To read more such articles, please visit our blog https://socialviews81.blogspot.

com/

Llama 2: An Open-Source Commercially Usable Chat Model

by Meta AI

Introduction

Imagine having a chatbot that can understand and respond to natural

language queries with ease. A chatbot that can learn from massive
amounts of conversational data and generate coherent and engaging
responses. A chatbot that can be customized for different domains and
tasks with minimal effort.

Meet Llama 2, a new open-source framework for building and deploying

chat models. Llama 2 is brought to you by Meta AI, a leading research
company that strives to advance artificial intelligence for humanity.
Llama 2 is the result of a collaborative effort of many brilliant researchers
and engineers from Meta AI, Facebook AI Research and other
institutions. The vision behind Llama 2 is to provide an open foundation
for chat models that can be easily fine-tuned for various applications.

To read more such articles, please visit our blog https://socialviews81.blogspot.com/

To read more such articles, please visit our blog https://socialviews81.blogspot.com/

Secondly, development of this model enables the community to build on

their work and contribute to the responsible development of LLMs.

What is Llama 2?

Llama 2 is a collection of pretrained and fine-tuned large language

models (LLMs) developed and released by Meta AI Research1. The
models range in scale from 7 billion to 70 billion parameters. The
fine-tuned LLMs are called Llama 2-Chat and are optimized for dialogue
use cases.

Key Features of Llama 2

Some key features of Llama 2 include:

● A collection of pretrained and fine-tuned large language models

(LLMs) ranging in scale from 7 billion to 70 billion parameters.
● Fine-tuned LLMs called Llama 2-Chat optimized for dialogue use
cases.
● Based on human evaluations for helpfulness and safety may be a
suitable substitute for closed-source models.
● A detailed description of their approach to fine-tuning and safety
improvements of Llama 2-Chat is provided to enable the
community to build on their work and contribute to the responsible
development of LLMs.
● It is flexible and extensible. Users can modify the architecture,
hyperparameters, data sources, loss functions, evaluation metrics,
and other aspects of Llama 2 according to their needs. Users can
also integrate Llama 2 with other frameworks and libraries.
● It is user-friendly and interactive. Users can easily fine-tune Llama
2 on their own data using a simple command-line interface or a
web-based interface. Users can also interact with Llama 2.

To read more such articles, please visit our blog https://socialviews81.blogspot.com/

To read more such articles, please visit our blog https://socialviews81.blogspot.com/

The Training Process of Llama 2-Chat

The training process of Llama 2-Chat begins with the pretraining of

Llama 2 using publicly available online sources. Pretraining is a process
where a model is trained on a large dataset to learn general language
representations. This allows the model to learn the underlying structure
of the data and develop a good understanding of the language. The
pretraining process is crucial for the success of the model as it provides
a strong foundation for the subsequent fine-tuning stage.

source - https://arxiv.org/pdf/2307.09288.pdf

After pretraining, an initial version of Llama 2-Chat is created through the

application of supervised fine-tuning. Supervised fine-tuning is a
process where the model is trained on a labeled dataset to improve its
performance on a specific task. This involves adjusting the weights of
the model to better fit the data and improve its accuracy. The fine-tuning
process allows the model to specialize in a particular task and achieve
better performance than if it were trained from scratch.

Subsequently, the model is iteratively refined using Reinforcement

Learning with Human Feedback (RLHF) methodologies, specifically
through rejection sampling and Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO).
RLHF is an advanced approach to training AI systems that combines
reinforcement learning with human feedback. It is a way to create a more

To read more such articles, please visit our blog https://socialviews81.blogspot.com/

To read more such articles, please visit our blog https://socialviews81.blogspot.com/

robust learning process by incorporating the wisdom and experience of

human trainers in the model training process. PPO is a type of policy
gradient method for reinforcement learning, which alternates between
sampling data through interaction with the environment and optimizing a
surrogate objective function using stochastic gradient ascent.

Throughout the RLHF stage, the accumulation of iterative reward

modeling data in parallel with model enhancements is crucial to ensure
the reward models remain within distribution. Iterative reward modeling
data refers to the process of updating the reward model based on new
data collected during the RLHF stage.

Performance evaluation with other Models

Llama 2 is not only a powerful chat model, but also a versatile language
model that can handle various tasks and challenges. To test its abilities,
Llama 2 was compared with other open-source language models on
different benchmarks and tasks, such as reasoning, coding, proficiency,
and knowledge tests. Llama 2 showed impressive results and surpassed
other models on many external benchmarks.

But how good is Llama 2 at generating helpful and safe responses for
chatbots? This is an important question, because chatbots need to be
able to provide useful and appropriate answers to human users. To
answer this question, human evaluators rated the responses of Llama 2
and other models based on their helpfulness and safety. They looked at
both single turn and multi-turn prompts, which are short or long
conversations between a user and a chatbot.

To read more such articles, please visit our blog https://socialviews81.blogspot.com/

To read more such articles, please visit our blog https://socialviews81.blogspot.com/

source - https://arxiv.org/pdf/2307.09288.pdf

The results that researchers come up with indicate that Llama 2-Chat
models were better than other open-source models by a large margin.
Especially, the Llama 2-Chat 7B model was more helpful and safe than
the MPT-7B-chat model on 60% of the prompts. The Llama 2-Chat 34B
model was even more impressive, with an overall win rate of more than
75% against equally sized Vicuna-33B and Falcon 40B models.

The largest Llama 2-Chat model was also competitive with ChatGPT,
which is one of the most advanced chat models in the world. The Llama
2-Chat 70B model had a win rate of 36% and a tie rate of 31.5% relative
to ChatGPT. The Llama 2-Chat 70B model also beat the PaLM-bison
chat model by a big percentage on their prompt set.

Team has conducted many such evaluation tests, to see results and
analysis, kindly go through the research paper.

How to access and use this model?

Llama 2 is an open-source large language model developed by Meta AI

Research. It is available for free for research and commercial use under
the COMMUNITY LICENSE. You can access Llama 2 through Meta AI
Research’s website, or through platforms such as AWS or Azure where it
can be fine-tuned according to your preferences for training time and

To read more such articles, please visit our blog https://socialviews81.blogspot.com/

To read more such articles, please visit our blog https://socialviews81.blogspot.com/

inference performance. Instructions on how to use Llama 2 can be found

on the Meta AI Research website.

If you prefer to use Llama 2 locally, you can download the code, data,
models, and documentation from the Llama GitHub repository. The
repository includes detailed instructions on how to install and use Llama
2 on your own machine. You can also access Llama 2 through the
Hugging Face platform, where you can find pre-trained models and
fine-tune them according to your needs.

If you are interested to learn more about the Llama 2 model, all relevant
links are provided under the 'source' section at the end of this article.

Limitations of Llama 2-Chat

● It may not always give accurate or helpful answers, because it

does not update its knowledge after training, it may make up things
that are not true, and it may give bad advice.
● It may not work well for languages other than English, because it
does not have enough data to learn from in other languages.
● It may say things that are harmful, offensive, or biased, because it
learns from online data that may contain such content.
● It may be used for bad purposes, such as spreading false
information or getting information about dangerous topics like
bioterrorism or cybercrime.
● It may be too careful and avoid answering some requests or give
too many details about safety.

To read more such articles, please visit our blog https://socialviews81.blogspot.com/

To read more such articles, please visit our blog https://socialviews81.blogspot.com/

Conclusion

Llama 2 is a breakthrough in the field of chat models and natural

language generation. It offers an open foundation and fine-tuning
capabilities for various chat applications. It demonstrates remarkable
performance and versatility on various benchmarks and tasks. It is a
milestone in the journey of AI towards human-like communication.
Source
Research paper - https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.09288
Research document - https://arxiv.org/pdf/2307.09288.pdf

Website Links-
https://ai.meta.com/llama/
https://ai.meta.com/blog/llama-2/

Repository and other links -

https://github.com/facebookresearch/llama/tree/main
https://huggingface.co/meta-llama
https://github.com/facebookresearch/llama/blob/main/LICENSE

To read more such articles, please visit our blog https://socialviews81.blogspot.com/