Notes

CASING STRINGS
Conductor Casing: -Installed to cover Shallow unconsolidated formation, to avoid leakage from Cellar and not to sink substructure.
-Diverters / Annular Bop are installed on conductors may or may not be used depends upon risk type wells

Surface Casing: -- Facilitate the installation of First well ahead section / housing, Entire weight of surface stacks as well as
weight of all casing is transmitted to surface casing through first wellhead section.
- Isolation of Shallow water aquifer and Shallow Gases & Prevent Loss circulation .

-- Rest Casing functions you know.

WELL PRESSURE CONTROL EQUIPMENTS
 BOP
Manufacturers: - CAMERON, HYDRIL, SHAFFER, WOM, Chinese etc

Riser pipe with

flange end

- NRV
- Choke line Kill
Line
- Drilling Spool or
called Mud cross
 HCR

HCR

NRV

OR Waste pit
HCR
HCR valve
Valve
 - DRILLING SPOOLS

21 1/4"-2k x 21 1/4"-2k
20 3/4"-3K x 20 3/4"-3K
20 3/4"-3K x 21 1/4"-2K
13 5/8"-10k x 13 5/8"-10k
13 5/8"-10k x 13 5/8"-5k
13 5/8"-5k x 13 5/8"-3k
13 5/8"-5k x 13 5/8"-5k
13 5/8"-5k x 11"-3k
13 5/8"-5k x 11"-5k
13 5/8"-5k x 11"-10k
13 5/8"-10k x 11"-10k
 BOP

Blowout Preventer Equipment: adequate to shut off a flow at the wellhead mainly during kick scenarios.
o For critical sour wells, all pressure-containing components within the BOP, bleed-off, and kill systems must meet
current National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE)
o For all noncritical sour wells, the (Alberta Energy Regulator )AER recommends that the licensee evaluate the
potential H2S content and wellbore pressures that the surface pressure controlling equipment (BOP, bleed-off,
and kill systems) may be exposed to.
o BOP Stack should be function tested every 14 days and to be pressure & function tested after 21 days or nippling
up or down stacks.
A) Pipe Rams
o The pipe rams must be the correct size for the drill pipe or any tubular being used (or coiled tubing string) that is
in use. This may require the use of variable bore rams.
o If any pipe rams are changed out during the drilling operation, they must be pressure tested.
Casing Rams 1.1.3
 BOP
B) Casing Rams
o If the variable ram is compatible with the size of casing or liner or completion ODs then there is no need to replace
with casing ram otherwise if not compatible needed to be & pressure tested
Ram Locking Devices (Hand Wheels)
o Ram-type BOPs are equipped with automatic ram locking devices also must have a ram locking device(s) (e.g.,
hand wheel(s), ratchet and socket).
Flange- or clamp-type connections are required in the BOP. They must be designed in (API) or the American
National Standards Institute (ANSI).
Redundant BOP Equipment
o Whenever redundant BOP equipment (e.g., additional pipe rams, lower kelly cock, HCR) is in use, the equipment
must be functional at all times (unless the equipment is locked out); included in all pressure testing; and included
in accumulator and backup nitrogen system volume calculations.
 BOP
FOSV – Full Opening Safety Valve OR Stabbing valve OR Well Control Crossover
o Two Spares (one back up) of FOSVs compatible for each hole section tubular or casing / completion operations
must be present and to be pressure tested before any operation.
Non Return Valves:
Type (1) Float - A device that can be installed in the drill string that acts as a check valve allowing drilling fluid to be
circulated down the string but prevents back flow.
Type (2) Inside BOP : Dual Actuated IBOP, normally have preesure rating 15000 PSI to 20000 PSI
This contains
a) Upper IBOP – can be remotely operated with additional ball valve for redundancy.
b) Lower IBOP – Manual
 BOP
STRIPPING OPERATIONS:

Two uses of Stripping Operations:

(1) During underbalanced drilling which required stripper head
(2) During an emergency well control procedure pulling out through annular elements. It requires good
planning, proper training of personnel and careful execution.
Type (2) Stripping is described below for well control situations Subtypes – A) Strip in B) Strip Out.
o The primary objective of the stripping operation shall be to maintain a constant bottom hole pressure,
thus preventing a build up of excessive borehole pressures or influx from exposed permeable zones.
o Pressure control is based on a volume balance. This means that for every barrel of pipe stripped in the
hole, a barrel of mud must be bled off. Since it is necessary to install an inside BOP before stripping,
total displacement must be considered, including both pipe displacement and internal capacity.
 BOP
STRIPPING OPERATIONS:

o Mud bled from the annulus must be accurately measured in order to maintain the correct volume
balance AND to be bled through a manually operated choke since a hydraulically operated choke has
too much delay in operation. This delay makes it impossible to bleed accurate volumes and thereby
maintain proper well pressure.
o Annulus pressure should not be constant while stripping pipe into the hole. It should gradually increase
as the pipe is stripped into the lower density kick fluid. This is due to the increased length or height of
the influx fluid in the annulus and the resultant loss of hydrostatic pressure.
o When stripping with the annular preventer, the closing pressure on this preventer must be adjusted to
allow a small amount of leakage to lubricate and reduce wear on the sealing element. The mud which
is allowed to leak past the annular preventer should be measured along with the mud bled through the
adjustable choke.
 BOP
STRIPPING OPERATIONS:

o Drill pipe with rubbers should never be stripped through the annular preventer, because excess friction
and wear would be generated due to the rubber to rubber contact.
o If stripping is to be carried out with two sets of pipe rams, then a side outlet is required between the
rams. This is necessary to enable the pressure to be equalised, before opening the rams. Opening
rams without equalising the pressure, will shorten the life of the sealing element. Pressure from the
well must not be used to equalise the pressure across the rams.
o Figure 1 shows a typical stripping rig-up. The rig-up can vary depending on the particular choke
manifold and BOP stack on the well,
 DIVERTER
The diverter line must have a working not less than the
annular BOP system
• The diverter line must have a minimum 6”diameter.
• The end of the diverter line must terminate at least 50 m
from the well in a flare pit or flare
• The diverter line must be adequately secured at 10 m
intervals
• The diverter line must have an HCR installed on the
drilling spool outlet.
To activate diverter
• There must be auxiliary diverter line  Stop Drilling
 Open the vent line
• The diverter line connections must be flanged, hammer  Close the flow line
 Close Diverter
union, threaded, or bolted groove locktype.  Increase pump speed to max
 If well still flowing after mud pumped
• The diverter line must be self-draining.. then line up and pump water
STRIPPING OPERATIONS: BOP
 HARD SHUT-IN
HCR

HCR
CLOSED

NRV

HCR OR Waste pit

valve
HCR CLOSE
Valve
 SOFT SHUT-IN
HCR

HCR Open

NRV

HCR OR Waste pit

valve
HCR CLOSE
Valve
 Causes of Kicks
Kick Labels
• Accidently entering abnormal / subnormal formation
• Gas Causing Gas cur Lost circulation (LCR zones)
• Oil • Insufficient mud weight.
• Salt water • Improper hole fill-up during trips.
• Magnesium chloride water • Swabbing.
• Hydrogen sulfide (sour) gas
• Carbon dioxide Surge & Swabbing
• Pipe pulling speed
Cut mud • Mud properties such as hi Viscosity & Gel strength
• Gas-contaminated mud will occasionally cause a kick, • Higher wall cake thickness
although this is rare. As the gas is circulated to the • small hole clearance
surface, it expands and may reduce the overall • Bit balled up
hydrostatic pressure sufficient enough to allow a kick to
occur.
• Although the mud weight is cut severely at the surface,
the hydrostatic pressure is not reduced significantly
because most gas expansion occurs near the surface
and not at the hole bottom.
 Warning signs Kick Positive Indicators
 Pump pressure decrease and pump stroke increase
• The gain in mud pit level
 Flow rate increase
• Increase in the return mud flow rate
 Pit Gain
• Well is flowing while pumps are off.
 Change in temperature of the return drilling mud
• Improper hole fill-up.
 Flowing well with pumps off
 Gas Cut mud
 Increase in trip, connection & background gases
 Drilling break
 Increase in cutting size and shape
 Increase in drilling torque & drag
 String weight change
 Improper hole fill-up on trips
 Decrease in d-exponent
 Well Static (Overbalanced): BHP
BHP = Phydro. Of Mud

 During Drilling (Overbalanced): When choke is not applied

BHP = Phydro. Of Mud + APL ………annular press. losses

 During Drilling (Overbalanced):

BHP = Phydro. Of Mud + ECD ………………...

 During MPD: When choke are controlled along with applying surface pressure
BHP = Phydro. Of Mud + P surface press + Dynamic Pressure

Shut in condition after kick detection:

Drill pipe Side  BHP = SIDPP + Phydro. mud
CSG Side  BHP = SICPP + Phydro. mud + Phydro. Influx

While Killing Operations Land Rigs: Using Kill line

CSG Side  BHP = CPP + Phydro. mud + Phydro. Influx + Δ APL

While Killing Operations Subsea BOP: Using Kill line

CSG Side  BHP = CPP + Phydro. mud + Phydro. Influx + Δ APL + CLPL ………………. Choke line friction loss

While Tripping in:

CSG Side  BHP = Phydro. mud + Surge Pressure
While Tripping Out:
CSG Side  BHP = Phydro. mud - Swab Pressure
 BHP
 Subnormal Pressure < Normal Pressure = 0.433 PSI/FT < Abnormal Pressure = 0.465 PSI/Ft
 Overburden Pressure = Matrix Stress + Pore Pressure
Matrix Pressure  Supported by Rock, Pore Pressure  Supported by fluid
Normal Overburden Gradient = 1 PSI/ft assuming avg. Rock density = 19.66 ppg
Overburden pressure = Matrix Stress + Pore Pressure
Hence, 1 PSI/ Ft = Matrix Stress + 0.433 PSI /ft
Hence, Matrix Stress = 0.535 PSI/ft

CAUSES OF ABNORMAL PRESSURE:

1) Compaction: deposition of sediments from thousand years ago resulting fluid trapped in and can not escape out.
2) Artesian Effects:
3) Faulting
4) Salt domes: Pseudo Plastic movement – has a little rock frame structure but pressure transmission is more in all directions
5) Gas cap effect
6) Charged Sands: Abnormal Pressure cuses underground blow outs.
 WELL CONTROL BASICS
Casing Capacity = Dc2 / 1029.4 bbls / ft = Dc2 / 313.75 bbl/m
Drill Pipe Capacity = dp2 / 1029.4 bbls / ft = dp2 / 313.75 bbl/m
DP Metallic displacement= (Dp2 - dp2) / 1029.4 bbls / ft = (Dp2 - dp2) / 313.75 bbl/m
Drill pipe Closed End Displacement = Drill Pipe Capacity + DP Metallic Displacement
Annular Capacity (Dc- Dp)

Slug Calculations: When the drill string have float/NRV then in order to pull out dry the
drill pipe, SLUG is required. Slug is heavier, it will push the lighter mud out of the well.
Desired length of dry pipe = 200 ft

Mud weight in hole = 12.0 ppg
Drill pipe capacity = 0.016 bbl/ft
Volume of slug = 20 bbl
Step 1 – Determine Length of slug
inside drill pipe in ft:
Slug length = 20 bbl ÷ 0.016 bbl/ft
Slug length = 1250 ft
Step 2 – Determine hydrostatic pressure required
to give desired dry pipe drill pipe
Hydrostatic Pressure in psi = 12.0 × 0.052 × 200
Hydrostatic Pressure in psi = 124.8 psi
Step 3 – Determine slug weight needed in ppg:
Slug weight in ppg = (124.8 ÷ 0.052 ÷ 1250) + 12.0
Slug weight in ppg = 13.9 ppg
 WELL CONTROL BASICS
RAT HOLE: are required for good hole circulations, Giving good casing shoe strength, avoiding chances of back off while drilling
shoe track.

LOT & FIT

BOP LINE UP
BOP LINE UP

ACCUMULATOR PRESSURE = 2700 - 3000 PSI

MANIFOLD PRESSURE = 1500 PSI
ANNULAR PRESSURE = 750 - 1500 PSI …Normally kept 1100 to 1200 psi, during casing reduced to
800/900 psi
AIR PRESSURE = 100 TO 130 PSI
BOP LINE UP

FOUR WAY THREE POSITIONED HYDRAULIC VALAVE

 WELL CONTROL BASICS
After reaching to the Rig floor before killing
You can ask driller to provide SCR sheet and SIDPP, SICPP, Pit gain
data sheet
Then you have to set from driller console
Flow show = +/- 5%
PVT = +/- 3 bbls
Activate alarm knob

RING GASKETS
R
RX

B
BX

Rx & Bx are normally used flange make up

 ACCUMULATOR BOTTLES
The accumulator bottles are used to store hydraulic
pressure for closing/opening all blow out preventers.
Each bottle, which has a rubber bladder inside, has
a storage volume of 10 gallons. The rubber bladder
inside is pre-charged to 1,000 psi with Nitrogen
(N2). Each bottle will be pressured up 200 psi over
the pressure charge pressure.

At this stage, 1.7 gal of hydraulic fluid is used in order to compress N2 to minimum system pressure of
1,200 psi (200 psi over pre charge pressure), called “minimum operating pressure”. Hydraulic oil will be
pumped into the bottle until pressure in the bladder reach 3,000 psi, called “Operating Pressure”.
Volume of hydraulic fluid used to pressure up from 1200 psi to 3000 ps,which is called “Useable Fluid”,
is equal to 5 gallons,
 ACCUMULATOR BOTTLES
1. Determine total volume require to close all of equipment

Volume = 4.5+3.5+4+3.5+0.5+0.5 = 16.5 gallon

2. Volume accounted for safety factor

Volume = 16.5 x 1.5 = 24.75 gallon

3. Determine numbers of accumulator bottles required to meet

volume determined in step#2

Number of bottles = volume ÷ usable fluid per bottle

Number of bottles =24.75 ÷ 5 = 4.95 so you round it up to 5 bottles

BOP
After reaching to the Rig floor before killing
You can ask driller to provide SCR sheet and SIDPP, SICPP, Pit gain
data sheet
Then you have to set from driller console
Flow show = +/- 5%
PVT = +/- 3 bbls
Activate alarm knob
Casing design
-Trajectory or Trajectory affect because of surface location constraint
- H2S, CO2, GOR, Shallow Gas Presence (Pockets)
- Shallow water aquifer
-Temperature
-Coring requirement
-Stimulation requirement (HF)
- Modelling – Oil & Gas depends upon GOR
- Production Tubing size or down hole completion requirement
- PP FG prognosis
Company Policy
 Objective of Design
Design Should satisfy Well Barrier policy ; Well process Safety; well engineering
minimum standards, Geological target, completion objective , Zonal isolation (isolate
LCR zones, shallow hydrocarbons & unstable formations) Environment constraints
(water aquifer).
 Categorization of wells
A) As per Pressure as Well as GOR (over
B) As per H2S CO2 – Sweet & Sour Services
C) As Temperature or Pressure (HP / HT) : When P>10K & T>150◦C.
A) Well Classifications: As per Pressure
High Risk, Medium Risk & Low Risk well
Refer to the Excel Sheet
B) Well Classification H2S Concentration wise

• High Risk Wells: Flowing Acid gas wells /Critical Sour wells

• Medium Risk: Non flowing oil wells with an H2S content more than 50 mol/kmol

• Low risk: Non flowing1 oil wells with an H2S content less than or equal to 50 moles per kilomole (mol/kmol)

C) Well Classification CO2 Concentration wise

• No Such classification seen but yes it insists while material selection

D) As Temperature or Pressure (HP / HT) : When P>10K & T>150◦C.

 What is Partial Pressure?
Partial Pressure is defined as if a container filled with more than one gas, each gas exerts pressure.
The pressure of anyone gas.
In particular, the ideal gas law holds for each component of the mixture separately. Each component exerts its own
pressure referred to as its partial pressure. Partial pressure is the measure of the thermodynamic activity of gas
molecules within the container is called its partial pressure.
CO2 always associated with H2S.

Dalton's Law: Total pressure of mixer of the gases is some the

partial pressures of all gases.
Partial Pressure either can be expressed in pressure unit “PSI”
OR
Mole % Or Mole Fraction (X)
CO2 , H2S or O2 molecules bombards on wall as well as with each other
The bombarding on wall can create corrosion, also dissolving of sour
gases in liquid cause acidic environment causing corrosion
 ACID GASES CORROSION :

Acidic Gases found in Oil and Gas majorly are

a) Hydrogen Sulfide
b) Carbon Dioxide
Both of these gases contribute to the corrosion by increasing the acidity of
the water after they dissolve in it (especially solubility of gases under
borehole conditions i.e. Hi Pres. & Temp. are Max.)
 CORROSION ALLOWANCE

Corrosion allowance is defined as an extra thickness (e.g., 3mm) normally added to carbon
and low alloy steel to mitigate the CO2 corrosion rate. From: Subsea Valves and Actuators for
the Oil and Gas Industry,

In Oil & Gas industry, the corrosion rate unit mils/ year
Mils = one thousand of inch

Example of allowable corrosion rate = 40mpy = 40 mills per year

 CO2 (Sweet) CORROSION:
a) When CO2 dissolves in water under borehole conditions (high
pressures) to form carbonic acid H2CO3, This acid lowers the pH
and may promotes the General corrosion and / or pitting corrosion.
Byproduct occurred in this corrosion is iron carbonate FeCo3 also
called as siderite.
a) Collision on internal or external walls of casing also can impact to
some extent (The corrosion activity is depends upon the
surrounding thermodynamic conditions such as High temperature
wells), this causes inhomogeneous bubble behavior)
Note: 1) Increasing the level of chromium in steels offers no major improvement in resistance until a
minimum of 12% CR is reached , i.e. 410 SS, 300 series austenitic SS are highly resistance to
CO2 corrosion . 300 series austenitic SS are comprised of approx. 18 to 30% of chrome and
nickel (approx. 6 to 20%)
CO2 Saturated water can cause cement degradation, also affects on mud but can be treated
regularly
Critical Factors for CO2 corrosion :
1) Liquid water must be present for CO2 corrosion to occur and Corrosion occurs
in liquid water phase only.
2) Increase in partial pressure of CO2 results in lowering of pH hence the
increase in acidic environment, therefore higher rates of corrosion
3) Oxygen partial pressure Po2 > 10 ppb can accelerate corrosion rates
4) Increasing temperatures can increase the corrosion rate up to the point where
CO2 is driven off.
5) High velocity and turbulence can cause accelerate localized corrosion
Majorly Affects: The parts where the diameter of conduits' sharply changes.
Prevention Mitigation:
1) Use of corrosion inhibitors can reduce corrosion
2) Increasing pH value above 6
3) Oxygen partial pressure to be maintained below Po2 < 10 ppb.
4) Upgrading to 300 series SS, 400 series SS and duplex. Duplex stainless
steel grades have a ferritic-austenitic microstructure, with a phase balance
of approximately 50% ferrite and 50% austenite.
5) Internal elastomeric coatings can also be effective
 H2S (Sour) CORROSION:
The deterioration of metal due to contact with “H2S” and “moisture” is called sour corrosion
H2S dissolves in water, it forms weak acid and therefore becomes source of hydrogen ions hence become
corrosive.
When H2S partial pressure increases above 0.05 PSI OR 50ppm (as minimum concentration) the sour
corrosion starts taking place.
Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) is cracking under the combined action of tensile stress and corrosion in
the presence of water and H2S, For cracking two things required – “Highly corrosive fluid” & “Tension”
 H2s Sour & CO2 SWEET SERVICE REQUIREMENT :

CO2 always associated with H2S, then there are two classification would be when partial pressure of CO2
Hence it is called as sour sweet requirement
CAT-1: pCO2 < 30 PSI (pH2S < 0.05 PSI)
CAT 2: pCO2 > 30 PSI (pH2S > 0.05 PSI)

Corrosion Resistant Alloys

Sweet carbon /Sour carbon chrome Corrosion

Resistance
 H2s Sour & CO2 SWEET SERVICE REQUIREMENTs :

1) Sweet Carbon: For a benign environment that is

neither corrosive nor sour, regular carbon
material as specified by ISO 1196015 can be
used (“Sweet Carbon”);
2) Sour Carbon: if the environment is sour but not
corrosive, a limited range of carbon materials
can be used (“Sour Carbon”);

3) 13 Cr: the environment is corrosive but not or only very mildly sour, 13Cr or Super-
CRA Alloys 13Cr materials can be used (“13Cr”).
• Carbon
• Chromium 4) Corrosion Resistant Alloys (CRAs): are used for environments that are both corrosive
• Nickel
• Molybdenum and sour.
• Manganese
• Silicon and
Copper
5) Glass-Reinforced Epoxy (GRE)-lined tubing may be an alternative for the use of CRA;
• Niobium the lining protects the steel base pipe from attack by corrosive agents except H2S,
• Titanium which still requires sour-grade steel (“GRE”).
• Sulfur
 ELASTOMER CLASSIFICATIONS

1) NR-Natural Rubber: Water base drilling mud in temperature ranges from -1C to 107C. These elements
have a red patch molded into the rubber for identification.
2) NBR-Nitrile: oil base MUD type drilling mud in temperature rang 0C to 88C. These have a blue patch
molded into the element for identification.
3) CR-Neoprene Rubber compound is for use with oil base of oil additive mud with a temperature range of
-1C to 75C
CASINGS GRADES & GENERAL SPECS
 CASINGS GRADES & GENERAL SPECS

L80 is usually used in wells with sour (hydrogen sulphide) environments

K-55 is having more tensile strength than J-55
Drill Pipes:
Axial / longitudinal Vibration
Tensional Vibrations

Drill Pipe Vibrations:

1) Axial / longitudinal Vibrations – Cause frequent wash outs, twist offs & many cracks POOR ROP &
High torque, sudden increase in torque (hard rock unstabalized BHA0 over gauge holes)
2) Torsional Vibrations - Cause stick slip & decrease in ROP (min & Max speed at MWD) (Surface
torque oscillations < 1 Hz) (High angle wells & Aggressive PDC bits)
3) Lateral or Bending Vibrations: Top drive kelly bouncing 3X RPM, premature bit failure, Axial
acceleration of BHA at 3X RPM on MWD
4) PD bit whirling

Well Control Methods:

Drillers etc
Driller Method
 Drill Pipes:
Grades

Grades of drill pipe

• New: Brand new (never used).
• Premium: The remaining wall shall not be less than 80% of the new specified wall.
• Class 2: The remaining wall shall not be less than 70% of the new specified wall.
• Class 3: The wall thickness is less than the minimum for class 2.
How is drill pipe inspected?
API RP 7G-2 walks through the Inspection methods
inspection of the following elements: Visual inspection (VTI)
API/RSC thread inspection (API-TI)
Drill pipe (body) Dimensional inspection (DI)
Tool joints Electromagnetic tubular inspections (EMI)
BHA connections Magnetic particle (MT)
Drill collars Liquid dye penetrant (PT)
Subs Ultrasonic inspection of rotary-shouldered
HWDP connections (UT-RSC)
Kellys Ultrasonic inspection of high-stress areas and
Stabilizers tube upsets (UTEA)
Jars
MWD/LWD
Motors/turbines
Reamers/scrapers
Rotary steerable
Proprietary tools
Drill String inspection Types – Everything has to be within limit means “Non Destructive Testing”
API RP 4G:
• Covers masts, derricks and accessories
• Covers substructures and accessories
• Does NOT address much on carriers and ancillary devices for portable masts, i.e. carrier
frame,tires, anchor points, work platform, guying
Four inspection levels:
Cat I is DAILY (no documentation required),
Cat II is at rig- up (no documentation required),
Cat III every 2 Years (documentation required),
Cat IV: every 10 Years / 5 Years.
• Significant weakness in identifying capabilities of necessary qualifications of craftsmen
(particularly welders) to perform repairs
• Good definition of required records
• Overlaps with RP 8B on crown blocks and sheaves and on dead line anchors. 8B has more
rigid
requirements and tighter frequencies
• Does not address drawworks or brakes, or rotary tables and components
 Casing behaviour while pressure testing:
Suppose we apply 500 PSI and system is closed then how will it react

Refer above diagram: While pressure testing the casing ; very less pressure acted on surface.
Hence upper part of casing always remain less pressure exposure during pressure testing.
But during Gas kick scenario the BHP – Gas gradient acting on every part of casing.
In non self flowing low risk well where you can go for optimization lesser grades at surface
Well Control methods
1St Circulation: The first circulation removes influx with original mud weight.
2nd Circulation: The Second circulation kills well with kill mud.
 Design Criteria's
Cairn's Reco. Design Factor
Global Design Factors Pipe Body Connections
Burst = 1.1 Burst = 1.1 Burst/Leak = 1.1
Collapse = 1 Collapse = 1 & 0.85 compl evac
Triaxial = 1.25 Axial Axial
Axial Tension = 1.6 Tension = 1.6
Tension = 1.4 Compression = 1.6 Collapse = 1.6
Compression = 1.1

Triaxial = 1.1 (Cairn)

but Accepted Global Design Factor = 1.25

Axial load case considerations

1) Running in hole Avg Speed = 3 ft/s
2) Overpull force = 100 kips = 100, 000 lbf
3) Pre-cementing static load applied force = 0 kips
4) Green cement pressure test = MAASP
5) Service loads
6) Combined Compression loads on conductor & surface casing– default
stress check
PP FG curve
P10 = Prob(X ≤ x) = 0.1 (low case), P50 = Prob(X ≤ x) = 0.5 (medium case) and P90 = Prob(X ≤ x) = 0.9 (high case).
P50 is medium & average case – choose this always

Gas density above 10000ft : 0.1 psi/ft

HSE (COC & COS).

DROPS: Redzone/No Go zones Identified/communicated/controlled and Area Authority appointed, secondary
retentions
Lift and Hoisting: Forklif & Crane periodic inspections; Crown "O" matic / Floor O Matic; Elmagco brake tested and
functions efficiently; Draw work brake inspection ; Lifting gear color coded; Drilling line management (Ton mile);
Fall protection; Man riding/Man lifting equipments inspected,
Personal Safety : Compliance to fitness to work; Contractor assurance plan in place; Hands off tools available and
used; HSE training matrix compliance; Impact gloves available and used; Pinch point register available and
implemented; Welfare and Manning
Road Safety IVMS & journey Management
Well Process Safety: Shear test; pressure test; COC COS ; well barrier policy; PTW; JSA etc
Environment: Issuing Environmental certificates; oil spillage etc
 HYDROGEN SULPHIDE (H2S)
H2S is colorless toxic gas
GENERAL CONSEQUENCE
-Rotten Egg odor
- Low concentration cause burning of eyes, shortness of breathe
but at Low concentrations
-High concentration cause convulsions, in ability to breathe,
-Denser than Air
extremely rapid unconsciousness, coma and death
-Flammable
-Corrosive Flammable : Flammable range for H2S is in between 4 % to 45 % of gas by
volume in Air. When burned it produces SO2, which readily combines with water
Source of H2S in O&G to form Sulphuric acid in atmosphere acid rain.
- Drilling High H2S Level Wells
- Confined space entry TLV - The Threshold Limit Value: considered for an 8 hour working day is
- Venting / Flaring Operations 5ppm. If it exceeds 10ppm then crew should be provided training.
- Maintenance Operations
- Sulphur removal Systems Concentrations: Beyond 5 ppm, consider as vulnerable to workers
- Vacuum tank vents -10 PPM: eye & respiratory track irritation – Vulnerable to workers
-10 to 100 PPM: Loss of smell, opacity of eye, headache, cough, nausea
ALARM, ESCAPE MUSTERING & EVACUATION:
- STOP work, - DON escape set, CHECK wind direction (Wind sock), Go Muster station. Comply instructions
H2S, Alarms, Hand held Alarms, Emergency Response Drills, Declaring Red Zones
 KICK TOLERANCE
RAT HOLE: are required for good hole circulations, Giving good casing shoe strength, avoiding chances of back off while drilling
shoe track.

LOT & FIT

 HSE INSPECTION & AUDITS Briefing material required
 Organisation chart for facility, preferably with names.
LEVEL -1 AUDIT Broad view - Higher level audit involving company’s president  Previous visit reports for same facility with list of
recommendations.
LEVEL -2 AUDIT Medium Level audit involving company’s staffs and manager  Last self-check report made by off-site supervisor in
asset holding department.
LEVEL -3 AUDIT Lower Level audit involving company’s staffs and supervisor only
 Safety milestones achieved by the facility since last
visit.
Program / Plan has to be performed  Site supervisor’s report on all accidents at facility since
1) Briefing material required last visit.
2) List of documents and records to be reviewed  Reports of investigations of accidents since last visit.
3) Interviews to be conducted  Minutes of HSE meetings since last visit.
4) Site access and safety requirements/procedures (including personal  List of drills carried out since last visit
protective equipment)  Asset holder’s report on status of all outstanding HSE
5) Emergency drills  travel/accommodation arrangements actions at the facility.
 Maintenance list of major failures since last visit.
FSO VARIFICATION
 Drilling list of major delays or problems since last visit.
ASK FOR RED ZONE MAPS, DRILLS, PTW, JSA AUDITS, AMBULANCE,  List of equipment modifications reviewed since last
EMERGENCY DRILLS
visit.
RED ZONE MAPS – CATWALK, V-Door, Rotary, tongs, draw works,  List of amendments to General Emergency Procedures.
below substructure  List of amendments to departmental emergency
procedures.
IVMS– DRIVERS WITH BLUE KEY  List of amendments to Operating Procedure Guide.
RIGSITE & CAMP INSPECTION & AUDITS
WEEKLY CRANE INSPECTION
WEEKLY BAND BRAKE INSPECTION
RED ZONE MAP
EMERGENCY RESPONSE WALL CHART
SAFETY TOOLS

Finger saver

Pull Push tool

Tether- ˈटे द(र् )
एखादे जनावर दोराने वगै रे बां धणे ;
दा ाला बां धणे .
FALL AREREST INSPECTION AFTER EVERY 6 MONTHS
MANRIDER WINCHES LOADLIST
MANBASKET LOADLIST
LIFTING GEAR REGISTER AFTER EVERY 6 MONTHS
WEEKLY DROP SURVEY
DROP AWARENESS TRAINING
ASSIGNMENT OF DROP LEAD
LIFTING EQUIPMENT CONTROLLER (LEC) COURSE STATUS
MPI INSPECTION
 6 MONTHS CHERRY PICKER /
HYDRALADDER / BOOMLIFT CERTIFICATE

5 YEARS BOOM LIFT OPERATOR

CERTIFICATE

6 MONTHS FORKLIFT CERTIFICATE

 6 MONTHS BOP HOISTS LOAD TEST
6 MONTHS MONKEY BOARD WINCH CERTIFICATE
MPI CERTIFICATE
DEAD LINE ANCHOR GAP / LOAD CELL SENSATOR GAP
SLIP & CUT MAINTENANCE
 KICK TOLERANCE
Kick tolerance is the maximum gas influx volumes (bbl) for a designed kick intensity that can be successfully shut the well in and
circulated out without breaking formation pressure at the casing shoe.

Kick intensity is the different between the maximum anticipated formation pressure and planned mud weight.
 Extra Work

Analysis of historical well data, analyze frequently reoccurring problems

Categories them in two 1) Mechanical – Human Delays 2) Subsurface issues
Mechanical issues
- Logistic delays - better coordination
- Rig move issues - Adhering government regulations & coordinating entire team (logistics & rig)
- Water supply issues – coordinating water department
- Wrong drilling practices
Entering to hole without circulation causing stuck
Abusing motors by operating them without pumps while back reams or forward reams, diff = 50 psi
Twist offs, connection time, BOP nippling team, Pump failure – liner piston change, waiting on
spares , maintaining backups
Such all mechanical problem can be 99% sorted out
 Extra Work

But what about directly nonhuman related wellbore issues

1. This requires detailed study of historical data and prepare game plan. Incorparate in DWOPs
2. Selection of motors suitable to formations (Hi speed low torque for loose surface sediments)
3. Selection of different bits suitable to formations (impact cutter bits), long gauge bit to avoid hole spiraling issues,
or Cymera bits (Steerable at high angles and fast ROP)
4. Maintain Optimum ROPs in accordance to fulfill minimum requirement of resolution of LWD logs
5. Identify ECR zones – then reduce drilling aggressiveness
6. Vigilant monitoring: Geosteering – after 30 meters highlight geologists if not getting sweet zones, this can avoid
undercuts causing 2 days of time
7. Prepare robust SOPs and explain crew with physical involvement about action plan, why earlier failures were
occurring (e.g liner cement job)
8. Check ongoing directional progress VS plan, and projections.
9. Check for Revolution of TCI bits, to avoid cone failure
10. Quick investigation of failures and come with firm solution
 LOGS

CBL – VDL – USIT: Cement bond logs

PEX – Platform Express integrated wire line logging tool is half the length of conventional triple-combo logging but
twice as fast. The combination of higher logging speeds, reduced set-up and calibration time, and faster turnaround
for wellsite processing boosts logging efficiency and requires significantly less rig time.
HRLA - High resolution lateral array logs – Deep Resistivity
Tripple combo – Neutron Density Resistivity
XPT - formation pressure & mobility data 10 points
MDT – formation pressure sampling