Mechanical Principle

Prepared By
Razaul Islam
Course Overview
 1 Be able to determine the be havioural
characteristics of materials subjected to
complex loading systems
 2 Be able to determine the be havioural

characteristics of loaded beams and cylinders

 3 Be able to determine the dynamic

parameters of power transmission system

elements
 4 Be able to determine the dynamic

parameters of rotating systems

Reference Books
1. Strength Of Material
2. Theory Of Machine
Stress
 It is a internal resistance to external loading.
The term stress (s) is used to express the
loading in terms of force applied to a certain
cross-sectional area of an object. From the
perspective of loading, stress is the applied
force or system of forces that tends to
deform a body. 
Types of stress
 Normal Stress,
 Bending Stress,
 Shear Stress
Worked Example 1:
 Tensile force of 5kN acting on a 6mm
diameter rod. What is the stress?
Worked Example 2
  
Tensile force of 20kN acting on a bar has a
cross section area of 10. What is the stress?
Stress Unit:
  1kpa=
Strain
 Strain is the response of a system to an
applied stress. When a material is loaded with
a force, it produces a stress, which then
causes a material to deform. Engineering
strain is defined as the amount of
deformation in the direction of the applied
force divided by the initial length of the
material.
Types of Strain
 Longitudinal Strain
 Transverse Strain
Poisson's ratio:
  
Poisson's ratio is the ratio of transverse contraction strain to longitudinal
extension strain in the direction of stretching force. Tensile deformation is
considered positive and compressive deformation is considered negative.
Poisson's ratio can range from a value of -1 to 0.5. For most engineering
materials, for example steel or aluminum have a Poisson's ratio around 0.3,
and rubbers have a Poisson's ratio around 0.5 The formula for Poisson’s
ratio is

 is the Lateral or Transverse Strain

 is the Longitudinal or Axial Strain

 μ is the Poisson’s Ratio

Relationship Between Longitudinal
and Transverse Strain
In
 
 this case

 =

 =

The formula for Poisson’s ratio is

 is the Lateral or Transverse Strain

 is the Longitudinal or Axial Strain

 μ is the Poisson’s Ratio

Hooke’s Law
 According to Hooke’s law for a small
deformation, the stress in a body is proportional
to the corresponding strain.

 stress ∝ strain
 stress = (E) (strain)

 Here, E = stress/strain is a constant

called modulus of elasticity.
Modulus of elasticity.
  The ratio of the longitudinal stress to the
corresponding strain is called the Young’s
modulus of elasticity (Y). 
Relationship Between Young’s modulus
and Hooke’s law:
  
 σ = stress, ε = strain, E= Young’s modulus

The deformation, δ, of an axially loaded member of

original length L can be derived from Hooke’s law.
Stress-strain Diagram
Stress-strain Diagram
 Proportional Limit (Hooke's Law)
From the origin O to the point called
proportional limit, the stress-strain curve is a
straight line. Hooke's Law the proportional limit,
the stress is directly proportional to strain or
 σ∝ε or σ=kε
 Elastic Limit

The elastic limit is the limit beyond which the

material will no longer go back to its original
shape when the load is removed.
Stress-strain Diagram
 Yield Point
Yield point is the point at which the material will
have an appreciable elongation or yielding without
any increase in load.
 Ultimate Strength

The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain

diagram is the ultimate strength or tensile strength
 Rapture Strength

Rapture strength is the strength of the material at

rupture. This is also known as the breaking
strength.
Problem:
 A metal bar 250 mm long has rectangular
cross section of 60mm* 25mm, it is
subjected to an axial tensile force of 60KN.
Find the change in dimensions if the metal
has an elastic modules E=200 Gpa and
Possion’s ratio is 0.3.
Solution:
  Answer: 5 m
Problem:
   steel rod having a cross-sectional area of
A
300 mm2 and a length of 150 m is
suspended vertically from one end. It
supports a tensile load of 20 KN at the lower
end. If the unit mass of steel is 7850 kg/m3
and E = 200 × MN/m2, find the total
elongation of the rod.
Solution:
  Elongation due to its own weight:
1.
δ1=
Where:
P = W = 7850(1/1000)3(9.81)[300(150)(1000)]
P = 3465.3825 N
L = 75(1000) = 75 000 mm
A = 300 mm2
E = 200 000 M Pa
Solution:
  
Thus,
δ1=
δ1=4.33 mm

2. Elongation due to applied load:

Where:
P = 20 kN = 20 000 N
L = 150 m = 150 000 mm
A = 300 mm2
E = 200 000 MPa
Solution:
δ2=
  

δ2=50 mm

Total elongation:
δ=δ1+δ2
δ=4.33+50=54.33 mm (Ans)
Two dimensional Stress:
  
Normal Stress in x
direction=
 Normal stress in Y
direction=
 The stress in the third
direction becomes
zero, z = 0 or 3 = 0

 Shear Stress:
Two dimensional Strain:
If  
 there are normal stresses in
both the x- and y-directions, then
the total normal strain in the x-
direction is
 total = due to + due to

=-

Similarly, the normal strain in the

y-direction would be
=-
Three dimensional stress:
   the three dimension
In
body , load works in
three directions x, y, z
 If the stress in 3
dimension, the stress
will be ,,
Three dimensional Strain:
   = due to + due to +
total
due to

 X direction =- -
 Y direction =- -
 Z direction =- -
Three dimensional Strain:
Three dimensional Strain:
Problem:
Stress
   field of a 3D body, = 50 +2Y Psi ; = 40
+500 Psi ; = 60 +30 Psi ; Let E= 30Psi and
Determine the strains in three dimensional
loading.
Calculate the state of strain at point (2,2,1)
Solution:
  
Answer:
 =4.38
 =2.17
 =-1.2
Volumetric Strain:
  
Volumetric strain of a
deformed body defined as the
ratio of the change in volume
of the body to the deformation
to its original volume. If V is
the original volume and the
change of volume occurred
due to the deformation,
Volumetric Strain=
=
=++
=
=(1-2
Problem:
   steel cube block of 40mm side is subjected
A
to a force of 10kN (tensile), 8kN (tensile) and
12kN (tensile) along x, y, z directions
respectively. E= 200KN/ and find the change
in volume of block.
Solution
  
Answer:
Area of each side=40*40=1600
Stress in X, Y and Z direction
6.25 N/ (P= Axial force, A=area)
5N/
7.5N/
==++
=(1-2
Solution:
  2.4 mm(Ans)
Volumetric Strain:
hydrostatic
   stress: A state of tensile or
compressive stress equal in all directions
within or external to a body.

==

=(1-2)
Problem:
A 200 × 100 × 50 mm steel block is subjected
to a hydrostatic pressure of 15 MPa. The
Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the
material are 200 GPa and 0.3 respectively. Find
the change in the volume of the block in mm3.
Solution:
  ΔV/V=3σ/E(1−2μ) , where μ = Poisson Ratio

⇒change in volume=ΔV=V×3σ/E(1−2μ)

=(200×100×50)××(1−2×0.3)

= 106 × 22.5 × 10-5 × 0.4

= 90 mm3
Bulk modulus:
  
When a force is applied on a
body in all directions and results
in a deformation of the whole
volume, the elastic coefficient is
called the Bulk modulus.
Bulk modulus=
=-
K = -V(dP/dV)

Where V = initial volume, dP =

change in pressure, dV =
change in volume.
Bulk modulus:
  Bulk modulus=
=
 =
Shear modulus
  G=

 Shear Stress,=

 Shear Strain=

 G=
Relation among Young's modulus ,
Modulus of rigidity and Poisson's ratio
  
 Shear Modulus, G=

 E: Young's modulus

 : Poisson's ratio
Problem:
  
Determine the poisson's ratio and bulk
modulus of a material for which young's
modulus is 1.2 N/and modulus of rigidity is
4.8N/.
Solution:
  Answer:

 K=8
Problem:
   cylindrical compressed air cylinder which
A
has 1.5m long and 0.75m internal diameter
with a wall thickness of 8mm. Where E= 207
GPa and passion’s ratio .Determine the Bulk
modulus and shear modulus.
Pro:
 When water freezes it expands about 9%.
What pressure increase would occur inside
your automobile engine if the water froze.
The bulk modulus of the ice is 2x10⁹N/m².