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1. False positive hematuria can be caused by: phenindione, phenazopyridine, rifampin,

INH, porphyria, myoglobinuria, dehydration, chlorpromazine, thioridazine, senna,
laxatives & beet consumption.
2. Brown coloured urine can be seen after consumption of- Nitrofurantoin or
Metronidazole.
3. Hematuria:- initial (only at start of the stream)- indicates urethral pathology,
throughout indicates bladder or upper tract pathology, terminal indicates bladder neck
or prostate pathology.
4. Sterile pyuria (pus cells in urine but negative on routine culture) suggests
tuberculosis, chlamydial infection or inflammatory pathologies of bladder
5. Mechanism of renal damage: in HTN, Renal A. Stenosis – decreased renal plasma
flow, in glomerulonephritis or cortical necrosis- glomerular loss, pyelonephritis-
decreased tubular function. In obstruction of urinary tract – all three mechanisms
6. Delayed nephrogram on IVU suggests functional impairment of kidney
7. Dye which is safe to use for retrograde/ascending urethrogram even after urothelial
breach – Umbradil Viscous V. Injected through Knutsson’s apparatus
8. Cystoscope invented by-Nitze
9. Rod lens telescope and fibreoptic illumination invented by – Hopkins
10. Oliguria definition:- <300 ml urine /24 hrs
11. Characteristic metabolic abnormality of the oliguric phase of renal failure:-
hyperkalaemic acidosis
12. Pararenal pseudohydronephrosis is a delayed complication of:- renal trauma
13. Whitaker test:- historical test to confirm presence of obstruction of the kidney
14. Methods of repairing a damaged ureter:-
*No loss of length- spatulation with end-to-end anastomosis
*Little loss of length- mobilize kidney / psoas hitch / Boari flap
*Marked loss of length- transuretero-ureterostomy, interposition of bowel
loop, nephrectomy
15. Ureteric Calculi smaller than 0.5 cm pass spontaneously unless they are impacted.
Surgical intervention should be avoided
16. Drug treatment of hypercalciuria:- Thiazide
17. Drug of choice for ureteric colic:- NSAIDs (Diclofenac)
18. Bilateral medial displacement of ureters on IVU seen in :- Retroperitoneal fibrosis
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19. Ureterolysis is performed as treatment for:- Retroperitoneal fibrosis (releasing ureters

from fibrotic cover)
20. Pyelonephritis of pregnancy usually occurs- in 20-28 weeks of pregnancy
21. Classical triad of anemia, fever and loin swelling seen in:- Pyonephrosis
22. Cause of renal carbuncle:- blood borne infection due to E.coli, S.aureus. Usually does
not resolve with antibiotics alone. Needs drainage
23. Treatment of transitional cell carcinoma of renal pelvis:- nephro-ureterectomy
24. Treatment of transitional cell carcinoma of ureter is:- nephro-ureterectomy
25. Preferable treatment of transitional cell carcinoma owing to Balkan Nephropathy:-
Partial Nephrectomy (Nephron Sparing Surgery)
26. Demonstration of intact bulbocavernosus and anal reflexes indicates :- that the sacral
cord and nerves are intact
27. Clean intermittent self-catheterisation (CISC) was popularised by Lapides
28. Primary nocturnal enuresis:- 1st line treatment is reward system (star chart). Drug of
choice is DDAVP (a vasopressin analogue)
29. Only drug approved for Genuine Stress Incontinence:- Duloxetine (serotonin-nor
epinephrine reuptake inhibitor)
30. Best method of removal of a retained Foley catheter is:-percutaneous puncture of
balloon under ultrasound guidance
31. Usual cause of pulsion diverticuli of bladder:- bladder outlet obstruction. They are
composed of mucosa and fibrous tissue only (no detrusor muscle). Surgery required
only in presence of complications
32. Most vesicovaginal fistulae are the result of ischaemic necrosis of the bladder because
of prolonged pressure of the fetal head in obstetric cases
33. Three Swab test:-to distinguish between a ureterovaginal and vesicovaginalfistula,
which can be made by placing a swab in the vaginaand injecting a solution of
methylene blue through the urethra;the vaginal swab becomes coloured blue if a
vesicovaginalfistula is present
34. Three glass urine test:- for diagnosis of chronic prostatitis (if first glass shows
prostatic threads)
35. Acute abacterial cystitis (hemorrhagic cystitis) can be caused by mycoplasma, hepes
simplex and cyclophosphamide
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36. Phohotodynamic ‘blue’ light cystoscopy which relies on the photosensitiser

hexaminolevulinate. It is now recommended in patients with high suspicion of the
disease and negative initial findings and in follow up of patients with CIS.
37. The main complication of ileal conduit is uretero- ileal anastomotic stricture, which
can be avoided by spatulation of the distal ureters and an end-to-end anastomosis as
described by Wallace
38. Skene’s tubules, which open on either side of the female urethra, are the homologue
of the prostate.
39. Marion’s disease:-bladder outlet obstruction in young men owing to muscular
hypertrophy of internal sphincter
40. Fowler’s syndrome:- bladder outlet obstruction in females owing to external
sphincter hypertrophy. Urethral dilatation is ineffective and best treatment is clean
intermittent catheterization
41. Corpora amylacea:- are tiny calcified lamellated bodies found in the glandular alveoli
of the prostates of elderly men. They are forerunners of endogenous prostatic calculi
which are usually composed of calcium phosphate
42. “Nerve sparing” radical prostatectomy, thus preserving erectile function was
discovered by:- Patrick Walsh
43. Orchidectomy as a treatment for Ca Prostate was first shown by:- Charles Huggins
44. Best age for performing surgery for undescended testis- before 1 year (preferably 6
months)
45. Best age for performing surgery for hypospadias- before 1 year
46. Meatal ulcer can be caused due to:- as a complication of neonatal circumcision,
friction from clothing and ammonical dermatitis, &devascularisation due to ligation
of frenular artery
47. Non specific (Non gonococcal ) urethritis is caused due to:- Chlamydia trachomatis
(MC), Ureaplasma and Mycoplasma
48. Penile periurethral abscess arises as:- acute gonococcal infection of one of the glands
of Littre.
49. Balanitis xerotica obliterans(BXO) :- characterised by fibrosis of the foreskin
resulting in phimosis. The glans penis is also affected in 10% causing meatal stenosis
and, in some, there is also fibrosis and long segment stricturing of the penile urethra.
50. Bladder neck stenosis is one of the complication of :- TURP
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51. The most common complication of a urethral stricture is:- urinary tract infection
52. Mild phimosis with minimal scarring, treatment:- preputioplasty
53. The Plastibel device can be used in infants for circumcision. The ring separates
between 5 and 8 days postoperatively
54. Frenulum Breve:- the frenulum is short, such that it causes pain when the foreskin is
retracted. Often confused with phimosis. Treatment is by frenuloplasty, which utilises
the Heineke Mikulicz principle to ‘lengthen’ the frenulum.
55. Most common cause of genital ulcer:- herpes
56. ‘Vanishing’ testis describes a condition in which a testis develops but disappears
before birth. The most likely cause for this is prenatal torsion. True agenesis of the
testis is very rare. Laparoscopy is useful in distinguishing these causes of clinically
absent testis from intra-abdominal maldescent.
57. Most common testicular appendage to undergo torsion is:- Appendix of the testis
(pedunculated hydatid of Morgagni)
58. The usual cause of varicocele is absence or incompetence of valves in proximal
testicular vein
59. Chylocele usually occurs due to- repeated filarial epididymo-orchitis. Primary
treatment is by aspiration. Long standing thick sacs have to be excised
60. The most common cause of a haematocele is vessel damage during needle drainage of
a hydrocele
61. Epididymal cysts:- single large cysts can be excised separately, recurrent or
multilocular cysts usually require partial or total epididymectomy. Excision should be
expected to interfere with the transportation of sperm from the testis on that side
62. Spermatocele is a unilocular retention cyst derived from some portion of the sperm-
conducting mechanism of the epididymis. A spermatocele typically lies in the
epididymal head above and behind the upper pole of the testis. Small spermatoceles
can be ignored. Larger ones need to be excised
63. Most common organism causing epididymo-orchitis:- in young men (Chlamydia
trachomatis) and in elderly (E.Coli). Treatment by Doxycycline or fluroquinolones
64. Main complication of mumps orchitis is:- testicular atrophy
65. Non-filarial elephantiasis can result from fibrosis of the lymphatics caused by
lymphogranuloma venereumor by persistent contact with irritant soils
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66. Carcinoma of scrotum in Chimney sweepers was the first reported occupational
cancer (described by Percival Pott in 1775).
67. Approximately 20 per cent of cases of infertility are caused entirely by the male
factor.
68. Semen analysis must be performed within 2 hours of the semen being produced
69. Sperm counts of less than 15 million sperm per mL are defined as oligozoospermia.
70. After Vasectomy, normal contraceptive precautions should continue until the success
of the operation is confirmed by semen analysis performed 12–16 weeks after
surgery. Spontaneous recanalisation, which may restore fertility unexpectedly and
chronic testicular pain may occur in up to 5 per cent of men.
71. First successful kidney transplant:- 1954, Joe Murray
72. University of Wisconsin solution discovered:- by Belzer and colleagues
73. Role of HLA antigens was first demonstrated by:- Dausset in 1958. Loci for HLA
antigens are located on short arm of chromosome 6
74. The single most important risk factor for chronic rejection after kidney transplantation
is acute rejection (with vascular inflammation) and recurrent episodes of acute
rejection
75. GVHD (graft versus host disease) most commonly involves:- skin
76. Mechanism of action:-
Calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporine/tacrolimus) – blocks IL-2 gene transcription
mTOR inhibitors (sirolimus/everolimus) – blocks IL-2 receptor signal transduction
77. Acute rejection occurs in up to around 30 per cent of transplant recipients but usually
responds to a short course of high dose steroid therapy.
78. If the response to steroids is inadequate or if acute rejection recurs, acute rejection can
often be treated successfully by recourse to antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) therapy
79. Most common viral infection after transplant:- CMV. Treated with oral valganciclovir
or i.v. ganciclovir
80. BK virus is emerging as an important cause of graft dysfunction after renal
transplantation. The only effective treatment is to reduce the level of
immunosuppression to allow natural immune mechanism to regain control of the
virus.
81. Most common fungal infection after transplant:- pneumocystis jiroveci. Treatment by
chemoprophylaxis with cotrimoxazole
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82. Most common malignancy after transplant- skin cancer (MC squamous cell Ca)
83. Transplant patients have a 300-fold increased risk of developing Kaposi’s sarcoma
84. DCD (deceased after cardiac death) donors can be grouped according to the
Maastricht classification as follows:
• category 1: dead on arrival at hospital;
• category 2: resuscitation attempted without success;
• category 3: ‘awaiting cardiac arrest’ after withdrawal of support;
• category 4: cardiac arrest while brain dead;
• category 5: cardiac arrest and unsuccessful resuscitation in hospital.
Maastricht categories 1, 2 and 5 donors are sometimes referred to as
uncontrolledDCD donors
85. Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, sepsis, HIV, HBV, malignancy in last 5 yrs (except
primary CNS tumours, non-melanotic skin tumours and carcinoma in situ of cervix)
are contraindications for organ donation
86. In DCD donors there is an inevitable period of warm ischaemia (up to 45 minutes is
acceptable) between the diagnosis of death (cardiorespiratory arrest) and cold
perfusion of the organs
87. Cold storage time for kidney:- optimum (<18hrs), maximum (upto 36 hrs)
88. Many of the glomerulonephritides (especially IgA, focal segmental
glomerulosclerosis, and mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis types I and II) may
recur in a kidney transplant, and sometimes can lead to early graft failure (especially
focal segmental glomerulosclerosis).
89. In the case of primary oxalosis, combined kidney and hepatic transplantation is
usually undertaken to eliminate the metabolic defect and thereby prevent early graft
failure from the formation of further oxalate stones.
90. Acute tubular necrosis usually resolves within first 4 weeks of transplant
91. CBAVD (Cong. Bilateral Absence of Vas Deferens) is associated with mutation of –
CFTR gene
92. Normal serum testosterone = 400-700 ng/dl
93. PDE5 inhibitors like sildenafil (used for erectile dysfunction) are contra-indicated
with- Nitrates