Date Submitted: 12/3/2022

Around billions of years ago during the first few years of creation, Earth was one of the planets that formed in the solar system and the third planet aligned. As many epochs and
eons, coupled with many meteors crashing down to earth, many minerals and other related substances become available on earth, and it goes to show how studying the
minerals that are discovered on earth is very essential to us humans in studying Earth’s past.

Arsenates- The phosphate mineral class, which includes the arsenates, contains a fundamental chemical unit with a negative three-charge (-3) and tetrahedral symmetry.
Arsenate reacts with transition metals to produce vivid colors, which makes it a valuable indication of mineral resources. Finding nickel, copper, and cobalt arsenide ores can be
accomplished using these mineral blooms. Since phosphorus and arsenic belong to the same chemical group, arsenate is a chemical analog of phosphate (pnictogens).

Arsenates Minerals

Name Annabergite Gersdorffite Nickeline Rammelsbergite Arsenopyrite Cobaltite Loellingite Sperrylite

Sample
Picture

Short A rare nickel Gersdorffite is a Nickeline or Rammelsbergite is an iron arsenic a sulfide mineral Loellingite, also Sperrylite is a platinum
Description mineral called nickel arsenic niccolite is a a nickel arsenide sulfide with a composed of cobalt, spelled löllingite, is arsenide mineral with
Annabergite sulfide mineral mineral consisting mineral with chemical arsenic, and sulfur, an iron arsenide the chemical formula
frequently has a with formula primarily of nickel formula NiAs₂. It composition of CoAsS. Its mineral with formula PtAs₂ and is an
vivid green hue. NiAsS. It arsenide. The forms metallic FeAsS. It is the impurities may FeAs2. It is often opaque metallic tin
It is the final crystallizes in the naturally-occurring silvery to tin white most abundant contain up to 10% found associated white mineral which
sequence isometric system mineral contains to reddish arsenic-bearing iron and variable with arsenopyrite crystallizes in the
member that showing diploidal roughly 43.9% orthorhombic mineral and the amounts of nickel. (FeAsS) from which isometric system with
also includes symmetry. It nickel and 56.1% prismatic crystals, primary ore of Structurally it is hard to the pyrite group
erythrite; occurs as arsenic by mass, and is usually arsenic metal. distinguish. Cobalt, structure.
erythrite is the euhedral to but composition of massive in form. nickel and sulfur
 cobalt-dominant massive opaque, the mineral may substitute in the
member, while metallic grey- vary slightly. structure
Annabergite is black to silver
the nickel- white forms.
dominant
member. Cobalt
is frequently
present in
Annabergite's
structure.

Cleavage (010) Perfect (010) Good {1010} Imperfect Distinct/Good Poor {100} Good {001} Distinct Poor/Indistinct
Good on {101} Indistinct on {001}

Color Apple green, Gray, Grayish Lead gray, Tin white with faint Silvery-white to Reddish silver white, Silvery white, Tin-white
Greenish white, black, Silver Grayish, Copper, pinkish hue steel gray; Violet steel gray, Tarnish gray.
Gray, Yellow white, Tin white. Black.
green, White however, it easily Black
oxidized to slightly
iridescent colors of
pink, brown, or
copper.

Density 3-3.1, 5.9 – 6.33, 7.78 - 7.8, Average 7.091 g/cm3 6.18 g/cm3 6.33 7.4 10.78 g/cm3
Average=3.05 Average = 6.11 = 7.79

Fracture Brittle – Uneven - Flat Irregular/Uneven Irregular/Uneven Brittle Uneven – Flat 10.78 g/cm3
Generally surfaces (not surfaces
displayed by cleavage) fractured
glasses and most in an uneven
non-metallic pattern.
minerals.

Hardness 5.5 5.5 VHN100=630 - 758 VHN100=1081 5.5 - 5 – Apatite VHN100=960 - 1277
kg/mm2 - Vickers kg/mm2 - Vickers kg/mm2 - Vickers
 Luster Metallic Metallic Metallic Metallic Metallic Metallic Metallic

Magnetism Nonmagnetic Nonmagnetic Magnetic Magnetic Magnetic after Magnetic after Magnetic after heating
heating heating

Specific 5.88 gm/cc 7.84 gm/cc 7.0 - 7.2 6.07 6.35 gm/cc 7.71 gm/cc 10.6
Gravity

Tenacity Brittle Brittle Brittle Brittle Brittle Brittle Brittle

Transparency Opaque Opaque Opaque Opaque Opaque Opaque Opaque

Carbonates - The Carbonates mineral group is one of the most distributed minerals in a layer of earth, specifically the crust. The component of a carbonate is used in
manufacturing processes such as drug, glass, pulp, paper, soap, detergent, and other manufacturing sectors.

Carbonate Minerals

Name Aragonite Rhodochrosite Malachite Dolomite Calcite Azurite

Sample Picture

Short Description A mineral that has a This mineral has a This mineral has a This mineral is also The mineral is one of Well known for its
similar formula to that redish or pinkish hue greenish color and has known to be used in the most versatile azure color, this
of the Calcite and that is mostly used in a a number of the project involving minerals ever found as mineral is mostly used
Vaterite minerals. It is number of ways. One applications. The first what is known as it is applied in every on the cosmetic side of
essential to bodies of of its uses is through one being ornamental dolomite beach. The step of production. things, as it is mainly
water that harbor life jewelry fitting, but is due to its beauty and mineral’s uses include Such instances of the used as pigment or
 as well as destroyers hard to cut due to the captivating colors. mainly construction usage of this ore coloring, as well as
of contaminants such near perfect cleavage. such as cement. include the paint. jewelry.
as zinc and cobalt Another use is as an Paper, tires, and
wastewater. ore of manganese. plastic industry.

Cleavage Distinct to Good Perfect Perfect Perfect Perfect and Perfect

Rhombohedral

Color Colorless, White, or Pink, Rose, Pale Rose, Green hues such as Colorless to white, White or Colorless Blue hues such as
Gray Red light green and dark pink, green, gray, azure-blue, light blue,
green. brown, black or dark blue

Density 2.944 3.7 4 2.876 2.711 3.834

Fracture Sub Conchoidal Irregular or Uneven, Irregular or Uneven, Sub Conchoidal Conchoidal Conchoidal
Conchoidal Conchoidal

Hardness 3.5-4 3, 4-4 3.5- 4 3.5- 4 3 3,5-4

Luster Vitreous and Resinous Vitreous and Pearly Adamantine to vitreous Vitreous and Pearly Vitreous Vitreous

Magnetism Non-Magnetic Non-Magnetic Non-Magnetic Non-Magnetic Non-Magnetic Extraordinary Magnet

Specific Gravity 2.947 3.7 3.6-4.05 2.84-2.86 2.7102 3.77

Tenacity Brittle Brittle Brittle Brittle Brittle Brittle

Transparency Transparent to Transparent to Translucent to opaque Transparent to Transparent to Transparent to

Translucent Translucent Translucent Translucent Translucent

Halides - The Halide group are minerals that are composed of compounds that are inorganic and fundamentally occuring, to which are mostly made up of dominant halide anions
and acids that come from halogens. On some occasions, halide minerals would have polyatomic anions that can inhibit halides.
 Halide Metals

Name Fluorite Halite Atacamite Chlorargyrite Marshite Avogadrite Cryolite Nantokite

Sample
Picture

Short An important This is a mineral This is a A mineral in the Named after A halide mineral This mineral was This Halide mineral is
Description mineral used as that is widely secondary copper Halide group, named Charles Marsh, this known to be made historically used as an a variant of rare
a component in used in everyday mineral type that for its silver and halide mineral is up of potassium as earlier aluminum anhydrous copper
industrial life. This mineral is usually found in chlorine content. rare which can be well as cesium material substitute, chloride, which are
production, is famously saline or arid They are usually obtained in Chile, fluoborate. They and as time passes, formed in arid
including known as salt.It climates. obtain in arid Finland, and form in the will eventually be climates and crystals
metallurgy, can be seen in regions, specifically Australia. They form vesuvian lava via used in processing that are tetrahedral. If
ceramics, and arid areas where atop silver deposits in oxidized copper crystals. Bauxite, an aluminum it is exposed in open
sometimes the water of where it oxidizes deposits and copper ore where it is air, it will then
ornamental oceans is anomalies in processed through an become
evaporating various locations electrolytic means. paratacamite.

Cleavage Perfect in 4 Perfect and Perfect in {1,0,1} None Perfect in {0,1,1} None None Distinct or good on
directions Cubical on three or {0,1,0} {0,1,1}
right angles.

Color Purple/Green/ Colorless/White if Bright or Dark Colorless Colorless to Pale Colorless to white Colorless, White, Colorless, White to
No it is Pure Green, or any Yellow Brown, Grey Grey, Greenish
Color/Blue/Yello shade of green
w

Density 3.01-3.25 2.17 3.756 5.556 5.71 2.62 2.95-3 3.93-4.3

Fracture Splintery Conchoidal Conchoidal Irregular/ Conchoidal or Sub- None Irregular/Uneven Conchoidal
Subconchoidal Conchoidal

Hardness 4 2.5 3-3.5 1.5-2.5 2.5 None 3-3.5 2-2.5

 Luster Vitreous Vitreous Adamantine or Adamantine or Sub-Adamantine or Vitreous or Greasy Vitreous or Adamantine
Vitreous Resinous Greasy Greasy/Pearly

Magnetism Diamagnetic Non-Magnetic Frustrated Non-Magnetic Non-Magnetic Non-Magnetic Non-Magnetic Non-Magnetic

Quantum Magnet

Specific Gravity 3.2 2 3.745-3.776 5.556 5.68 2.9 2.96-2.98 4.13

Tenacity Brittle Brittle Brittle Sectile Brittle N/A Brittle Sectile

Transparency Transparent Transparent Transparent Transparent Transparent Translucent Translucent Transparent

Hydroxides- The Hydroxide mineral group are minerals that are composed of metallic components or elements that merged with H2O (water), or OH (hydroxyl). The group is a
part of the subgroup of Oxides. A well-known substance called Sodium Hydroxide or NaOH is important in the usage of manufacturing sectors.

Hydroxide Minerals

Name Gibbsite Brucite Manganite Goethite Diaspore Romanechite

Sample Picture

Short Description Usually found in the This mineral has This mineral is This mineral is a A mineral where its The mineral is named
western hemisphere components from composed of common ore that is name translates “to from a locality in
and an important magnesium hydroxide. components from used in the production scatter”, which is a nod France called
component for bauxite This mineral is actually manganese. Some of yellow ochre. In to the decrepitation Romaneche. The
deposits.The mineral is an early substitute for localities produce some parts of the process when exposed mineral might also be
made from bauxite as magnesia, which is batches with very world such as Franze, to heat. related to spinels.
 well as materials with used for refractory aesthetic crystals that this ore is also Since this mineral is
high-alumina content, insulator or flame are believed to be important for some iron important to
making it essential for retardant since water highly lustrous. They ores. manganese, the
production and is thermally liquified. are also highly seized component is used for
manufacturing by enthusiasts and steel-making.
purposes of aluminum collectors.
metals.

Cleavage Perfect Perfect Perfect Perfect Perfect N/A

Color White, light gray, light White or light greenish Gray and Black Brown hues like Colorless, sometimes Black
green, reddish white to grayish, or a bluish Brownish-Black and white, brown, pale
hue Reddish-Brown yellow, and gray hues

Density 2.44 g/cm^3 2.368 g/cm^3 4.38 g/cm^3 4.18 g/cm^3 3.38 g/cm^3 N/A

Fracture Irregular and Uneven Fibrous and Splintery Irregular and Uneven Conchoidal N/A
Micaceous

Hardness 2.5-3 2.5-3 4 5-(5.5) 6.5-7 5-6

Luster Vitreous to Sub- Vitreous to Waxy or Resinous to Sub- Adamantine or Silky, Vitreous and Pearly Sub-Metallic and Dull
Vitreous to Pearly to Pearly Metallic and Dull orDull, or Metallic
Dull.

Magnetism Non-Magnetic Non-Magnetic Magnetic Magnetic Non-Magnetic Non-Magnetic

Specific Gravity 2.38-2.42 2.39 4.29-4.34 4.27 - 4.29 3.2-3.5 3.5-.4.7

Tenacity Brittle Sectile Brittle Brittle Very Brittle N/A

Transparency Transparent and Transparent and Opaque Opaque Transparent and N/A
Translucent Translucent Translucent
Native Elements - It could be any of a variety of chemical elements that can exist alone in nature. The gasses that make up the elements in the atmosphere are not included. It
is divided into three groups; metals, semimetals, and nonmetals. 8 out of the 19 minerals are included and discussed in the tables below.

Metals

Name Chromium Gold Mercury Platinum

Sample Picture

Short Description Its name came from the Greek
word chrōmos which means
color. It was discovered by a
French chemist named Nicolas-
Louis Vauquelin in 1797. It is
mainly used in strengthening
alloys.
It is considered as one of the
densest of metals. It does not
tarnish or corrode. Since it has
unique qualities, it is universally
accepted for exchanging goods
and services.
Also called quicksilver and was
known in Egypt. Its symbol Hg
came from the Latin word
hydrargyrum meaning ‘liquid
silver’.
It is used for electrical contacts.
Back then, the Spaniards called
it platina del pinto since it
resembles silver.

Cleavage None None None None

Color White Rich Yellow, Paling to Whitish- Tin White to Gray White Whitish Steel Gray to Steel Gray
Yellow

Density 7.17 19.3 13.6 14-22

Fracture Hackly None Hackly-Jagged, Torn Surfaces

Hardness 9 2.5-3 0-Liquid 4-4.5

Luster Metallic Metallic Metallic Metallic

Magnetism Paramagnetic Diamagnetic Non-Magnetic Naturally Weak

Specific Gravity 7.20 15.19.3 13.5 21.45

Tenacity Brittle Malleable Malleable Malleable

Transparency Opaque Opaque Opaque Opaque

Semimetals Nonmetals

Antimony Arsenic Sulfur Carbon

Sample Picture

Short Description Antimony compounds were used
for centuries. People believed
that powderized antimony can
treat eye infections. Yemen and
other nations continue to follow
this custom.
The element arsenic is semi-
metallic. Inorganic arsenic
compounds are present in
complex minerals including
copper, lead, iron, nickel, cobalt,
and other chemicals, while pure
arsenic is uncommon in nature.
Because sulfur is employed in so The first man to use charcoal
many industrial processes, it is made from fire also discovered
frequently viewed as a carbon as an element. The tiny
trustworthy indication of set of elements that were well
business activity and the health recognized to the classical
of the country's economy. civilizations were sulfur, iron, tin,
lead, copper, mercury, silver, and
gold.

Cleavage Perfect Perfect Poor

Color Light Gray, Tin White Gray, Tin White Bright Yellow Gray, Black, Brown

Density 6.684 5.78 2.07 2.2

Fracture Uneven Uneven Conchoidal Conchoidal

Hardness 3-3.5 3.5 1.5-2.5 0.8

 Luster Metallic Metallic Resinous Resinous

Magnetism Non-Magnetic Non-Magnetic Non-Magnetic Non-Magnetic

Specific Gravity 6.7 5.73 2.1 2.26

Tenacity Brittle Brittle Brittle Brittle

Transparency Opaque Opaque Opaque Opaque

Sulfosalt - It is also spelled as sulfosalt. Any member of a large group of minerals, generally rare species, distinguished by some of the most intricate atomic and crystal
structures recognized to inorganic chemistry. There are over 200 known sulfosalts and 8 examples are listed below together with their properties.

Sulfosalts Minerals

Name Galena Tennantite Enargite Pyrargyrite Bournonite Jamesonite Andorite Aikinite

Sample Picture

Short Description The ionic lattice James Sowerby Its name comes For mineral Even though It is a naturally In honor of It was named by
of the isometric first referred to it from the Greek collectors, Bournonite is no occurring sulfide Hungarian E.J. Chapman in
crystals that as "gray word enarge, pyrargyrite is a longer used, in which Fe enthusiast 1843 in
galena forms is sulphuret of which means well-liked silver- mineral collectors octahedra create mineralogist recognition of the
similar to the copper in "different". Both bearing mineral. still value its single chains, Andor von scientist Dr.
structure of dodecahedral huge aggregates It usually has a crystals because which would Semsey, it was Arthur Aikin.
sodium chloride. crystals" in 1817. and thin dark crimson it was once used promote a initially described Aikin helped
The mineral is William Phillips orthorhombic color that almost as a resource for magnetic field in 1892 for an found the
 readily worn to changed the prisms are always seems copper, lead, and that is almost incident in the Geological
subsequent lead name in 1819 to produced by it. black. Pyrargyrite rarely antimony. another. The Baia Sprie mine, Society of
minerals, with Smithson has received the susceptibility Baia Sprie, which London and
cerussite, Tennant in honor moniker "Ruby exhibits is now served as its
anglesite, and of the wealthy Silver," despite antiferromagnetic Maramureş secretary for a
pyromorphite English chemist. the fact that behavior, with an County, long time.
frequently found Tennant proustite, a irregularity at 5 K Romania. Additionally, he
in the higher demonstrated the closely related and a broad wrote a "Manual
portions of advantages of mineral, is more maximum at 30 of Mineralogy."
galena deposits. use limestone to frequently given K.
Anglesite and lessen soil that name.
cerussite nodules acidity.
frequently have a
patterned
structure with a
galena core.

Cleavage Plane None {110} Perfect, {1011} Distinct, {010} Imperfect, {001} Perfect None {010} Indistinct
{100} Distinct, {0112} Imperfect {100}{001} Less
{010} Distinct Perfect

Color Lead Gray, Steel Gray, Black Steel Gray, Deep Red, Reg Steel Gray Gray Black Dark Steel Gray Lead Gray,
Silvery Blackish Gray, Gray Grayish Black,
Violet Black Reddish Brown

Density 7.6 g/cm^3 4.6g/cm^3 4.45g/cm^3 5.82g/cm^3 5.83g/cm^3 5.63g/cm^3 5.37g/cm^3 6.44g/cm^3

Fracture Subconchoidal Subconchoidal Uneven Uneven, Irregular/Uneven Uneven Conchoidal Irregular/Uneven

Conchoidal

Hardness 2.50-2.75 3-4.5 3 2.5 2.5-3 2.5 3-3.5 2-2.5

Luster Metallic Metallic Metallic Adamantine Metallic Metallic Metallic Metallic

Magnetism Nonmagnetic Nonmagnetic Nonmagnetic Nonmagnetic Nonmagnetic Nonmagnetic Nonmagnetic

Specific Gravity 7.2-7.6 4.65 4.4-4.5 5.8 5.8 5.6 5.4 6.1-6.8
 Tenacity Brittle Brittle Brittle Brittle Brittle Brittle Brittle Brittle

Transparency Opaque Opaque Opaque Transparent, Opaque Opaque Opaque Opaque

Opaque

Oxides- Any member of the broad and significant class of chemical compounds known as oxides that include oxygen and another element. Due to its tiny size and high charge,
the oxide ion is a highly strongly basic anion. The oxide ion quantitatively interacts with water to produce hydroxide ions because hydroxide ions are the strongest base that can
endure in water.

Oxides Minerals

Name Annabergite Anatase Cassiterite Chromite Chrysoberyl Corundum

Sample Picture

Short Description An arsenate mineral consisting
of a hydrous nickel arsenate,
Ni₃(AsO₄)₂·8H₂O,
crystallizing in the monoclinic
system and isomorphous with
vivianite and erythrite
A metastable mineral form of A tin oxide An oxide mineral Traditionally Best known for its gem
titanium dioxide (TiO2) with a mineral with a composed of considered as varieties, Ruby and Sapphire.
tetragonal crystal structure. chemical chromium, iron, 'semi-precious, is Ruby and Sapphire are
Although colorless or white composition of and oxygen actually the name scientifically the same mineral,
when pure, anatase in nature SnO2. It is the (FeCr2O4). It is of a gem species* but just differ in color. Ruby is
is usually a black solid due to most important dark gray to black that has three the red variety, and Sapphire
impurities. source of tin, and in color with a important gem is the variety that
most of the metallic to varieties. When encompasses all other colors,
world’s supply of submetallic luster the term although the most popular and
tin is obtained by and a high chrysoberyl is valued color of Sapphire is
mining cassiterite. specific gravity. used alone it blue.
 usually refers to
the lesser-known
greenish yellow
variety.

Cleavage {010} perfect Perfect Imperfect/Fair None Distinct/Good None

on {001} {100} imperfect Distinct on {110},

Color Green, light grey to light apple Brown, pale yellow or reddish Black, yellow, Dark gray to Green shades, Typically gray to brown
green, white; pale rose red brown, indigo, black; pale brown, red or black, rarely emerald-green,
when rich in cobalt. green, pale lilac, grey, rarely white. brownish black greenish white,
nearly colourless; brown, yellowish green,
yellow-brown, pale green, blue greenish brown,
in transmitted light. yellow, blue

Density 3.146 g/cm

3
3.89 g/cm
3
6.993 g/cm
3
5.12 g/cm
3
3.69 g/cm
3
3.997 g/cm
3

Fracture Brittle Sub-Conchoidal Irregular/Uneven, Irregular/Uneven, Irregular/Uneven, Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal

Sub-Conchoidal Hackly, Sub- Conchoidal
Conchoidal

Hardness 1½ - 2½ VHN100=616 - 698 kg/mm -

2 VHN200=1239 - 5½ on Mohs scale 8½ on Mohs scale 9 on Mohs scale
2
Vickers 1467 kg/mm -
Vickers

Luster Sub-Adamantine, Sub- Adamantine, Metallic Adamantine, Resinous, Greasy, Vitreous Adamantine, Vitreous, Pearly
Vitreous, Pearly, Earthy Greasy, Sub- Metallic, Sub-
Metallic Metallic, Dull

Magnetism Magnetic Magnetic slightly Magnetic Slightly magnetic

magnetic
Specific Gravity 3.05 gm/cc 3.79–3.97 7.0 4.5 3.67 gm/cc 4.10

Tenacity Sectile Brittle Brittle Brittle Brittle Brittle

Transparency Pearly Translucent Translucent Opaque Transparent, Transparent, Translucent

Translucent
 Oxides Minerals

Name Euxenite Boehmite

Sample Picture

Short Description Complex oxide mineral, a niobate–titanate that forms An aluminum oxide hydroxide (γ-AlO(OH)) mineral, a
hard, brilliant black crystals and masses in granite component of the aluminum ore bauxite. It is dimorphous
pegmatites and associated detrital deposits. with diaspora. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic
dipyramidal system and is typically massive in habit.

Cleavage None {010} Good

Color Brownish black, Brown, Yellow, Olive green. White, Light yellow, Yellowish green

Density 4.84 3.03

Fracture Brittle Brittle

Hardness 6.5 – Pyrite Pistolitic

Luster Vitreous, Greasy, Sub-Metallic Vitreous - Pearly

Magnetism Non magnetic Non magnetic

Specific Gravity 4.7 3.04

 Tenacity Brittle Brittle

Transparency Opaque Opaque

Phosphates

Silicates- Silicates are minerals being described as those which contain the elements oxygen and silicon formed with a lot of patterns depending on the structure as well as the
tetrahedral SiO^4 units. They are important to humanity because of things like cement, ceramic, and glass basing on their chemical components for manufacturing purposes.

Silicate Minerals

Name Quartz Feldspar Mica Amphibole Pyroxene Olivine

Sample Picture

Short Description Quartz belongs to the
silicates, a class of
minerals that all include
silicon and oxygen in
varying amounts. All
types of rocks as well as
all geographical locations
contain the mineral
quartz (SiO2). It can be
Feldspar is the name of a Mica is a group of Amphibole is a category The pyroxene group is a One of the most
large organization of physically and chemically of inosilicate minerals silicate mineral class with widespread minerals on
rock-forming silicate related minerals. A two- that typically contain iron a large number of single- earth, olivine is a key
minerals that make up dimensional sheet or and/or magnesium ions chain minerals with the component in the
over 50% of Earth's layer structure can be in their structures and general formula formation of rocks.
crust. In all areas of the seen in this particular form prism- or needle- ABSi2O6. A collection of Numerous meteorites
industry, they are found phyllosilicate. Micas are shaped crystals out of dark-colored rock- include olivine, a silicate
in igneous, metamorphic, one of the main minerals double chain SiO4 forming minerals known mineral that is widely
and sedimentary rocks. that create rocks, and tetrahedra that are joined as pyroxene is present in distributed in the Earth's
 found in sedimentary Feldspar minerals exhibit
rocks as sand grains, in remarkably similar
igneous and structural, chemical, and
metamorphic rocks as physiological
crystals, and in veins that characteristics. A
pierce all rock types, collection of minerals
occasionally containing characterized by the
gold or other precious presence of alumina and minerals known as sheet
metals. The value of silica (SiO2) in their
quartz to the economy is chemistry are referred to
significant. Gemstones as feldspar.Alumina is
come in a wide range of mostly obtained from
kinds, such as amethyst, feldspar and is used in Mica is not an electrical
citrine, smoky quartz, the ceramics and glass
and rose quartz. industries. It serves as a
Sandstone is a crucial flux in ceramics and
building stone that gives chinaware and
primarily contains quartz. ceramic tiles their
vitreous luster.
they can be found in all at the vertices. In
three primary types of addition, amphiboles play
rocks: metamorphic, a significant role in a
sedimentary, and variety of granitic to
igneous. Since they all gabbroic plutonic and
form in different layers, volcanic igneous rocks.
they are all silicate Amphiboles are
categorized as inosilicate
silicates. Micas are (chain silicate) minerals,
relatively soft and light, just like pyroxenes. Due
and their sheets and to the increased silica
flakes are adaptable. and dissolved water
content of the more
conductor and is heat- developed magmas,
resistant. which promote
amphibole formation over
pyroxenes, amphiboles
are more prevalent in
intermediate to felsic
igneous rocks than mafic
igneous rocks.
igneous and mantle. To purge metallic
metamorphic rocks all impurities and shape a
over the world. High slag, high-magnesium
pressure and/or high olivine (forsterite) is
temperatures are the added to blast furnaces.
ideal circumstances for Another usage for olivine
their formation. The most is as a refractory
significant and prevalent material. Due to its
class of ferromagnesium inclusion in seismic
silicates that form rocks waves that transcend the
are called pyroxenes. crust-mantle divide,
They are present in olivine is regarded as a
practically all igneous significant mineral. The
rock types. Additionally, fragments of oceanic
they develop as a result crust that are pushed up
of touch and localized onto a continent or island
metamorphism. also contain significant
amounts of olivine.
Additionally, olivine has
been discovered in upper
mantle fragments that
volcanoes have delivered
to the surface of the
planet.

Cleavage No Cleavage Perfect Perfect Basal Two directions two distinctive planes of Poor Cleavage
intersecting at 124 and cleavage with
56 degrees intersecting angles of
about 87° and 93°

Color white or colorless white to gray to pink to white to green or red to colourless to white, dark green to black olive green
crystalline very dark gray black. green, brown, black, blue
or lavender.

Density 2.65 g/cc 2.6 to 3.0 g/cm3 2.7-3g/cm3 3 – 3.15 5-5.6 2500–2900 kg/m3

Fracture conchoidal (shell- along cleavage planes flaky conchoidal uneven and brittle irregular
shaped) fracture
 Hardness 7 to 7.5 on the Mohs 6.0–6.5 2.5-4 5-6 5-7 6.5-7.0
scale.

Luster Nonmetallic Glassy Vitreous pearly, vitreous Vitreous Vitreous to dull Vitreous

Magnetism Diamagnetic Diamagnetic Diamagnetic and Paramagnetic paramagnetic and ferromagnetic

Paramagnetic ferromagnetic

Specific Gravity 2.65 2.6 2.8–3.0 2.9-3.6 3.0-4.0 3.30

Tenacity Brittle Brittle Brittle Brittle Brittle Brittle

Transparency Translucent Transparent Colorless Dark-Colored Translucent to Transparent to

Transparent translucent

Silicate Metals

Name Garnet Serpentine

Sample Picture

Short Description Garnet is a silicate mineral group. Garnets are a typical
mineral that are primarily found in detritals that are shed
during regional and contact metamorphics. Although
garnet is most often mined for industrial purposes,
garnet is typically thought of as a gemstone. Garnets
that are pure and flawless enough to be cut into jewels
Serpentine group minerals are formed by methods that
are comparable and have similar physical
characteristics. They frequently occur as fine-grained
admixtures, making it challenging to identify them inside
a rock. To make communication easier, geologists
typically refer to these substances as "serpentine" rather
 are extremely rare. The majority of garnet mining is
done for the purpose of producing crushed, abrasive-
grade massive garnet. The complicated chemical
formula of garnet contains the silicate molecule
because garnet belongs to the silicate mineral group
(SiO4). The many types of garnet include various metal
ions, including those from iron, aluminum, magnesium,
and chromium.
than by their more precise names. The hydrothermal
metamorphism of serpentine minerals, peridotite, dunite,
and various ultramafic rocks occurs. On the Earth's
surface, ultramafic rocks are uncommon, but they are
common in the ocean mohounda, which is where the
ocean crust's bottom meets the upper mantle.

Cleavage Lack Cleavage Poor to Perfect

Color Typically red, but can be orange, green, yellow, purple, Usually various shades of green, but can be yellow,
black, or brown. Blue garnets are extremely rare. black, white, and other colors.

Density 3.5-4.3 g/cm3 2.6 g cm− 3

Fracture conchoidal to uneven Conchoidal, splintery

Hardness 6-7.5 2-5

Luster Vitreous Greasy, Waxy or Silky

Magnetism paramagnetic Weakly Magnetic

Specific Gravity 3.5 - 4.3 2.5-3.2

Tenacity Brittle Brittle

Transparency Transparent to Translucent translucent

Sulfide Minerals

A group of minerals in which the inorganic anion sulfide (S-2) is typically bound to a metal. The pyrite Jeremiah found in the river is an iron sulfide with the chemical formula
FeS2. Minus a few exceptions, most sulfides are opaque, dense, and produce a dark streak. Due to their tendency to bind with metals, sulfides are economically valuable as
most metal ores processed to obtain lead, copper, and silver contain sulfites.
 Sulfide Minerals
Name Cinnabar Marcasite Copper Pyrites Pyrrhotite Bornite Chalcocite
Sample Picture

Short Description Cinnabar is a toxic Marcasite is a yellow to Mica is a group of Pyrrhotite is found in Color, copper-red or Copper glance is a
mercury sulfide mineral silvery-yellow iron sulfide physically and chemically many kinds or rocks; but, brownish, usually mineral that crystallizes
with a chemical mineral with a chemical related minerals. A two- in large masses, it is tarnished with a variety of in the orthorhombic
composition of HgS. It is composition of FeS2. It dimensional sheet or usually associated with colors, often very brilliant; system and is made up
the only important ore of forms by precipitation layer structure can be basic rocks, such as powder, grayish black; of cuprous sulfide, Cu2S.
mercury. It has a bright from acidic waters in seen in this particular gabbro and norite. luster, metallic; H = 3; G Chalcocite is another
red color that has caused surface or near-surface phyllosilicate. Micas are = 4.9 to 5.4; composition, name for it. The most
people to use it as a environments. Marcasite one of the main minerals copper, iron and sulphur important copper ore is
pigment, and carve it into is commonly found in that create rocks, and in variable proportions, copper-glance.
jewelry and ornaments sediments, sedimentary they can be found in all with copper from 44% to
for thousands of years in rocks, and hydrothermal three primary types of 71%; cleavage, almost
many parts of the world. deposits in many parts of rocks: metamorphic, absent. Bornite is found
Because it is toxic, its the world. sedimentary, and mostly with other copper
pigment and jewelry igneous. Since they all ores.
uses have almost been form in different layers,
discontinued they are all silicate
minerals known as sheet
silicates. Micas are
relatively soft and light,
 and their sheets and
flakes are adaptable.
Mica is not an electrical
conductor and is heat-
resistant.

Cleavage Prismatic {1010}, perfect Rather distinct No Cleavage No cleavage Poor Indistinct

Color bright scarlet pale yellow to almost brass yellow Bronze yellow Copper-red to Dark gray to black
white pinchbeck-brown, quickly
tarnishing to an
iridescent purplish
surface

Density 8.1 4.89 4.1-4.3 g/ml 4.8–5 g/cm3 5.06 – 5.09 5.5 – 5.6

Fracture Uneven to Irregular/Uneven Very uneven, sometimes Uneven Uneven to subconchoidal Conchoidal
subconchoidal conchoidal

Hardness 2.0-2.5 6–6.5 3.5 to 4 between 3.5 and 4.5 3 between 3.5 and 4.0 on
the Mohs scale

Luster dull to adamantine Metallic pearly, vitreous Vitreous Vitreous to dull Vitreous

Specific Gravity 8.1 4.88 4.2 4.9 5.06 – 5.09 5.5 – 5.6

Transparency Transparent, translucent, Opaque, Translucent Opaque Dark-Colored Opaque Opaque

or opaque