hook’s law
-It is an extension of 1D hook’s law to 3D.
-If load is applied on the body in one direction, it may produce deformation in
another direction.

If the block is subjected to

normal tensile stress in x, y
and z direction respectively
as xx, yy, zz.
1st subscript – plane
perpendicular to axis xx = x
2nd subscript - direction yy = y
zz = z
The strain acting on the direction will have its effect in y and z
direction.
 y - 𝛎 xx/E
xx/E
z
- 𝛎 xx/E
Similarly, strain applied in y and z direction would produce their
effect in perpendicular direction.
YY/E x - 𝛎 yy/E zz/E x - 𝛎 zz/E

z y
- 𝛎 y/E - 𝛎 zz/E

Total strain in x, y and z direction

xx = xx/E - 𝛎yy/E - 𝛎zz/E
yy= yy/E - 𝛎xx/E - 𝛎zz/E
zz = zz/E - 𝛎xx/E - 𝛎yy/E
 Question related to generalized hook’s law
A block of steel 300 mm x 150 mm x 100 mm is subjected to axial load as shown
in the figure below. Find the change in the dimensions of the bar and change in
volume for the material of the block. Take Es= 200 GN/m² and Poisson's ratio (v)
= 0.30
Answer

Total strain in x, y and z direction

xx = xx/E + 𝛎yy/E - 𝛎zz/E
yy= -yy/E - 𝛎xx/E - 𝛎zz/E
zz = zz/E - 𝛎xx/E + 𝛎yy/E
volumetric strain
vv = xx + yy+zz
Hints : tension as +ve and
Change in volume = vv *V compression as -ve
Youngs modulus of elasticity

Modulus of rigidity
Up to the elastic limit, shear stress () 
shearing strain()
It is the ratio of shear stress and shear
strain.

Bulk Modulus
It is the ratio of stress acting in three The bulk modulus, K is defined as
mutually perpendicular directions and K=  / v
corresponding strain.
ELASTIC CONSTANTS

YOUNG’S MODULUS E=/ -------------(5)

BULK MODULUS K =  / v -------------(6)

MODULUS OF RIGIDITY G=/ -------------(7)

RELATION BETWEEN ELASTIC CONSTANTS
(A) RELATION BETWEEN E and K
y
x
z
Let a cube having a side L be subjected to three
mutually perpendicular stresses of intensity 
By definition of bulk modulus
K= / v
The total linear strain for each side using
posissons ratio: y
x =/E -  𝛎 /(E) -  𝛎 /(E)
y =/E -  𝛎 /(E) -  𝛎 /(E) x
z =/E -  𝛎 /(E) -  𝛎 /(E)
z
so volumetric strain v= x + y + z
v= 3 (/E) * (1-2 𝛎)

K= / v

E = 3 K(1-2 𝛎)
(B) Relation between E and G

B” C B C
B C’’
F
  



A A D
D 
Linear strain of diagonal AC,
 = /2 = /2G --------------------------(i)
State of simple shear produces tensile and
compressive stresses along diagonal
planes and
=
Strain  of diagonal AC, due to these two
mutually perpendicular direct stresses

 = /E - (- /mE) = (/E)*(1+1/m) ---(ii)

But  = 
so  = ( /E)*(1+1/m) ------------------(iii)
From equation (i) and (iii)
 /2N = ( /E)(1+1/m)
OR
E =2N(1+1/m)-------(10)
But E = 3 K (1-2 /m)------(9)
Eliminating E from --(9) & --(10)
 = 1/m = (3K - 2N) / (6K +2N)-----(11)
Eliminating m from –(9) & --(10)
E = 9KN / (N+3K) ---------(12)
(C) Relation between E ,K and G:--

E = 2G(1+ 𝛎)

E = 3K (1-2 𝛎)
On solving above two equation
E = 9KG / (G+3K)
2.1.1 For a given material, the young’s modulus is 1.10  10 5 N/mm2 and
modulus of rigidity G  0.43  10 5 . The elongation of a round rod of this
material
40 mm diameter and 2.5 m length when stretched is 2.5 mm. Find the
reduction in diameter.

 1
E = 2G 1 
 m
Given data: 1 E
1 =
Diameter of the rod, d = 40 mm m 2G
Original length of the rod, l = 2.5 m = 2500 mm
1.10  10 5
Change in length of rod,  l = 2.5 mm =
5 2  0.43  10 5
Young’s modulus, E = 1.10  10 N/mm 2
= 1.28
Modulus of rigidity, G = 0.43  10 5 1
Solution: = 1.28 –1
m
9GK
E = 1
3K  G Poisson’s ratio, = 0.28
m
E(3K  G) = 9GK
3KE  GE = 9GK 1 Lateral Strain
Poisson’s ratio, = Longitudinal Strain
9GK - 3KE = GE m
K(9G - 3E) = GE Lateral strain = Poisson’s ratio x Longitudinal strain
2.5
K(9  0.43  10 - 3  1.10  10 5 )
5
= 10
0.473  10  1.1  10 10
= 0.28 
2.5  1000
K(3.87 - 3.3)  10 5 = 0.473  10 5 = 0.00028
0.473  10 5 Lateral contraction= Lateral strain  diameter of the material
K = = 0.00028  40
0.57
Reduction in diameter = 0.0112 mm
K = 0.83  10 5 N/mm2
A rectangular block of 250 mm x 100 mm x 80 mm is subjected to axial load as follows: 480 KN tensile in
the direction of its length, 900 KN tensile on the 250 mm x 80 mm faces,A rectangular
and 1000 block ofKN 250 mmcompressive
x 100 mm x 80 mm on is subje
load as follows: 480 KN tensile in the direction of its length
the 250 mm x100 mm faces. Assuming Poisson’s ratio as 0.25, find in terms on theof250the
mm xmodulus
80 mm faces, and of 1000
elasticity E
KN compressive
x100 mm faces. Assuming Poisson’s ratio as 0.25, find in t
of the material, strains in the direction of each force. If E = 2 x 10 N/mmmodulus
5 2
, findof elasticity
the values of modulus
E of the material, strains in the of
directi
rigidity and bulk modulus for the material of the block. Also calculate change
If E =in
2 x volume
10 N/mm , of
find 5
the
the 2
block
values of due
modulus to
of rigidity
modulus for the material of the block. Also calculate chang
the application of these forces. the block due to the application of these forces.


Given data:    
Length of the block = 250 mm
Cross section of the block = 100 mm x 80 mm
Tensile force in the direction of its length = 480 KN
Tensile force on 250 mm 80 mm faces = 900 KN
Compressive force on 250 mm 100 mm
= 1000 KN
faces
Poisson’s ratio = 0.25
E = 2 105 N/mm2
Solution

480 1000
The stress in the directions px = = 60 N/mm2
100  80
900 1000
py = = 45 N/mm2
250  80
1000 1000
pz = = 40 N/mm2
100  250
Exam Question
DEFORMATION / ELONGATION OF A UNIFORM BAR DUE TO AXIAL LOADING
 Stress strain in composite bar
Let A1, A2 and A3 are the
cross sectional area of the
portions,
E1, E2 and E3 are the
youngs modulus of each
section
σ1 = (p1/A1), σ2 = (P2/A2) and
σ3 = (P3/A3)
ε1 = (σ1 /E1), ε2 = (σ2/E2) and
ε3 = (σ3/E3)

Total elongation (ΔL) = ΔL1+ΔL2+

ΔL3
P1 + P2 = P
ΔL1 = ΔL2
Example: 10 A Concrete column of C.S. area 400 x 400 mm reinforced by 4 longitudinal 50 mm
diameter round steel bars placed at each corner of the column carries a compressive load of
300kN. Calculate (i) loads carried by each material & compressive stresses produced in
each material. Take Es = 15 Ec Also calculate change in length of the column. Assume the
column in 2m long. Take Es = 200GPa

400 mm
4-50 bar

Solution:-
400 mm
Gross C.S. area of column =0.16 m 2

C.S. area of steel = 4*π*0.0252 = 0.00785 m2

Area of concrete =0.16 - 0.00785=0.1521m2
Steel bar and concrete shorten by same amount. So,
s = c => s /Es = c /Ec = > s= cx (Es /Ec)
= 15c
load carried by steel +concrete=300000 N
Ps +Pc= 300000
s As + c Ac = 300000
15 c x 0.00785 + c x0.1521 = 300000
c = 1.11 x 10 6 N/ m2
s =15x c=15 x1.11x 10 6=16.65 x10 6 N/ m2
Ps =16.65x10 6 x0.00785 / 10 3 =130.7 kN
Pc = 1.11x 10 6 x 0.1521/103= 168.83 kN
(error in result
we know that, is due to less no. of digits considered in stress calculation.)
s /Es= c /E (=  = L /L) _____(1) & (2)
c = 1.11 MPa
s =15x c=15 x1.11x 10 6=16.65 MPa
The length of the column is 2m
Change in length dL = 1.11*2000/[13.333*1000] = 0.1665mm
 ELONGATIOON OF A BAR
Problem: Determine the total elongation or
deformation in the bar. E = 29*106 pa

31
Classwork
Find the total elongation in bar. E = 200 Gpa. A steel bar of 600 mm2 cross
sectional area is carrying load as shown in the figure given below:

90KN 90KN 70KN

40KN
40KN
70KN

Total elongation (ΔL) = ΔL1+ΔL2+ ΔL3

ΔL = (PL/AE)1 + (PL/AE)2 + (PL/AE)3
ΔL = 0.25 mm
Classwork
A steel rod of having diameter of 40 mm is liaded as shown in figure. Find the
total elongation in bar. E = 200 Gpa
+ Fy = 0
RA +12 +10 -10 = 0
RA = -12
RA = 12KN( )

12KN 12KN 0KN

10KN 10KN
0KN

Total elongation (ΔL) = ΔLAB+ΔLBC - ΔLCD

ΔL = (PL/AE)AB + (PL/AE)BC - (PL/AE)CD
ΔL = - 0.03183 mm
QN. A circular bar ABCD, rigidily fixed at A and D are subjected to axial
load of 50KN and 100KN at B and C as shown in figure. Find the load
shared by each part of the bar and displacement s of the points B and C.
Take E for the steel as 200 Gpa.

RA RA 50+RA 150+RA 150+RA

50+RA

RD = 150+RA
RD – RA = 150-------- (1)
Solving (1) and (2),
Sum of elongation (ΔL) = 0 RA = -29.27KN
-ΔLAB - ΔLBC – ΔLCD =0 RA = 29.27KN (Tensile)
(PL/AE)AB + (PL/AE)BC + (PL/AE)CD = 0 RD = 120.73KN
576RA + 80RD = -7200 -------(2)
RA = -29.27KN
RA = 29.27KN (Tensile)
RD = 120.73KN

29.27KN 29.27KN 120.73KN 120.73KN

20.73KN 20.73KN

Forces on each portion:

P1 = 29.27KN (Tension)
P2 = 20.73 KN (Compression)
P3 = 120.73 KN (Compression)

Displacement of point B (ΔB) = (PL/AE)AB

= 0.089 mm
Displacement of point C (ΔC) = (PL/AE)CD
= 0.068 mm
QN. A rigid bar AB hinged at A and supported by a 2m long copper rod and 1 m
long steel rod. It carries a load of 100 KN at the free end B as shown in figure. If
the area of cross section of the steel and the copper rods be 10 cm2 and 8 cm0
respectively and their respective values of E be 200 GN/m2 and 100 GN/m2. Find
the stresses in each rod and reaction at A. (Assume no bending in steel and
copper rods.).
Solution:
+ Fy = 0
Pc + Ps + RAY -100=0 -----(1)
Taking moment about A, we get
+ MA = 0
-100*3 + PC *3 + PS *1 = 0
3PC + PS = 300 ---------(2)

From deformation diagram;

ΔS/1 = ΔC/3 Reaction at A;
3 ΔS = ΔC Substitute PS and PC in eqn (1)
3(PL/AE)S = (PL/AE)C RAY = -128.58 KN
PC = 0.6PS --------------(3) RAY = 128.58 KN (down)
Putting the value of 3 in eqn (2); Stress:
PS = 142.86 KN In steel rod = (PS/AS) = 14.286 KN/cm2
PC = 85.72 KN In copper rod = (Pc/Ac) = 10.715 KN/cm2
 QN. A steel rod of cross sectional area 1000mm2 and two brass rod each
of cross sectional area 800 mm2 together the load of 50 KN. Calculate the
stress in rod. Take E for steel as 200 Gpa and E for brass as 100 Gpa.

Solution:
+ Fy = 0
FB + Fs + FB – 50*103=0
2FB + Fs – 50*103=0 -----(1)
As the both rods are compressed by same
amount, therefore;
Δ B = ΔS
(PL/AE)B = (PL/AE)S
2PB = PS -------------(2)
Putting the value of 2 in eqn (1);
PB = 12500N
From equation 2;
Ps = 25000N
Stress: Answer:
In steel rod = (PS/AS) = 25 N/mm 2
Stress in brass = 15.625 N/mm2
In brass rod = (PB/AB) = 15.625 N/mm2 Stress in steel rod = 25 N/mm2
ELONGATION OF A BAR with
TAPERED SECTION (Conical)

Area of strap = (π *dx2 )/4

Stress in strap = P/ A

Strain of strap =

Change in length on strap =

40
 QN. Determine elongation of bar as shown in figure. Take E = 2* 10 5 N/mm2

Portion AB Portion BC Portion CD

Elongation of portion AB Elongation of portion BC Elongation of portion CD

ΔAB= (PL/AE)AB ΔCD= (PL/AE)CD

= 8.49 mm = 95.49 mm

Considering tensile as a positive and compressive as a negative.

Total deformation of rod Δ = ΔAB + ΔBC + ΔCD
= 125.20mm
ELONGATION OF A BAR with TAPERED SECTION
(Trapezoidal/Rectangular bar)

Area of strap =
Stress of strap = P/ (b +kx)*t
Strain of strap =

Change in length on strap =

42
QN. An axially loaded member 15 mm thick and 5 m long is subjected to the forces is shown
in figure. Assuming the modulus of elasticity of E = 210 GPa, determine the total deformation
in the axial direction.

Portion AB Portion BC Portion CD

Elongation of portion AB Elongation of portion BC Elongation of portion CD

ΔAB= (PL/AE)AB ΔBC = ΔCD= (PL/AE)CD

= 0.314 mm = 0.190 mm
= 0.1270 mm

Considering tensile as a positive and compressive as a negative.

Total deformation of rod Δ = ΔAB + ΔBC + ΔCD
= 0.003mm
DEFORMATION/ELONGATION OF A BAR due to SELF WEIGHT
(Rectangular section)

45
DEFORMATION/ELONGATION OF A BAR due to SELF WEIGHT (Conical
section)

46
 Thermal
effects
• Changes in temperature produce expansion or
contraction of materials and result in thermal
strains and thermal stresses
• If the dimension changes is prevented, then stress
is developed in the body which is known as
thermal stress.
• For most structural materials, thermal strain ε is T
Block of material
subjected to an
proportional to the temperature change ΔT : increase in temperature
ε = α (ΔT)
T

•When a sign convention is needed for

coefficient of thermal thermal strains, we usually assume that
expansion
expansion is positive and contraction is
negative
• Assume that the material is homogeneous and
isotropic and that the temperature increase ΔT is
uniform throughout the block.
•We can calculate the increase in any dimension of
the block by multiplying the original dimension by
the thermal strain.

Δ L = α (ΔT) L FIG. 2-19 Block of

material subjected to
an increase in
temperature

Temperature –
Displacement relation
It is the extension of bar , when the bar is free to
expand.
 Thermal
Stress
•Suppose we have a bar subjected to an axial
load. We will then have:
ε=σ/E

•Also suppose that we have an identical bar

subjected to a temperature change ΔT.
We will then have:
ε = α (ΔT)
T
Increase in length of a
• Equating the above two strains prismatic bar
we will get: due to a uniform
σ = E α (ΔT) increase in
temperature
•We now have a relation between axial
stress and change in temperature
QN The gap between bar A of cross-sectional area 1000 mm² and bar B of cross-sectional
area 800 mm² is 0.26 mm at room temperature. What are the stress induced in the bars if the
temperature is raised to 40°C? Given: EA = 2×105 N/mm². αA = 12 x 10-6 /C and EB = 1 x 105
N/mm², αB = 23 x 10-6/c
Cross-sectional area (A.) = 1000 mm2
Cross-sectional area (As) = 800 mm²
Length of bar A (LA) = 400 mm
Length of bar B (LB) = 300 mm
EA = 2x 105 N/mm²
αA = 12 x 10-6/°C
EB=1× 105 N/mm²
,αB = 23 x 10-6/°C and,
Gap = 0.26 mm and,
Rise and temperature = 40-0 = 40°C
Free thermal expansion of bars (Δl) = αA (ΔT) LA + αB (ΔT) LB
=400 x 12 x 10-6 x 40+ 300 x 23 x 10-6 × 40
=0.192+0.276 Equating equation (1) and (2);
= 0.468 mm 0.208= P[2 x 10-6 + 3.75 x 10-6]
If P be the compressive force developed in the each bars to or, P= 36173.91 N
restrain the expansion. Stress in bar
Expansion prevented length (Δt’) = Δl -0.26=0.208 mm (1) Stress in bar A = P/Ab
Elongation of bars due to compressive force = (PLA/Aa Ea) + = 36173.91/1000 = 36.174 N/mm²
(PLb/Ab Eb) Stress in bar B = P/Ab
= (Px400/1000 x 2 x 105)+ (Px300 /800×1×105) (2) = 36173.91/800 = 45.22 N/mm²
Exam question
Determine the stress, strain and final length of each bars due to uniform
temperature rise of 40 degree celsius. Bar 1 has diameter of 16mm and Bar
2 has diameter of 25mm. Both bars have young's modulus of elasticity of
2.1 * 105 N/mm2 but the coefficient of thermal expansion of bar 1 is 1.4 *
10-5 /c where as coefficient of thermal expansion of bar 2 is 0.2 *10 -4 /c.
A composite bar made up of steel and aluminum is rigidly fixed between two supports as
shown in the figure. The two bars are free of stress at initial temperature of 25°C. Find the
stresses in the two bars when the temperature increases to 50°C if (i) the support are
unyielding (ii) the support move away from each other by 0.10 mm. Given: Es=200 GPa,
EA=70 GPa, αs = 13 x 10-6/°C, α = 23.10 × 10-6 /c