Theory of Architecture Reviewer

ARCHITECTURE REVIEW:
Theory of
Architecture
A collection of notes from Ar. Chris Luna
2018 Edition
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Comprehensive Architecture Review By: Ar. Christopher P. Luna, uap
THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE
Introduction Essence and Composition

The Nature of Architecture 1. A collection of thoughts, view and ideas
Theory in General 2. Organized by theme or topic
1. Analysis of a set of facts in relation to one 3. Evolution of thoughts
another 4. There is not a grand theory or plain theory
 Theory of Color of architecture; it is a combination of
 Using colors to regulate movement various thoughts, speculations and
2. A belief, policy or procedure proposed or concepts
followed as the basis of action
 Consensus Theory Form
 Community Participation as a 1. In a conceptual form
Planning Approach 2. Needs to be translated to reality
3. An ideal or hypothetical set of facts, 3. Are discussed, tested and developed
principles or circumstances of a body of
fact on science or art The Concept of Architecture
 Facts on Body-Nature- 1. The nature and essence of architecture
Environment relationships 2. Architecture as a science and art
 Design Standards stipulated in 3. Architecture as an experience
Design Codes
4. A plausible or scientifically acceptable "Architecture" can mean:
general principle or body of principles  The art and science of designing and
offered to explain phenomena erecting buildings and other physical
 The Location Theory structures.
 Approaches to Squatter Relocation  A general term to describe buildings and
 Productivity Theories other structures.
 Office Planning  A style and method of design and
Forms and types of Theory construction of buildings and other physical
1. Descriptive: Explains phenomenon or structures.
events; they’re neutral and do not lean  The practice of an architect, where
towards any ideology architecture means to offer or render
2. Prescriptive: Prescribes bases or professional services in connection with the
guidelines design and construction of a building.
3. Critical: challenges relationships between
architecture and society
1
Processes in Architectural Design Space Articulation and Organization

Design in the context of Architecture: the activity of Primary Elements of Design
generating proposals that change something that 1. Point
already exists into something that is better.  The two ends of a line
Design Stages:  The intersection of two lines
 The meeting of lines at the corner of a
INITIATION:
plane or volume
Problem Identification
 The center of a field
2. Line
PREPARATION:  A point extended becomes a line with
Collection and analysis of principles of:
information  Length
 Direction
 Position
PROPOSAL MAKING:
3. Plane
Synthesis, bringing together a
 A line extended becomes a plane with
variety of considerations
properties of:
 Length and width
SYNTHESIS:  Shape
SWOT Analysis  Surface
 Orientation
HYPOTHESIS:  Position
Preliminary Draft 4. Volume
 A plane extended becomes a volume
ALTERNATIVE: with properties of:
Schematics  Length, width, depth
 Form and space
EVALUATION:  Surface
Based on goals  Orientation
 Position
ACTION:
Selecting and implementing the
most suitable solution
RE-EVALUATION
2
Form
Architectural form is the point of contact between
mass and space
1. Properties of Form
 Shape
 Size
 Color
 Texture
 Position
 Orientation Architectural Form
 Visual Inertia
2. Form Transformation and Organization
 Dimensional Transformation – a form
can be transformed by altering one or
more of its dimensions and still
remains its identity
 Subtractive Transformation – a form
can be transformed by subtracting a
portion of its volume
 Additive Transformation – a form can
be form of another family transformed
by the addition of elements of its
volume Architectural Spatial Relationships
Form and Space

1. Spatial Relationships
 Space within a Space
 Interlocking Spaces
 Adjacent Spaces
 Spaces linked by a Common
2. Organization of Spaces
 Centralized Organization
 Linear Organization
 Radial Organization Organization of Spaces
 Clustered Organization
 Grid Organization
3
Circulation
1. Movement through Space
2. Elements of Circulation
 Approach
 Entrance
 Configuration of Path
3. Path-Space Relationships
 Edges – passing by spaces
 Nodes – passing through space
 Terminations – paths terminate in a
space
4. Forms of the Circulation of Space:
 Corridors
 Halls
Vitruvian Man, Da Vinci
 Galleries
 Stairways
 Ramps
Proportion and Scale

1. Basis of Proportions
 Material of Proportions
 Structural Proportions Modulor, Le Corbusier
 Manufactured Proportions
2. Theories of Proportions
 Golden Section
 Regulating Lines
 Classical Orders
 Renaissance Theories
 Modulor (Le Corbusier)
 Ken Proportions
3. Types of Proportions
The Golden Section
 Relative and Absolute
 Arithmetic, Geometric and Harmonic
4
Principles of Design
1. Contrast
2. Balance, Axis and Symmetry
3. Hierarchy
 Hierarchy by size
 Hierarchy by shape
 Hierarchy by placement
4. Rhythm and Repetition
5. Datum
6. Transformation
Chromatic Energy of Architectural Design

Color Wheel
The 3 Dimensions of Color
1. Hue – the color itself
2. Tonal Value – tightness or darkness
3. Chrome or Intensity – brightness or
dullness
Color Psychology
Color is a meaningful constant for sighted people
and it's a powerful psychological tool. By using
color psychology, you can send a positive or
negative message, encourage sales, calm a crowd,
or make an athlete pump iron harder.
The Warm Colors
Red – associated with passion, heat and energy.

This color is very bold in its pure form. It can be
very elegant and add a lot of character to a color
scheme – both traditional and contemporary. It’s a
great accent to the green family which lies opposite
red on the color wheel. Even in its softer tint of
pink, red can add much character to a design
scheme.
5
Orange – associated with vitality, activity and Blue – associated with calm, trust and sensitivity. It
adventure in color psychology. It is believed to is the favorite color of millions of people. Blue can
have healing qualities and is supportive of the easily be paired with many other colors and is
immune system. When used in its more muted therefore a common choice in a color scheme.
shade it can be less overwhelming. Terracotta Common pairings include blue and white (porcelain
flooring, apricot fabrics or other muted varieties of china), blue and green (reminiscent of flowers in
this hue can be quite pleasing to the eye. Pure nature) and blue and yellow (evoking the warm sun
orange may work well in a contemporary setting but in a bright, blue sky).
often doesn't sit well in a traditional one where a
more muted form works better Green - associated with nature, relaxation and rest.
Green is very versatile in working with other colors
Yellow – associated with cheerfulness and as it is in nature. It can be strongly traditional in feel
sunshine. In its pure form yellow can be or even a bit contemporary, as in the case of its
overwhelming. Perhaps this is because it requires more acidic forms. When designing, consider using
the most complex visual processing by our eyes. Its a splash of red from the opposite side of the color
lighter tints, however, can look clean and fresh. As wheel to create a dramatic accent for a green
an accent color, yellow can provide a nice level of based color scheme.
pop in a design scheme.
Color Tones
The Cool Colors In addition to color temperature, tonal value also
plays a role in interior design color psychology.
Purple – associated with tranquility, opulence and
fashion in interior design color psychology. Lighter tones are more reflective and as a result we
Because of its position on the color wheel where see these as moving away from us. They give the
warm and cool meet, its bias towards red or blue illusion of more space.
will determine its degree of coolness. With red
undertones it takes on warmer characteristics than On the other hand, deeper, darker color tones
when the undertones lean more toward blue. Some reflect less light and appear closer to us. This
tones of violet can be quite intense, but pastel creates the sense of closer, more intimate space.
lavenders can give a very fresh, uplifting feel to a
room. Consider both hue and tonal value when
determining how you want your room to appear and
feel. These are important aspects of interior design
color psychology.
6
Color Schemes:
Monochromatic:
A monochromatic color scheme consists of
different values (tints and shades) of one single
color. These color schemes are easy to get right
and can be very effective, soothing and
authoritative
Analogous
Analogous colors are colors that are adjacent to
each other on the color wheel. Some examples are
green, yellow green, and yellow or red, orange and
yellow. Analogous color schemes are often found in
nature and are pleasing to the eye. The
combination of these colors gives a bright and
cheery effect in the area, and is able to
accommodate many changing moods. When using
the analogous color scheme, one should make
sure there is one hue as the main color.
Color Scheme
Complimentary
Complementary colors are colors that are opposite
each other on the color wheel, such as blue and
orange, red and green, purple and yellow.
Complementary color schemes have a more
energetic feel. The high contrast between the
colors creates a vibrant look, especially when used
at full saturation. Complementary colors can be
tricky to use in large doses.
Split Complimentary
A color scheme that includes a main color and the
two colors on each side of its complementary Color Mixing
(opposite) color on the color wheel. These are the
colors that are one hue and two equally spaced
from its complement.
7
Influences in Architectural Design

A. General Influences:
Needs of Man
1. Physical Needs
 Self-Preservation
 Reproduction
The modern man’s shelter shall have:
 Necessities
 Conveniences
 Comforts The use of Marble in Greek Temples since it is
2. Emotional Needs available within Greece
3. Intellectual Needs
Activities of Man:
1. Desire for Preservation
2. Desire for Recognition
3. Desire for Response
4. Desire for Self-Expression
B. Influences of Nature
1. Climate
 Plan Topography affects the building design
 Structural Elements
 Protective Elements
 Circulatory Elements
 Decorative Elements
2. Topography
3. Materials
C. Influences of Man
a. Social Conditions
 Period
 Man’s Personality Cave Houses are evident in the pre historic period
 Man’s Interests
8
Principles of Composition
A. Dimension
1. Contrast
a. Contrast of Form (shape, mass)
b. Contrast of Line (direction, type)
c. Contrast of Size
d. Contrast of Tone
 Contrast in Architectural Subjects
a. Contrast of Mass
b. Contrast of Direction
c. Contrast of Character
Egyptian Pyramids
d. Contrast of Treatment Contrast in Mass (its size)
2. Proportion
Factors of Proportion:
a. Natural Material Proportions
b. Manufactures Proportions
c. Mode of Construction or
Structural Proportions
d. Program, Function or
Government Ordinances
e. Traditions and Generally The Parthenon using the
Accepted Taste Golden Section Proportion
 Two Kinds of Proportions:
1. Relative
2. Absolute
3. Scale
a. General Scale
b. Human Scale
B. Gravitational Curves
1. Balance
a. Symmetrical Balance Symmetrical Balance
b. Unsymmetrical Balance
c. Gravitational Balance
9
C. Hierarchy
1. Rhythm
a. Unaccented Rhythm
b. Accented Rhythm
2. Unity
3. Character
a. Functional Character
b. Associated Character
c. Personal Character Architectural Character of a
Chinese Temple
Plan Composition
1. Axial Arrangements
2. Principles of spaces
3. Emphasis
4. Secondary Principles
a. Repetition
b. Transition
c. Transformation
Visual Acuity and Perception

The Perception of Objects:
Repetition in Architectural Design
1. The Perception of Shape
a. Figure ground
b. Fluctuation
Psychological Factors Affecting Accuracy of Shape

Perception
a. Optical Illusions
b. Depth and distance
c. Illusion of depth
10
Conceptualization Techniques of Design

Some general categories under which the concerns
and issues of a building may be listed and
addressed in design:
1. Functional Zoning
2. Architectural Space
3. Circulation and Building Form
4. Response to Context
5. Building Envelope
Categories of concern that an Architect must

consider:
1. Function (activity grouping and zoning)
2. Space (volume required by activities)
3. Geometry (circulation, form and image)
4. Context (site and climate)
5. Enclosure (structure, enclosing planes and
Zoning Plan
openings)
6. Systems (mechanical, electrical)
7. Economics (firsts costs, maintenance
costs)
8. Human Factors (perception, behavior)
Design considerations in a given locality:

a. Population Density
b. Building Bulk
c. Width of Streets
d. Traffic Conditions and parking/loading
requirements
e. Land use plans and zoning ordinances
f. Geological Conditions
g. Hydrological Conditions Bubble Diagram of a House
h. Meteorological Conditions
i. Environmental Conditions
j. Availability of basic utility systems
11
Another Sample of a Matrix Diagram
Matrix Diagram
This is used to determine the relationship of
different spaces required for a project
Categories of Spaces
Sample of Schematic Drawing
12
Spatial Theories
Anthropometrics and Ergonomics
Definitions:
1. Anthropocentrism: the human being is the
most important entity in the universe. The
world is perceived according to the values
and experiences of the human being.
2. Anthropomorphism: human qualities are
associated with non-human entities, events
qualities such as form, values and
emotions.
3. Anthropometrics: study of measurements
of the human body.
4. Ergonomics: an applied science concerned
with the characteristics of people that need
to be considered in the design of devices
and systems in order that people and
things will interact effectively and safely.
Body-World, Body-Architecture Greek thoughts:
1. According to Greek Philosophers, Thales,
Heraclitus, Empedocles and Atomists: Man
is part of the universe; The elements
making up a man are the same elements
making up the whole universe
2. According to Sophists led by Protagoras,
than later Socrates, Plato, Aristotle: Man is
the source of all measurements for all
things; Man is a free entity who can chart
his own direction. Medieval and Christian
thoughts.
Ergonomics
3. According to St. Augustine and St. Thomas
Aquinas: Man has no power against the
laws of the universe
4. According to Vitruvius: denounced that a
building should reflect measurements and
proportions of the human body.
13
Proxemics
The study of the symbolic and communicative role
of the spatial separation individuals maintain in
various social and interpersonal situations and how
the nature and degree of this spatial arrangement
relates to environmental and cultural factors.
1. Personal Space- invisible boundary
surrounding the person’s body into which
intruders may not come
 Acceptable infringements of personal
space in lobbies, elevators, subways, Personalization or marking of an area (signage or
gates)
fast foods and other public spaces.
2. Personalization and Personalized Space
 Staking claim to places
 Desire for control and an expression of
aesthetic tastes as well as an effort to
make environment fit activity better
Soft Architecture:
 The building or environment can be
personalized without damage to them
or without difficult surgery
Right to defend against intrusion
Territorial and Defensible Spaces

1. Territory: is a delimited space that a person
or a group of persons uses and defends as
an exclusive preserve. It involves
psychological identification with a space
2. Basic Characteristics of Territories:
 Ownership or rights to a place (land
titles or deed of sales)
 Personalization or marking of an area
(signage or gates)
 Right to defend against intrusion Chrysler Building Lobby
 Serving of functions ranging from
physiological to self-actualization
3. Territorial Variation – cultural bias
14
The Concept of Privacy

The ability of individuals or group of individuals to
control their visual, auditory and olfactory
interactions with others. The ability to control
interactions to have options and to achieve the
desired level of interaction.
Kinds of Privacy:
1. Solitude: the state of being free from
observation by others
2. Intimacy: the state of being with another
person but free from the outside world
Levels of Space
3. Anonymity: the state of being unknown
even in a crowd
4. Reserve: the state in which a person
employs psychological barriers to control
unwanted intrusions
Purpose of Privacy:
1. Personal autonomy
2. Release of emotions
3. Self-evaluation
4. Limit and protect communication
Levels of Spaces:
Bringing the outside in
1. Intimate Space (1-18 inches)
2. Personal Space (18-48 inches)
3. Social Space (4-12 feet)
4. Public Distance (12 or more feet)
Spatial illusions through:
 Changes in levels
 Bringing outside in
 Use of glass and light materials
 Multiplicity of functions
 Two-dimensional treatments
 Use of color Spatial Illusions
15
Social Organizations and Spaces

Definitions of Social Organization
1. Webster: a system of continuous purposive
activity of a specific kind
2. Richard Hall: a collectively with relativity
identifiable boundary, a normative order,
authority ranks, common system.
Reciprocity between the built environment and
behavior Spatial qualities affording interaction
1. Functional distance Toronto Chapel
Socio-petal Space
2. Functional centrality
Formal and informal interactions: opportunities to
see and be seen are prerequisites to informal
interaction. Collection Points:
1. Nodes
2. Elevators
3. Lobbies
4. Canteens
Socio-petal Space: layouts where it is easy to
maintain face to face contact
Socio-fugal: layouts it is easy to avoid interactions
Socio-fugal Space
Psychological Theories in Architecture

1. Theories on Needs: Maslow’s Hierarchy of
Needs
2. Theories on Perception
 Cognition: the mental process by which
knowledge is acquired
 Symbol: something that represents
something by association,
resemblance or convention, especially
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
a material object used to represent
something invisible or immaterial,
deriving its meaning from the structure
which it appears
16
 Semiotics: the science of lights

 Meanings: learned associations
between the object and an idea
 Meaning of Built Environment: results
from the combination of Form with a
particular meaning
 Gestalt: objects observe have innate
qualities that make them independent
of the perceiver and the environment.
Semiotic Triangle
 Ecological: conditions in the
environment affect the way an object is
perceived
 Transactional: recognizes the role of
experience; there exists a dynamic
relationship between the person and
the environment; perception is active
rather than passive; perception is
governed by expectancies and pre-
dispositions
 Speculative Aesthetics: relies on the
introspective analysis of the individual
 Sensory values
Ecological Pyramid
 Formal values
 Expression or associational
values: Aesthetic, Practical,
Negative values
 Figure-ground: a property of perception
in which there is a tendency to see
parts of a visual field as solid, well
defined objects standing out against a
less distinct background
 Information Theory: the environment as
a set of stimuli
 Semantic Theory: focuses on the
Figure-ground
meaning of elements of the
environment and not on the patterns
17
Architectural Concepts
Thematic or Symbolic Architectural Concepts
1. Analogies: literally relating architectural
form with other objects or processes
Biological Analogy
 Architecture based on anatomy
 Concept of Organic Architecture
 Parts of a whole
 Morphology: science of form
 Form follows function
 Influence of the environment
Mechanical Analogy
 Scientific evolution and artistic
evolution follow the same laws
 Movement and function
 Collaboration in the progressive
accumulation of technical knowledge
 Precise destination and expression of Form follows Function
potentialities The Dancing House in Prague, Czech Republic by
Frank Gehry
Gastronomic Analogy
 Demands the combination of materials
of strength, ideal sequence or plan,
analysis and testing of efficacies
 Goes beyond scientific analysis;
requires intuition, imagination,
enthusiasm, immense amount of
organizational skills
Linguistic Analogy
 Eloquence and expression
 Emotions and experiencing emotions
 Vocabulary and composition
2. Metaphors: abstract relationships
Paris Opera by Charles Garnier (1875), France
3. Essences: meanings, issues, symbols,
going beyond programmed requirements
4. Programmatic: stated requirements
5. Ideals: universal values, highest aspiration
18
Functional Concepts
1. Traditional definition of good architecture
3 Principles of Vitruvius:
 Utilitas
 Firmitas
 Venustas
2. Architectural Programming
3. Optimization and Satisfaction of Needs
There are two problem in architecture:
1. In private buildings, how to provide the
optimum accommodation for the
smallest sum of money
2. In public buildings, how to provide the
maximum accommodation for a given
sum
 Ornament had nothing to do with
architectural beauty, since a building
was only beautiful when it satisfied a
need
 Whether we consult our reason, or
examine ancient monuments, it is
evident that the primary purpose of
Campus Master Plan
architecture has never been to please,
Architectural Programming
nor has architectonic decoration been
its object
 Public and private usefulness, and the
happiness and preservation of mankind
are the aims of architecture
Green roof planted with native species at L'Historial

de la Vendée, a new museum in western France
19
3. “Less is More” – Ludwig Mies Van der

Rohe. The International Style:
 “the house is a machine to live in” – the
program for building a house should be
set out with the same precision as that
for building a machine
 Structural frame should be separately
identified from the space enclosing
walls
 House should be lifted on polities so Flying Buttresses
the garden roofs should be flat,

capable of being used as a garden
 Pitched roof disturbed the cubic of
rectilinear form
 Interior accommodation should be
freely planned
Structural Concepts:
1. By Gravity
2. Post and Lintel
3. Arches and Vaults
4. Flying Buttresses
5. Domes
6. Frames
7. Tube Construction
8. Mushroom Construction
9. Stretched Membrane
10. Suspended Systems
11. Stratification
12. Prefabrication
Dome
20
Environmental Concepts and Biotecture

1. Environmental Theory of Perception:
Light and color as a modifying element of
space; artificial or natural, light can be
manipulated by design to identify places
and to give places particular character. Le
Corbusier “Architecture is the masterly,
correct and magnificent play of masses
brought together in light. Our eyes are
made to see form in light. Thus, cubes,
cones, spheres, cylinders, or pyramids are
Organic Architecture
the great primary forms which light reveals
to advantage; they are not only beautiful
forms but most beautiful forms.
2. Organic Architecture:
Each design component becomes an
essential part of the whole such that when
one is removed, the composition will be
incomplete. Architecture is the process that
organizes and composes various
interrelated forces into a unified whole. Using what is there
3. Evolutionary Architecture
Architecture can create as nature creates
A building can be seen as a living organism
with functional processes. The overriding
objective is to reach the ultimate evolution
of a design so that it is a perfect
culmination of function, form and purpose
within limits of budget, materials and so
forth.
4. Using what is there
Design takes off from the natural features
of the site. The concept is based on
available resources
21
Technological Concepts
Technology: applied science, the branch of
knowledge that deals with the creation and use of
technical means and their interrelation with life,
society and the environment, drawing upon such
subjects as industrial arts, engineering, applied
science and pure science
1. Tectonics: the art and science of shaping
ornamenting or assembling materials in
building construction
2. Bauhaus: aim was to unite art and
technology under a purified aesthetic that
removed all ornament and articulation from
form and stressed the beauty of expressed
function. Ornament was considered a
bourgeois decadence, if not an actual
Technology and Architecture
crime –Walter Gropius, Marcel Breuer and
Josef Albers
Philosophical Views and Architecture

 Environment and Architecture
The Ten Books of Architecture by Vitruvius
-The man of learning can be fearlessly
looking down upon the troublesome
accidents of fortune. But he thinks himself
entrenched in defenses not of learning but
of luck, moves in slippery paths, struggling
through life unsteadily and insecurely
 Laws of Ecology
Aldo Leopold
Ecology is a harmonious relation to land is
Art and Architecture at the Bauhaus
more intricate and of more consequence to
civilization than the historians of progress
seems to realize, civilization is not, as they
often assume, the enslavement of a stable
and constant earth.
22
 Ekistics
Doxiadis:
A human settlement is made up of five
ekistic elements, which are interactive and
interdependent with each other. These are
man, nature, shells, networks and society.
 De Stijl
Pursuit of social renewal through ideal
abstraction; close relationship between
architecture and the fine arts; pristine,
geometric but more decorative than the
Bauhaus: Painter Piet Mondrian, Design
Critic Theo Van Doesburg
 Ethnocentrism
Habitual disposition to judge foreign
peoples or groups by the standards and
practices of one’s own culture or ethnic
groups
 Critical Regionalism
Factoring in cultural variations and
contextual realities
De Stijl Art
Architectural Books in History
Leon Batista Alberti

 “De Re Aedificatoria” (On the Art of
Building)
Vignola
 Five Orders of Classical Architecture
Andrea Palladio
 Four Books of Architecture
 Palladian Architecture
Andrea Palladio’s
“Four Books of Architecture”
23
Architectural Styles and ISM’s in Architecture

 Egyptian Architecture – “after life”
 Mesopotamian Architecture – protected their
cities from floods, fortifications
 Greek Architecture – Doric, Ionic and
Corinthian. Celebrate humani sm and outdoor
activities
 Roman Architecture – high structures and
domes
 Early Christian and Byzantine – emphasis on Chinoiserie
dome structures
 Romanesque – blind arches (arcades), flat
ceiling
 Gothic – pointed arches, flying buttresses, high
structures, stained glass
 Medieval Architecture – development of
fortifications
 Renaissance – celebration of humanism, re-
birth, triangular and circular pediments
 Baroque – twisted columns
 Revivalism – “academie des Beaux Artes”
 Eclecticism – fusion of different styles
 Chinoiserie – Chinese influence
 Industrial Revolution – machines, expo, steel
Art Nouveau
and factories
 Arts and Crafts Movement – use of arts and
unusual building materials on exterior design
(craftsman style)
 Modern Architecture – modernism, more on
function
 Art Nouveau – Jugenstil (Germany), Stile
Liberty (Italy), Modernismo (Spain),
Sezessione (Austria)
International Style
 Bauhaus – “school”, functional aesthetics
 International Style – style that is applicable
worldwide
24
 De Stijl Movement – Neo-plasticism

 Purism – pure forms, Villa Savoye (Le
Corbusier)
 Art Deco – richly decorated architecture
 Expressionism – conception of architecture as
a work of art
 Minimalism – architecture subject is reduced to
its necessary elements
 Brutalism – the use of raw concrete appeared
to be unfinished
 Cubism – architecture as sculptures Brutalism
 Post Modernism – geometrical and basic

shapes
 Metabolism – 1960’s a movement in Tokyo
about Organic Architecture
 High Technology – open plan for interiors and
utilities located outside
 Corporatism – the business of Architecture,
focuses on proficiency of the process and
product of architecture
 Deconstructivism - proponent of which is
Jacques Derrida, breaking the norms of a box
Metabolism
Deconstructivism
25
Famous Architect’s Dictum
“Form follows function” “Function influence but does not dictate form”
- Louis Sullivan - Eero Saarinen
“Form does not necessarily follow function” - “Architectural-form equals social-form”

Antonio Gaudi -Eliel Saarinen
"Form follows function- that has been “Modern architecture need not to be Western”
misunderstood. Form and function should be one, - Kenzo Tange
joined in a spiritual union"
-Frank Lloyd Wright "All architects want to live beyond their deaths"
-Philip Johnson
“Art and Architecture, the new unity”
- Walter Gropius “Architecture must meet 3 requirements: strength,
beauty, and unity”
"Architecture is the reaching out for the truth" - Marcus Vitruvius Pocio
-Louis Kahn
"Every great architect is- necessarily - a great poet.
“A house is a house” He must be a great original interpreter of his time,
- Louis Kahn his day, his age"
-Frank Lloyd Wright
“Cube within a cube”
- Le Corbusier “Architecture should speak of its time and place,
but yearn for timelessness.”
"The house is a machine for living in" -Frank Gehry
- Le Corbusier
“Architecture is the reaching out for the truth.”
“A bridge is like a house” -Louis Kahn
- Robert Maillart
“An architect is the drawer of dreams”
“Less is more” -Grace McGarvie
- Ludwig Mies Van de Rohe
“My passion and great enjoyment for architecture,
"Less is a bore"
and the reason the older I get the more I enjoy it, is
-Robert Venturi
because I believe we – architects – can affect the
quality of life of the people.”
"Architecture is the will of an epoch translated into
-Richard Rogers
space"
-Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
“Architecture is the art of how to waste space.”
"Architecture starts when you carefully put two -Philip Johnson
bricks together. There it begins"
-Ludwig Mies van der Rohe “Architecture arouses sentiments in man. The
architect’s task therefore, is to make those
"Make big plans; aim high in hope and work, sentiments more precise.”
remembering that a noble, logical diagram once -Adolf Loos
recorded will not die"
-Daniel Burnham “The job of buildings is to improve human relations:
architecture must ease them, not make them
"Make no little plans; they have no magic to stir worse.”
men's blood" -Ralph Erskine
-Daniel Burnham
26
Feng Shui
Feng Shui is an ancient art and science developed

over 3,000 years ago in China. It is a complex body
of knowledge that reveals how to balance the
energies of any given space to assure the health
and good fortune for people inhabiting it.
Feng means wind and shui means water. In

Chinese culture wind and water are associated with
good health, thus good feng shui came to mean
good fortune, while bad feng shui means bad luck,
or misfortune.
Feng Shui is based on the Taoist vision and

understanding of nature, particularly on the idea
that the land is alive and filled with Chi, or energy.
The ancient Chinese believed that the land's
energy could either make or break the kingdom, so
to speak. The theories of yin and yang, as well as
the five feng shui elements, are some of the basic
aspects of a feng shui analysis that come from
Taoism.
27
28
29
30
AT THE OFFICE
31
32
MASTER ARCHITECTS
ARCHITECT INFORMATION KNOWN WORK
 Adolf Loos
 1870-1933
 Austro-Hungarian
Looshaus in Vienna, Austria
 Aldo Rossi
 1931-1997
 Italian
Bonnefanten Museum in
Netherlands
 Alvar Aalto
 1898 - 1976
 Finnish
Auditorium of the University of

Technology, Helsinki, Finland
 Antoni Gaudi
 1852 - 1926
 Spanish
Sagrada Familia, Barcelona
 Auguste Perret
 1874 - 1954
 French
Théâtre des Champs-Élysées,

Paris, 1913
33
 Benjamin Latrobe
 1764 - 1820
 British
 Father of American
Architecture
Bank of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia
 Bernard Tschumi
 1944 - present
 Swiss
School of Architecture Building at

Florida International University
 Buckminster Fuller
 1895 - 1983
 American
 “Geodesic Domes” Montreal Biosphère
 John Wellborn Root

 1850 - 1891
 American
Monadnock Building, Chicago
 Daniel Burnham
 1846 - 1912
 American
Flatiron Building, Manhattan
34
 Charles Rennie Macintosh

 1868 - 1928
 Scottish
Glasgow School of Art in

Glasgow, Scotland
 Eero Saarinen
 1910 - 1961
 Finnish
TWA Flight Center, New York
 Eliel Saarinen
 1873 - 1950
 Finnish
Kleinhans Music Hall, Buffalo,

New York
 Erich Mendelsohn
 1887 - 1953
 German
Einstein Tower, Potsdam,

Germany
 Felix Candela
 1910 - 1997
 Spanish
Valencia Oceanografic
35
 Frank Gehry
 1929 - present
 Canadian -American
The Guggenheim Museum in
Bilbao
 Frank Lloyd Wright

 1867 - 1959
 American
Fallingwater
 Frei Otto
 1925 - 2015
 German
1972 Munich Olympic Stadium
 Fumihiko Maki
 1928 - present
 Japanese
MIT Media Lab Extension,

Cambridge, Massachusetts
 Hector Guimard
 1867 - 1942
 French
Synagogue de la rue Pavée à

Paris
36
 Helmut Jahn
 1940 - present
 German-American
James R. Thompson Center
 Hendrik Petrus Berlage

 1856 - 1934
 Dutch
The Hague municipal museum
 Henry Richardson
 1838 - 1886
 American
 Harvard graduate
Trinity Church, Boston
 Henry Van de Velde

 1863 - 1957
 Belgian
Main building of the Bauhaus-

University in Weimar
 Ieoh Meing Pei

 1917 - present
 Chinese - American
The Louvre Pyramid, Paris
37
 Inigo Jones
 1573 - 1652
 British
The Queen's House at

Greenwich
 James Stirling
 1926 - 1992
 British
History Faculty Library,

Cambridge, 1968
 Jorn Utzon
 1918 - 2008
 Danish
Sydney Opera House
 Sir Joseph Paxton

 1803 - 1865
 English
Crystal Palace
 Kenzo Tange
 1913 - 2005
 Japanese
Yoyogi National Gynasium
38
 Kisho Kurokawa
 1934 - 2007
 Japanese
Nakagin Capsule Tower
 Le Corbusier
 1887 - 1965
 French
Villa Savoye
 Louis Sullivan
 1856 - 1924
 American
 Father of skyscrapers
Guaranty Building, New York
 Louis Kahn
 1901 - 1974
 American
Salk Institute, California
 Lucio Costa
 1902 - 1998
 Brazilian
Brasilia
39
 Oscar Niemeyer
 1907 – present
 Brazilian
National Congress of Brazil,
Brasília
 Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

 1886 - 1969
 German
 “Less is more”
860–880 Lake Shore Drive,
Chicago, Illinois
 Marcel Breuer
 1902 - 1981
 Hungarian
Whitney Museum of American

Art, New York
 Michael Graves
 1934 - present
 American
Portland Building, Oregon
 Minoru Yamasaki
 1912 - 1986
 Japanese
Former World Trade Center, NY
40
 Moshe Safdie
 1938 - present
 Israeli/Canadian/American
Marina Bay Sands
 Norman Foster
 1935 - present
 British
Hearst Tower in NYC
 Otto Wagner
 1841 - 1918
 Austrian - Hungarian
Postal Office Savings Bank

Building, Vienna
 Paul Rudolph
 1918 - 1997
 Austrian - Hungarian
Orange County
Government Center
 Peter Behrens
 1868 - 1940
 German
AEG Turbine Factory
41
 Peter Eisenman
 1932 - present
 American University of Phoenix
Stadium
 Philip Johnson
 1906 - 2005
 American
Seagram Building
 Philip Webb
 1831 - 1905
 English
Red House, London
 Pier Luigi Nervi

 1831 - 1905
 Italian
 Engineer by Profession
Thompson Arena
Dartmouth College
 Rem Koolhaas
 1944 - present
 Dutch
Seattle Public Library
42
 Renzo Piano
 1937 - present
 Italian
Kansai Airport, Japan
 Richard Meier
 1934 - present
 American
Getty Center, Los Angeles
 Richard Rogers
 1933 - present
 British
Lloyd’s Building, London
 Robert Maillart
 1872 - 1940
 Swiss
 Civil Engineer
Salginatobel Bridge, Switzerland
 Robert Venturi
 1925 - present
 American
Vanna Venturi House
43
 Santiago Calatrava
 1951 - present
 Spanish
 Civil Engineer & Sculptor
Turning Torso, Sweden
 Thomas Jefferson
 1743 - 1826
 American
 3rd President of the United
States of America Monticello, Virginia, USA
 Victor Horta
 1861 - 1947
 Belgian
Hotel Tassel, Brussels
 Walter Gropius
 1883 - 1969
 German
Bauhaus, Dessau, Germany
 William Van Allen

 1883 - 1954
 American
Chrysler Building
44
TROPICAL DESIGN
Climate
 Defined a region with certain temperature, TROPICAL DESIGN
dryness, wind, light etc
 Integration in time of the atmosphere =
environment of a certain geographic location.
 The atmosphere of the earth absorbs solar
energy which in turn warms the planet’s
Minimize SUN
surface
+
Climatic Factors
1. Solar Radiation Maximize WIND
a) UV radiation
b) Visible Light
c) Short Infra-red Radiation (Radiant Heat)
2. Tilt of the Earth’s Axis
3. Thermal Balance
4. Winds
5. Topography
Climatic Elements
1. Solar Radiation Use of louvers to minimize heat gain
2. Air Temperature
3. Atmospheric Humidity
4. Precipitation
5. Wind
Microclimatic Conditions
1. Time of the day
2. Topography
3. Water
4. Ground Surfaces
5. Vegetation
A house that has sustainable features
45
World Climates General Types of Climate

1. Hot Humid (Tropical)
2. Hot Arid
3. Temperate
4. Cold
Micro-Climate
If building is to relate to and gain from its
environment, it is important to understand regional
whether patterns but the microclimate of the area
must also be carefully examined. The following
factors can alter the microclimate to produce a
quite different microclimate:
 Time of day – Day and night will produce two Water Cycle
quite different conditions sometimes reversing

the direction of the prevailing wind
 Vegetation and Soil Type – Vegetation can
produced enclosed conditions, either altering or
reducing tire wind speed or direction
 Man-Made Structures – The built environment
can significantly alter the microclimate of an
area
 Topography – Generally, wind speeds will Sun Path
increase with altitude. The steeper the slope of
the land, the faster the temperature will drop at
night, and this will alter the wind the wind
direction. The topography of the earth’s
surface has a major effect on microclimate,
diverting, or blocking winds, are therefore more
desirable than north facing slopes
 Proximity to Bodies of Water – The proximity of
land to water mass will create air currents.
Shadow analysis of a house using a
Water has a high heat capacity arid therefore a Sun Path Diagram
large water mass will not absorb heat as
quickly but will retain it longer than a similar
area of land mass.
46
Thermal Comfort Air Movement in Buildings

Human comfort is determined by the ability of the
body to dissipate heat and moisture it produces by 1. Windward side = positive pressure
metabolic action. Leeward side = negative pressure
2. Air enters through openings located in the
Tropical Climate positive pressure zone
 Those regions where heat is the dominant Air exits through openings located at the
problem, where the annual mean temperature negative pressure zone
is not less than 20 degrees 3. Air enters through lower level openings
Air exits at higher level openings
Tropical Design 4. Window width ÷ wall width = 50% to
This is concerned with countries where discomfort increase indoor air speed
due to heat and humidity are the dominant 5. Window heights = 1.10 meters for effective
problems. Tropical Design is applicable to indoor air movement
Tropical, Sub-Tropical and Equatorial climates 6. Wind deflectors, horizontal and vertical, to
covering the Southeast Asian countries. redirect air flow
7. Prevent wind shadows by placing openings
Characteristics of Tropical countries
1. Temperature
2. Humidity Levels
3. Wind Conditions Air Movement
4. Sky Conditions
5. Precipitation
Problems in Areas with Tropical Climates

1. High Temperature Level (Heat)
2. High Humidity Levels
3. Slow Wind Velocities
4. High Precipitation Levels during Rainy Days
5. High Incidence of Typhoons
6. Abundance of Insects and Rodents
7. Camp Ground Conditions
47
Design Objectives in Tropical Climates Solar Geometry

1. Minimize heat gain
2. Maximize ventilation 1. Rays of the sun vary with time and place
3. Prevent unnecessary increase in humidity (latitude)
levels 2. Celestial Sphere: earth is static; sun moves
4. Having good drainage systems to from east to west
accommodate high precipitation during the 3. The sun moves across the sky at a rate of
year 15.04° per hour
5. Protect spaces from insects and rodents 4. The earth’s polar axis is inclined at 23°47’
from the vertical
Heat Transfer 5. June 21 is considered the longest day =
 Conduction – flow of heat through a material by summer solstice
transfer from warmer to cooler molecules 6. December 21 is the shortest day = winter
 Convection – transfer of heat from one place to solstice
another by the flow of molecules from one 7. March 21 and September 21 = equinoxes
place to another
 Radiation – transfer of energy through space Monsoons in the Philippines
by electromagnetic waves Monsoon: large-scale seasonal currents
 Evaporation and Condensation – the 1. Northeast Monsoon = AMIHAN = the winter
evaporation of water from liquid to vapor form. monsoon
 Appears in October
 Thermal Conductance – is the time rate of heat  Attains maximum strength in January
flow through a unit area of a given material of  Gradually weakens in March
unit thickness.  Disappears in April
 Thermal Resistance - is the reciprocal of 2. Southwest Monsoon = HABAGAT = the
thermal conductance expressed as the summer monsoon
temperature  Appears early May
 R – Value – is the measure of Thermal  Maximum flows during August
resistance of a material used to specify the  Disappears gradually in October
performance of thermal insulation  Persists from November to December
 U value – a measure of the thermal

transmittance of a building component or
assembly, equal to the reciprocal of the total R
value of the assembly or component
48
Passive Cooling
A cooling system using a building’s design and
construction to maintain a comfortable temperature
within the building. Passive design is essentially
low-energy design achieved by the building’s
particular morphological organization rather than
electro-mechanical means.
Some passive cooling methods used in building

design are:
1. Building configuration, site layout and planning
2. Building orientation
3. Façade design
4. Solar control devices (Sun shading devices)
5. Wind and natural ventilation
6. Other passive daylight devices, building
envelope color, vertical landscaping
HOT-HUMID CLIMATE:
 maximize wind exposure
 maximize internal airflow
 minimize radiant heat gain
HOT-DRY CLIMATE:
 minimize radiant heat gain
 moderate wind resistance
 moderate internal airflow
COOL CLIMATE:
 maximize thermal retention
 maximize radiant heat gain
 minimize wind resistance
TEMPERATE CLIMATE:
 moderate thermal retention
 moderate radiant heat gain
 slight wind exposure (for humidity control)
moderate internal airflow
49
THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE TOPIC GUIDE SCOPE

1. Introduction 4. Tropical Architecture – Design with Climate
a) The nature of architecture a) Climatic Design: elements, factors,
b) Architecture as an art and science concepts, analysis and application for
c) Processes in architectural design comfort
2. Elements of Architecture and Basic b) Theories and Principles of Tropical
Principles of Design Design
a) Need-specific elements c) Influences and elements in Tropical
b) Structural, circulatory protective and Architecture
decorative elements d) Specific examples of Tropical
c) Influences in architectural design Architecture
d) Basic principles of design 5. Masters of Architecture
e) Principles of composition a) Philosophies of Great Architects
3. Design Perception b) Examples of great works
a) Anthropometric and Ergonomics basis
of architectural design
b) Space articulation and territoriality
c) Visual and perceptual language
d) Psychology of space
e) Kinesthetic, Proxemics and culture
50

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Introduction Essence and Composition

Processes in Architectural Design Space Articulation and Organization

Form and Space

Proportion and Scale

Chromatic Energy of Architectural Design

The Warm Colors

Red – associated with passion, heat and energy.

Influences in Architectural Design

Visual Acuity and Perception

Psychological Factors Affecting Accuracy of Shape

Conceptualization Techniques of Design

Categories of concern that an Architect must

Design considerations in a given locality:

Another Sample of a Matrix Diagram

Sample of Schematic Drawing

Territorial and Defensible Spaces

The Concept of Privacy

Social Organizations and Spaces

Psychological Theories in Architecture

 Semiotics: the science of lights

Green roof planted with native species at L'Historial

3. “Less is More” – Ludwig Mies Van der

the garden roofs should be flat,

Environmental Concepts and Biotecture

Philosophical Views and Architecture

Leon Batista Alberti

Architectural Styles and ISM’s in Architecture

 De Stijl Movement – Neo-plasticism

 Post Modernism – geometrical and basic

Famous Architect’s Dictum

“Form does not necessarily follow function” - “Architectural-form equals social-form”

Feng Shui is an ancient art and science developed

Feng means wind and shui means water. In

Feng Shui is based on the Taoist vision and

ARCHITECT INFORMATION KNOWN WORK

Auditorium of the University of

Sagrada Familia, Barcelona

Théâtre des Champs-Élysées,

School of Architecture Building at

 John Wellborn Root

Monadnock Building, Chicago

Flatiron Building, Manhattan

 Charles Rennie Macintosh

Glasgow School of Art in

TWA Flight Center, New York

Kleinhans Music Hall, Buffalo,

Einstein Tower, Potsdam,

 Frank Lloyd Wright

1972 Munich Olympic Stadium

MIT Media Lab Extension,

Synagogue de la rue Pavée à

 Hendrik Petrus Berlage

The Hague municipal museum

Trinity Church, Boston

 Henry Van de Velde

Main building of the Bauhaus-

 Ieoh Meing Pei

The Louvre Pyramid, Paris

The Queen's House at

History Faculty Library,