IV.

LOGICAL CRITICAL REASONING

IV.1 statement/assumptions/Conclusion Type of Questions
Typ 1
Directions (1-5): In each of these questions, two statements are given
followed by four conclusions. Take the two given statements to be true even
if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. Read all the
conclusions and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follow
from the two given statements, disregarding commonly known facts.
1. Statements: Some papers are pencils. All pencils are lions.
Conclusions:
i). All lions are pencils ii). Some lions are pencils.
iii). Some lions are papers. Iv). Some papers are lions.
(a) All allow (b)Only (ii), (iii) and (iv) follow
(c) Only (iii) and (iv) follow (d) Only (i), (ii) and (iii) follow
(d) None of these

2. Statement: All cups are trees. All trees are tigers.

Conclusions:
i). All cups are tigers.
iii). All trees are cups.
(a) Only (ii) and (iii) follow
(c) All follow
(e) None of these
Ii). All tigers are cups.
Iv). Some tigers are cups.
(b) Only (i)and(iv) follow
(d) None follows.

3. Statement: All trains are flowers. Some flowers are watches.

Conclusions:
i).Some trains are watches
iii).Some watches are flowers
(a) All follows
(c) Only (i) and (ii) follow
(e) None of these
ii). Some watches are trains
iv). Some flowers are trains
(b) None follows
(d) only ii and iii follow

4. Statements: some boxes are cars. Some cars are

roads. Conclusions:
Some roads are boxes. Some cars are boxes.
No box is road. Some roads are cars.
Only ii and iii follow. Only I and iv
follow. Only either i or iv and i and ii follow. None
follow.
 None of these.

5. Statement: No goat is door. All doors are chairs.

Conclusions:
Some chairs are doors
goats No chair is goat
Either ii or iii follow
Either ii or iii and I follows
None of these
Some chairs are
Some doors are goats
Either ii or iii and iv follows
None follows

Type 2
Directions (6-10): in each question below is given a statement
followed by two assumptions. An assumption is something that is
supposed or taken for granted. You have to consider the statement
and the following assumptions and decide which of the assumptions is
implicit in the statement.
Give answer
(a) If only assumption I is implicit.
(b) If only assumption II is implicit
(c) If either I or II is implicit
(d) If neither I nor II is implicit and
(e) If both I and II are implicit.
6. Statement: in case of any difficulty about this case, you may contact
our company’s lawyer.
Assumptions:
(i) Each company has a lawyer of its own.
(ii) The company’s lawyer is thoroughly briefed about this case.
7. Statement: a good manager must draw the utmost work from each
worker.
Assumption:
(i) It is possible to get the maximum work from each worker.
(ii) Managers are expected to get the best work from their workers.
8. Statement: I can take you quickly from Kanpur to Lucknow by my cab
but then you must pay me double the normal charges.
Assumptions:
(i) Normally, it will take more time to reach Lucknow from Kanpur.
(ii) People want to reach quickly but they will not pay extra money
for it.
 9. Statement: The coffee powder of company ‘X’ is better in taste than
the much advertised coffee of company ‘Y’.
Assumptions:
(i) If your product is not good, you spend more on advertising.
(ii) Some people are tempted to buy a product by the
advertisement.
10.Statement: A good executive has to be task oriented as well as
people-oriented.
Assumptions:
(i) Some executives are only people-oriented.
(ii) Some executives are not at all oriented to people.

Type 3

Directions (11-15): In making decisions about important questions, it is

desirable to be able to distinguish between ‘strong’ arguments and ‘weak’
arguments so far as they relate to questions. ‘Weak’ arguments may not be
directly related to the question and may be of minor importance or may be
related to a trivial aspect of the question.
Each question below is followed by two arguments. You have to decide
which of the arguments is ‘strong’ and which is ‘weak’.
Give answers,
a. If only argument (i) is strong.
b. If only argument (ii) is strong.
c. If either (i) or (ii) is strong.
d. If neither (i) nor (ii) is strong.
e. If both (i) and (ii) are strong.
11.Should the pay scale of government and private employees be
made similar?
Arguments:
(i) Yes! Employees will work with more dedication and will not
change their job.
(ii) No! This will stop the feeling of competitiveness and ultimately
affect the productivity and profitability.
12.Should student’s union in universities be abolished?
Arguments:
(i) Yes! Students can pay full attention to their career development.
(ii) No! All the great leaders had been student union leaders.
 13.Should all college-going students compulsorily be sent for
military training?
Argument:
(i) Yes! This will help them in becoming more punctual and
disciplined.
(ii) No! Military training should be provided to only deserving
students.
14.Should internal assessment in colleges be abolished?
Arguments:
(i) Yes! This will help in reducing the possibility of favoritism.
(ii) No! The teaching faulty will lose control over students.
15.Should the government stop spending huge amounts of money on
international sports?
Arguments:
(i) Yes! This money can be utilized for the upliftment of the poor.
(ii) No! Sportspersons will be frustrated and will not get international
exposure.

Type 4
Directions (16-20): For each of the five questions given below, two
statements are given below, followed by two conclusions. Assume the two
statements to be true, even if they do not seem likely and then decide which
of the conclusions follow from the two statements. Choose (a) if only I follow.
Choose (b) if only II follows. Choose (c) if either I or II follows and choose (d)
if neither I nor II follows.
16.Statement: All sauces are pickles. Some sauces are ketchups.
Conclusions:
(i) All ketchups are sauces
(ii) All pickles are ketchups.
17.Statement: All biscuits are chocolates. No chocolate is an ice
cream.
Conclusion:
(i) No biscuit is a chocolate.
(ii) All chocolates are biscuits.
18.Statements: All worms are mosquitoes. All mosquitoes are birds.
Conclusion:
(i) All mosquitoes are worms.
(ii) All worms are birds.
 19. Statement: Some actors are doctors. All architects are actors.
(i) All actors are doctors.
(ii) Some architects are actors.
20.Statements: All microprocessors are computers. All computers are
modems.
Conclusions:
(i) All microprocessors are modems.
(ii) All modems are microprocessor.

Type 5
Directions (21-25): there are many funny incidents related to different walks
of life. One of the features of the funny incidents is the punch line or a
climax-which gives the incident a sudden transformation or twist (into
something unexpected). It is this punch line which makes the incident funny.
In each of the following questions an incident is described but the punch line
is missing – indicated by a blank. After each incident, two statements are
given. Consider the incident, and decide which of the two statements fit as a
punch line.
Answer ‘Only I’, if only statement I fits; answer ‘Only II’, if only statement II
fits; answer ‘Both with contrasting ideas’, if both statements I and II fit but
the ideas or the wavelength of approach in both the statements is different
and contrasting; answer ‘Both with same idea’, if both the statements I and II
fit and the wavelength of approach in both the statements is more or less the
same; and answer ‘Neither’, if you think that neither of the statements fits.
21.Seeing a boy in the class crying, the teacher asked, “Why are you
crying.” The boy replied,…..”
(i) I cry whenever I don’t laugh.
(ii) I am crying because I have nothing else to do.

(a) Only I (b) Both with same idea(c) Neither I nor II (d)
Only II
(e) Both with Contrasting ideas.

22.Seeing a man smoking in the railway compartment, his co-

passenger told him, “You should stop smoking, otherwise you will get
cancer.” The smoker replied, “…..”
(i) Well, I am in-charge of the charge of the cancer detection center
of the city I live.
 (ii) I was detected for suffering from cancer twenty years back.
(a ) Only I (b) Only II (c) Both with same idea
(d) Both with contrasting Ideas (e) Neither.

23.A man was advising his friend, “Remember, you should never steal
because……”
(i) You will never become a robber.
(ii) That is the only way to avoid entering in business.
(a ) Both with same idea (b) both with contrasting
ideas.
(c) Neither (d) Only I
(e) Only II

24.On returning home from office one day, a man said to his wife, “I am
not going to office tomorrow because….”
(i) I have decided to swap our daily routine.
(ii) I have been put under house arrest.
(a ) Neither. (b) Only I.
(c) Only II. (d) Both with same idea.
(e ) Both with contrasting idea.

25.A person who consumed alcohol regularly, told his friend, “I don’t
take bath on Thursday because….”
(i) I take bath only when I am drunk.
(ii) It is a dry day.
(a ) Both with contrasting idea. (b) Both with same idea.
(c ) Only II (d) Neither
(e ) Only I

Type 6
Directions (26-30): In each of these questions, a statement is given
followed by three courses of action. A course of action is a step or
administrative decision to be taken for improvement, follow up, or further
action in regard to a problem or policy. On the basis of the information given
in the statement, assume everything in the statement to be true and decide
which of the three given statements is true, which of the three given
suggested courses of action logically follow(s) and which of the alternatives
is the correct answer.
26.Statements: Drinking water supply to Navi Mumbai has been
suspended toll further orders from the Maharashtra Pollution Control
Board, following pollution of the Patalganga river, caused by the
discharge of effluents from some chemical; industries.
Course of action:
(i) The industries responsible for discharging effluents into the river
should be asked to close down immediately.
(ii) The river water should immediately be treated chemically before
resuming supply.
(iii) The Pollution Control Board should check the nature of effluents
being discharged into the river by industries at regular intervals.
(a ) All follow. (b) Non follow (c) Only I follow
(d) Only II and III follow. (e) None of these

27.Statements: the vehicular traffic has increased so much in the

recent past that it takes at least two hours to travel between the city
and the airport during peak hours.
Courses of action:
(i) Non airport bound vehicles should not be allowed to ply on the
road connecting the city and the airport.
(ii) The load of vehicular traffic should be directed through various
link roads during peak hours.
(iii) The departure and arrival of flights should be regulated so as
to avoid congestion during peak hours.
(a ) All follows. (b)Only I and II follow. (c) Only I follow.
(d) Only II follows
(e ) None of these.

28.Statements: A devastating earthquake has ravaged the city,

killing hundreds of people and rendering many more homeless.
Courses of action:
(i) The entry of outside into the city should be stopped immediately.
(ii) The civic administration should immediately make alternate
temporary housing arrangement for the victims.
(iii) The affected people should immediately be shifted to a safer
place.
(a ). Only I follows. (b) Only II and III follow (c) Only III
follows.
 (d ) Either II or III follows (e) None of these.

29.Statements: Due to cancellation a huge export order for not

adhering to the time frame, the company is likely to incur looses in the
current financial year.
Courses of action:
I. The officer-in-charge of production should be immediately
suspended.
II. The goods manufactured for the export order should be sold to
another party.
III. The company should change its machinery to maintain the time.
a) All follow (b) None follow
c) Only I and II follow d) Only II follows
e) None of these

30.Statement: The University Grants Commission has recommended that

the primary level admission to government and government-aided
schools should be done purely by random selection and not by
admission tests. This is necessary as the numbers of admission
seekers are much more than the available seats.
Courses of action:
I. The government should set up an independent body to regulate
that primary schools to follow the same practice as well.
II. The government should set up an independent body to regulate
the primary level admissions.
III. The schools should be asked to select students only from those
who stay in the neighbouring areas of the school.
a) None follows . b) Only II and III follow.
c) Only I and II follow. d) Only II follows.
e) None of these.
Type 7
Directions (31-35): in each of these questions, a statement is given
followed by three assumptions. An assumption is something that is
supposed or taken for granted. Considering the statement and the
assumptions and decide which of the assumptions is implicit in the
statement. Then decide which of the alternative is the correct answer.
31.Statement: Facing the threat of the park being destroyed by
rodents, the authority banned people from carrying and food article
while entering the park.
Assumptions:
I. People may not now bring any food article inside the park.
II. The rodent may stop invading the park in future.
III. The number of people visiting the park may decrease.
a) All are implicit. b) Only I and II are implicit.
c) Only II is implicit. d) Only II and III are implicit.
e) None of these.

32.Statement: Being unable to maintain the roads in the city, the civic
authority has decided to invite private enterprises to adopt
different prominent roads in exchange for advertisement rights on
these roads.
Assumptions:
I. The common people may not welcome the decision.
II. An adequate number of private enterprises may respond to the
invitation.
III. The traffic problems may decrease in the near future.
a) . Only II is implicit b) None is implicit.
c) Only II and III are implicit. d) Only I and II are implicit.
e) None of these.

33.Statement: Saroj applied to the bank for a loan of Rs. 1,80,000 by

mortgaging her house to the bank, and promised to repay it within
five years.
Assumptions:
I. The bank has a practice of granting loan for Rs 1,00,000 and
above.
II. The bank accepts house as collateral security against such loans.
III. The bank may grant a loan to Saroj.
a) All are implicit. b) None is implicit.
c) Only II and III are implicit. d) Only I and II are implicit.
e) None of these.
 34.Statement: “Wanted first class engineering graduates to join a team
of highly motivated employees in our company”- an
advertisement.
Assumptions:
I. An adequate number of first class engineering graduates will
respond to the advertisement.
II. Those who do not have a first class will not apply.
III. Only those who are motivated will respond to the advertisement..
a) None is implicit. b) Only I is implicit
c) Only I and II are implicit. d) Only I and III are
implicit.
e) None of these.

35.Statement: “If you want to get the best treatment for coronary
disease, you must approach hospital Z,” A tells B.
Assumptions:
I. B may be a heart patient.
II. B generally listens to A.
III. A may have enough information about the hospital facilities.
a) None is implicit. b) All are implicit.
c) Only I is implicit. d) Only II and III are implicit
e) None of these.

IV.4 Logical Relationship between Sentences.

Each question contains six statements followed by four sets of combinations
of three. Choose the set in which the statement are logically related.
1. A. All apples are fruits. B. All fruits are sweet.
C. All apples are sweet. D. All apples are priced.
E. All apples are red. F. All fruits are
available. (a). ABC (b) BCD (c) ADE (d)
DEF
2. A. X is a human being. B. Y is X’s wife.
C. Some women are islands. D. No man is an island.
E. X is not an island. F. Y is not an island
(a) ADE (b) ABE (c) ADF (d) CDE
3. A. Some men are bald. B. Bald men are intelligent.
C. Raman is a man. D. Taman is bald.
E. Raman is intelligent. F. All men are intelligent.
 (a) ABF (b) BDE (c) CDB (d)
EBF
4. A. All snakes are reptiles. B. All reptiles are not snakes.
C. All reptiles are cold-blooded. D. All snakes lay eggs.
E. All reptiles lay egg. F. Snakes are cold blooded.
(a) ADE (b) BED (c) ABE (d) ACF
5. A. X and Y are brothers. B. Siblings are often known
to quarrel.
C. X and Y do not quarrel. D. All those who quarrel are
siblings.
E. Y and X quarrel often. F. X and Y cannot be siblings.

EXERCISE -4 [LOGICAL REASONING]

Directions (1-5): Refer to the following paragraph.

The union Government is open to the idea of disinvesting up to 49% of its
stack in Public Sector Under-taking (PSUs) and up to 100% in viable but
chronically stick PSUs provided certain conditions, especially related to
welfare of the workers are adhered to. The Government has plans to mop up
Rs. 3,500 crore in the current fiscal year by way of disinvestment of equity in
PSUs. In 1991-92, the centre disinvested 8% of its stake in select PSUs and
mopped up Rs. 3,058 crore. As it was not possible for the Centre to pump
in the required funds, it was expecting equity participation ‘on a joint
venture basis’ to revamp sick PSUs.
So far, 58 of the total 246 Central PSUs have been identified as
chronically sick units. In West Bengal itself 16 of the 20 Central PSUs are
sick. Some of them can be made viable if adequate investment is made.
Centre has approached the World Bank for additional loans to revamp sick
PSUs in West Bengal.
1. The union Government is interested in the welfare of workers of sick
PSUs.
2. The Government’s idea of disinvesting even up to 100% in sick PSUs
was acceptable to the workers and unions of sick PSUs.
3. The Central Government is planning to disinvest from PSUs from this
year only.
4. In West Bengal more Central PSUs are identified as sick units than
in other states.
 5. Other agencies, except the World Bank, have refused to grant loan
for this purpose.

Directions (6-10): In each of the following questions, there are two

statements followed by two conclusions I
and II. You have to take the two statements to be true even if they seem to
be at variance with commonly known facts and they decide which of the
given conclusions logically follows from the given statements, disregarding
commonly known facts. Mark answer.
(a) If only conclusion (I) follows.
(b) If only conclusion (II) follows.
(c) If either (I) or (II) follows.
(d) If neither (I) nor (II) follows.
(e) If both (I) and (II) follow.
6. Statements:
I. All bananas are apples. II. Some bananas are
oranges.
Conclusions:
I. Some apples are oranges II. Some oranges are
bananas.
7. Statements:
I. Some fans are televisions. II. All televisions are
radios.
Conclusions:
I. Some fans are not radios. II. All radios are not fans.
8. Statements:
I. All bicycles are books. II. All books are pencils.
Conclusions:
I. All books are bicycles. II. Some pencils are
bicycles.
9. Statements:
I. Some engineers are actors. II. Some actors are
scientists.
Conclusions:
I. All scientists are engineers. II. All scientists are actors.
10. Statements:
I. All chairs are scales. II. Some scales are pens.
Conclusions:
 I. No pen is a scale. II. Some pens are scales.

Directions (Q. 11-15): given below is passage followed by several possible

inferences which can be drawn from the facts stated in the passage. You
have to examine each inference separately in th e context of the passage
and decide upon its degree of truth or falsity.
Mark answer (a) if the inference is ‘definitely true ‘, i.e. it properly follows
from the statement of facts given.
Mark answer (b) if the inference is properly true though not ‘definitely true’
in the light of facts given.
Mark answers (c) if the data are inadequate’, i.e. from the facts given you
cannot say whether the inference is likely to be true or false.
Mark answer (d) if the inference is ‘properly false’ though not ‘definitely
false’ in the light of the facts given.
Mark answer (e) if the inference is ‘definitely false’, i.e. it cannot possibly be
drawn from the facts given or it contradicts the given facts.
Coastal ecosystems are threatened by development-related activities
along roughly half of the world’s coasts, according to a study conducted
recently. The study indicates that about 34% of the world’s coasts are at high
potential risk of degradation and another 17 per cent are at moderate risk.
Most of the coastal ecosystems potentially threatened by development are
located within the northern temperate and northern equatorial zones. Europe
with 86 per cent of its coasts at either high or moderate risk, and Asia with
69 per cent of its coasts in these categories are the regions whose coastal
ecosystems are most threatened by degradation.
11.No further development work be carried out towards the
northern part of the world.
12.Coastal ecosystem of areas not affected by development
activities is more likely to be safe and protected.
13.The trust of development activities seems to be concentrated less
across European coastal lines than the Asian coastal line.
14.Throughout the world seafood will become dearer in the nearer
future.
15. Deep sea marine is in great danger now.

Directions (Q. 16-20): Given below is a passage followed by several

possible inferences which can be drawn from the facts in the passage. You
have to examine each inference separately in the context of the passage
and decide upon its degree of the truth or falsity.
Mark answer,
(a) If the inference is definitely true, i.e. it properly follows from the
statement of facts given
(b) If the inference is probably true, though not definitely true in the light
of the facts given.
(c) If the data are inadequate, i.e. from the facts given you cannot say
whether the inference is likely to be true or false.
(d) If the inference is probably false though not definitely false in the light
of the facts given.
(e) If the inference is definitely false, i.e. it cannot possibly be drawn from
the facts given or it contradicts the given facts.
Indian rice exporters might face though competition in the international
market, allege exporters. International demand for Indian rice surfaced either
due to its low prices or due to crop failure in other competitive countries.
However, the competitors were having a good crop of rice this year, which
indeed sounds as a threat for India, they pointed out. The leading rice
producing countries like Vietnam, Thailand, the USA, Myanmar and Pakistan
are bringing down their prices on par with Indian prices, internationally;
these countries have reduced their prices by $50 per tone in the lower grade,
coming almost on par with Indian prices. Indian rice is currently quoting
between $260 and $265 per tone. However, in the high grade the differential
still remains high; therefore India can expect to be competitive in high
grades provided the quality and deliveries are ensured on time. Pakistan is
our main competitor and it has reduced its price by 15 per cent, coming
almost in line with the Indian prices. The very fact that international players
have started to reduce their prices is a signal for Indian exporters to gear up
for 1996 – 97.
16. India has no potential threat in the international arena for
exporting rice.
17.Quality and delivery of goods on time are the two main
components for being in the forefront.
18.To remain in the international market, India should reduce its price.
19.India should increase its production of rice by 15 per cent to gear
up for 1996-97.
 20.Indian crops were inferior in quality than the leading rice
producing countries.

Direction (Q. 21-30): Each question below consists of a statement

followed by two assumptions numbered I and II. An assumptions in
something supposed or taken for granted. You have to consider the
statement and the following assumptions and decide which of the
assumptions is implicit in the statement.
Give answer (a) if only assumption I is implicit.
Give answer (b) if only assumption II is implicit.
Give answer (c) if either I or II is implicit.
Give answer (d) if neither I nor II is implicit.
Give answer (e) if both I and II are implicit.
21.Statement: As poor people in India prefer and use jaggery (gur)
rather than sugar, the government has decided to decontrol and
scrap sugar distribution through the Public Distribution System (PDS).
Assumptions:
I. Jaggery (gur) is freely available at a reasonable price to all poor
people.
II. The Public Distribution System has lost its utility.
22.Statement: Unless country X achieves total literacy, it cannot
achieve its mission of development.
Assumptions:
I. It is possible achieve total literacy in country X.
II. No development is possible without a power mission.
23.Statement: Many species of animals on our earth are still not
studied scientifically and if we do this work urgently many species will
face extinction.
Assumptions:
I. Earth may lose all types of life very shortly.
II. It is desirable and possible to study scientifically many animal
species.
24.Statement: Believe me, I have read it in ‘A’ newspaper.
Assumption:
I. ‘A’ newspaper gives reliable information/news.
II. I am reporting exactly as it is given in ‘A’ newspaper.
25.Statement: Herbs can safely be used for treating diseases of
human beings.
 Assumptions:
I. Herbs cannot be used for treating diseases of animals.
II. Herbal treatment is getting popular.
26.Statement: In case of any difficulty in this case you may contact our
company’s layer.
Assumptions:
I. Each company has a lawyer of its own.
II. The company’s lawyer is thoroughly briefed about this case.
27.Statement: A good manager must draw the most from each worker.
Assumptions:
I. It is possible to get the maximum from each worker.
II. Managers are expected to get the best from their workers.
28.Statement: I can take you quickly from Kanpur to Lucknow by my
cab but then you must pay me the double the normal charges.
Assumptions:
I. Normally, it will take more time to reach Lucknow from Kanpur.
II. People want to reach quickly but they will not pay extra money for
it.
29.Statement: The coffee powder of company X is better in taste than the
much-advertised coffee powder of Company Y.
Assumptions:
I. If your product is not good you spend more on advertisement.
II. Some people are tempted to buy a product by the advertisement.
30.Statement: A good executive has to be task oriented as well as
people oriented.
Assumptions:
I. Some executives are only people oriented.
II. Some executives are not at all oriented to people.

Directions (Q. 31): in the following questions there is a statement followed

by two assumptions. You have to choose
(a) If only assumption P is implicit.
(b) If only assumption Q is implicit.
(c) If either P or Q is implicit.
(d) If neither P nor Q is implicit.

31.Statement: if it is easy to become an engineer, then I do not want to

be an engineer.
 Assumptions:
P. An individual aspires to become an engineer.
Q. One desires to achieve a thing which is hard earned.

Directions (Q. 32-36): in each question below is a statement followed by

two assumptions I and II. An assumption is something that is taken for
granted. You have to consider the statement and the assumptions and
decide which of the assumptions is implicit in the statement.
Give answer,
(a) If only assumption I is implicit.
(b) If only assumption II is implicit.
(c) If either I or II is implicit.
(d) If neither I nor II is implicit.
(e) If both I and II are implicit
32. Statement: ‘Please issue a circular to all the officers to assemble in
the Conference Hall for attending a meeting ’, the director tells his secretary.
Assumptions:
I. All the officers will follow the instruction.
II. Some officers may not attend the meeting.
33. Statement: the minister cancelled all his engagements in Kanpur and
air dashed to the capital-a news item.
Assumptions:
I. Such news items are always headlines.
II. There is an air link between Kanpur and the capital.
34.Statement: Children who get encouragement usually perform better-a
not from the principal to the parents.
Assumptions:
I. Some parents do not encourage children.
II. Parents may follow the principal’s advice.
35.Statement: government has launched a scheme to provide coaching
to students of weaker sections of society to improve their educational
standard-a news item.
Assumptions:
I. The coaching classes would help the students of weaker sections
to do educationally better.
II. Students of weaker sections are educationally backward.
36.Statement: the army should be deployed in the area to immediately
restore peace and normalcy-a news report.
 Assumptions:
I. The army can be used for such purposes also.
II. Only the army can restore peace.

Directions (Q. 37-51): Each question below has two statements followed
by four conclusions numbered I, II, III and IV. You have to take the given
statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly
known facts. Read all the conclusions and then decide which of the given
conclusions logically follows from the two given statements, disregarding
commonly known facts.
37. Statements:
I. All boys are girls. II. Some girls are men.
Conclusions:
I.. Some girls are boys II. All girls are boys
III. Some men are girls. IV. All boys are men.
(a). All follow. (b) None follows.
(c) Only II and IV follow. (d) Only I and III follow.
(e) None of these.
38. Statements:
I.. All balls are bats. II. All stumps are balls.
Conclusions:
I.. Some bats are stumps. II. All bats are stumps.
III. All bats are balls. IV. All stumps are bats.
(a). All follow. (b) Only II, III and IV follow
(c). only I, II and III follow. (d) Only III and IV follow.
(e) None of these.
39. Statements:
I. All books are pencils. II. No pencil is an
eraser. Conclusions:
I. All pencils are books II. Some erasers are books.
III. No book is an eraser. IV. Some books are erasers.
(a). None follows. (b) Only I follow.
(c) Only I and III follow. (d) Only I and IV
follow. (e). None of these.
40. Statements:
I. Some grapes are potatoes. II. Some potatoes are mangoes.
Conclusions:
I. All potatoes are grapes. II. Some grapes are mangoes.
 III. Some mangoes are potatoes. IV. No grape is mango.
(a). Either III or Iv and II follow. (b) Either II or IV and III
follow.
(c) Either II or Iv follow. (d) Only II, III, IV follow.
(e) None of these.
41. Statements:
I. Some chalks are boards. II. All boards are classrooms.
Conclusions:
I. Some boards are classrooms. II. All classrooms are boards.
III. Some classrooms are chalks. IV. Some chalks are classrooms.
(a) None follows. (b) All follow.
(c) Only I, III and IV follow. (d) Only I, II and III follow.
(e) None of these.
42. Statements:
I. All pens are spoons. II. Some spoons are pencils.
Conclusions:
I. All pencils are spoons. II. Some pens are pencils.
III. All spoons are pens. IV. Some pencils are spoons.
(a) Only II and IV follow. (b) Only II and III follow.
(c) Either I or IV follows. (d) None follows.
(e) Only IV follows.
43. Statements:
I. all books are doors. II. Some doors are phones.
Conclusions:
I. Some phones are books. II. All phones are books.
III. All doors are books. IV. All books are phones.
(a). Only one follows. (b). either I or II follows.
(c) None follows. (d). All
follow. (e). Only II follows.
44. Statements:
I. All boys are teachers. II. All teachers are
students. Conclusions:
I. All boys are students. II. Some students are boys.
III. Some students are teachers. IV. All teachers are boys.
(a) Only I follow. (b). All follows.
(c). Only I and II follow. (d). Only I, II and III follow.
(e). Only II and III follow.
45. Statements:
 I. Some cars are scooters. II. Some scooters are not
calculators.
Conclusions:
I.. no car is a calculator. II. All cars are calculators.
III. all Scooters are cars. IV. Some scooters are cars.
(a).. None follows. (b). only one and II follow.
(c). Only II follows. (d). Only I and IV follow.
(e). All follow.
46. Statements:
I. Some tables are chairs. II. All chairs are
window. Conclusions:
I.. All windows are tables. II. Some windows are chairs.
II. Some windows are tables. IV. All tables are windows.
(a) All follow. (b). Only I, II and III follow.
(c) None follows. (d). Only IV follows.
(e) Only II and III follow.
47. Statements:
I. All researchers are psychologists. II. Some psychologists are
scientists.
Conclusions:
I.. All researchers are scientists. II. Some researchers are
scientists.
III. Some scientists are psychologists. IV. Some psychologists
are researchers.
(a) None follows. (b). Only III and IV follow.
(c) All follow. (d). Only III follow.
(e) II and IV follow.
48. Statements:
I. Some cars are scooters. II. No scooter is a
cycle. Conclusions:
I. No car is a cycle. II. No scooter is a car.
III. Some cars are cycles. IV. Some scooters are cars.
(a) All follow. (b) None follows.
(c) Only one and III follow. (d) Only I, II and IV follow.
(e) Only IV follows.
49. Statements:
I. No educationists are researchers. II. All researchers are
teachers.
 Conclusions:
I. No teacher is a researcher. II. No teacher is an
educationist.
III. Some researchers are teachers. IV. Some teachers are
researchers.
(a) None follows. (b) All follows.
(c) Either I or III follows. (d) Only II follows.
(e) Only III and IV follow.
50. Statements:
I. All phones are scales. II. All Scales are
calculators. Conclusions:
I. All calculators are scales II. All scales are phones
III. All phones are calculators IV. Some calculators are
phones.
(a) None follows. (b) Only I and II follow.
(c) All follow. (d) Only III and IV follow.
(e) Only II follows.
51. Statement:
I. Some pens are knives. II. Some knives are horses.
Conclusions:
I. Some knives are pens. II. Some pens are horses.
III. Some horses are knives. IV. No knife is horse.
(a) Only II and III follow. (b) Only I and IV follow.
(c) Only IV follows. (d) Only one follows.
(e) None of these.

Directions (Q. 52-56): in each of the following questions you are given
two statements followed by two conclusions P and Q. You have to take the
statements to the true, even if they appear to be at variance from
commonly known facts. Choose your answer as:
(a) If only conclusion P follows.
(b) If only conclusion Q follows.
(c) If either P or Q follows.
(d) If neither P nor Q follows.
52. Statements:
I. All pilots are brave men. II. All astronauts are
pilots. Conclusions:
P. All astronauts are brave men. Q. Some pilots are
astronauts.
53. Statements:
I. Many books are rocks. II. All rocks are
clips. Conclusions:
P. Some books are clips. Q. No rock is a book.
54. Statements:
I. Some kites are horses. II. All horses are dogs.
Conclusions:
P. All dogs are horses. Q. Some dogs are horses.
55. Statements:
I. All poets are readers. II. No reader is
wise. Conclusions:
P. no poet is wise. Q. All readers are poets.
56. Statements:
I. Some trees are horses. II. Biscuit is a
tree. Conclusions:
P. Biscuit is not a tree. Q. Some horses are trees.

Directions (Q. 57-61) : Each of the following consist of a question and

three statements (i), (II) and (III) given below it. You have to decide whether
the data given in the statement is/are sufficient for answering the question.
Read all the statements carefully and seek all the possible combinations
which would be sufficient for answering the question. A single statement or
statements with least combinations which could be sufficient for answering
the question would be your answer. For example, if statement (I) only could
be sufficient to answer the question the question, then statement (I) and (II)
together should not be taken as the answer. Also each of three statements
alone could be sufficient to answer the questions. In such case, for example
(I) only or (III) only should be taken as the answer and not (I) only.

57. How old was Hari on 30th July 1996?

I. Hari is 6 years older than his brother Varun
II. Varun is 29 years younger than his mother.
III. Hari’s mother celebrated her 50th birthday on 15 June 1996.
(a) Only I and III. (b) I, II and III are required.
(c) Only II and III. (d) Even with all three, the answer
cannot be arrived at.
(e) None of these.
58. On which day last week did Monty definitely meet Prabhu in his office?
I. Prabhu went to Monty’s office on Tuesday and Thursday.
 II. Monty was absent for three days in the week excluding Sunday.
III. Monty was not absent on any two consecutive days of the week.
(a) I and II only. (b) I and III only.
(c) II and III only. (d) I, II and III are required.
(e) Evenwith I, II and III the answer cannot be arrived at.
59. Which of the following represents ‘come’ in a code language?
I. ‘pit na ja od’ means ‘you may come home’.
II. ‘ja ta tor’ means ‘come and go.’
III. ‘od na pit tor’ means ‘you may go home’.
(a) I and II or I and III only. (b) I and II only.
(c). I, II and III are required. (d) II and III only.
(e) None of these.
60. Who among P, Q, R, S and T is the lightest?
I. Q is lighter than P and S and heavier than T.
II. P is heavier than Q and lighter than S.
III. R is heavier than Q.
(a) I or III only (b)I and III only.
(b) I,II and III only (d)II and III only.
(e) None of these
61. How is Q related to T?
I. M and R are brothers.
II. S has two sons and one brother, R being one of the sons
III. S is the mother of T and is married to Q.
(a) I and III only (b) III only
(c). I and II only (d) II and III only
(e) I, II and III are required.

Directions (Q.62-65): In each of the following questions, a question is

followed by two statements labeled as P and Q. You have to decide if
these statements are sufficient to answer the question. Choose
(a) If statement P is alone sufficient to answer the question asked.
(b) If statement Q is alone sufficient to answer the question
(c) If either P or Q alone is sufficient.
(d) If both P and Q are not sufficient to answer the question asked and
additional data is required.
62. Who is the brother of Balu?
Statements:
P. Balu is Arun’s brother.
Q. Balu’s father is the husband of Arun’s mother
63. What will be the total weight of 10 poles, each of the same weight?
 Statements:
P. One- Fourth of the weight of the pole is 5 kg.
Q. The total weight of three poles is 20 kg more than the total weight
of wo poles.
64. When was Manohar born?
Statements:
P. Manohar’s father was born on 15th august 1947.
Q. Manohar is 25 years younger than his mother.
65. Asoka is shorter than Anil. Sunil is shorter than Sudhir. Who is the
shortest among them?
Statements:
P. Anil is shorter than Sunil.
Q. Anil is taller than Sunil.

Directions (Q.66 -70): Read the following information and answer the
questions below it. Following are the criteria for recruiting Manager-
Training in an organization.
The candidate must be
(a) Be a Graduate with at least 50 per cent marks
(b) Have a post Graduate degree / diploma HRD/ Training/ Personnel
Management.
(c) Not be more than 35 years as on 1st may 1997
(d) Have experience of at least 8 years in the above areas out of which
a minimum of 4 years should be as an officer.
If a candidate satisfies all other criteria except—
i. (b), but has been working as a personnel officer for the last 6 years,
his her case is to be referred to General director-Training.
ii. (d), but has a doctoral degree in Psychology/Management, his/her case
is to be referred to General Manager-Training.
Based on the above criteria and the information given in each of the
following questions, you have to decide with regard to each case. You are
not to assume anything. These cases are given to you as on 1 May 1997.
Mark your answer as
(a) If the candidate is to be selected.
(b) If the candidate is not to be selected.
(c) If the data given are not sufficient to take a decision.
(d) If the case is to be referred to General Manager-Training.
(e) If the case is to be referred to Director-Training.
66.Sunidhi Srivastav is a science graduate with 65% marks. She has also
done post Graduation I HRD and completed her Ph.D. in Psychology. She
 has been working as a clerk for the last 10 years. She has completed 34
years as on 12 February 1996.
67.Sanjay Kumar completed his post-Graduation in Personnel Management
in 1993 at the age of 30. He has worked as a clerk for 3 years and has
been working as a Personnel Officer for the last 5 years. He is engaged in
a part-time doctoral program.
68.Mohit Khanna has secured 55% marks in graduation. She is a post-
graduate in Personnel Management and has been working as an officer
for the last 10 years. She was born on 19 April 1962.
69.Pramod Dogra was born on 4 March 1963. He has secured 60% marks in
graduation. He has been working for the last 10 years, out of which 6
years have been as a personnel officer. He does not have any post
graduate qualification.

BEWARE OF PITFALLS: COMMON ERRORS

Common Errors in the Use of Nouns

S. No. Incorrect Sentences Correct

Sentences

1. She has curly hairs. She has curly hair.

2. Furnitures are for sale here. Furniture is for sale
here.
3. Have you read poetries of Rabindra Nath Tagore? Have you read
poetry of Rabinra nath Tagore?
4. I like the sceneries of Kashmir I like the Scenery
of Kashmir.
5. He told these news to his father. He told this news to his
father.
6. I saw a flock of sheeps. I saw a flock of
sheep.
7. I want a scissor. I want a pair of scissors.
8. Measles are a fatal disease. Measles is a fatal
disease.
9. I gave two pices to beggar. I gave two pice to the
beggar.
10.A ten years old boy is playing football. A ten-year-
old boy is playing football.
 11.My thank is due to him. My thanks are due to
him.
12. He bought me two pairs of shoe. He brought me
two pair of shoes.
13.Who are these peoples? Who are these
people?
14. This is a boys college. This is a boy’s
college.
15.One travelers baggage was lost. The baggage of
one of the traveler was lost.[Avoid use
Of double possessive.]
16.Neither did his son became a doctor nor yours. Neither did
his son become a doctor nor yours. [Words
Like his, hers, its, theirs,
yours, ours – are possessive .
they are neither written
within the possessive sigh (‘)
nor are they followed by
nouns ].
17. You should continue your study. You should
continue your studies.
18.I like fruits and vegetable. I like fruit and
vegetables.
19. Politics are a dirty game. Politics is a dirty
game.
20.The judge passed order. The judge passed
orders (or an order).
21. Give alms to the blinds. Give alms to the blind.
22.Please write it in your copy. Please write it in
your copy-book.
23. Two-third of the mangoes are rotten. Two thirds
of the mangoes are rotten.
24. His wage is low. His wages are low.
25.He spared no pain to succeed. He spared no
pains to succeed.
26. Five B.A. and two M.A. applied for the job. Five B.A.’s and
two M.A.’s applied for the job.

Common errors in usage of Pronouns.

S. No. Incorrect Sentence Correct
Sentence

1. Who did you love? Whom did you love?

2. Whom do you think won the race? Who do you think won
the race?
Note: ‘Who’ denotes the subject and ‘whom’ stands for object.
3. It was him who wrote this. It was he who wrote
this.
4. It is me. It is I.
5. If I were her, I wouldn’t go there. If I were she, I wouldn’t
go there.
6. She absented from the music classes. She absented herself
from the music classes.
7. He kept himself away from the college. He kept away from
college.
Note: Such verbs as avail, absent, enjoy, apply, resign, exert, oversleep, set,
acquit, distinguish, revenge, etc., are used reflexively. Never omit the
reflexive pronoun. Such verbs as gather, marry, repeat, steal, stop, rest,
qualify, enlist, bathe, break, hide, feed, lengthen, open, turn, enlist, dash,
keep, move, spread etc., are not followed by a reflexive pronoun.
8. I and you are friends. You and I are friends.
9. He is richer than me. He is richer than I.
[When a pronoun follows
then the case of such a
pronoun is to be determined
from the content.
10. It is the individual not the system which I it was individual
who I
appreciate.
appreciate.
11.When you have used my spoon, give the when you have
used my spoon, give it to me.
same to me.
12.Both Binny as well as his brother came to wish me. Both Binny and
his brother came to wish me.
[or Binny as well as his
brother came to wish me]
[either use both or as well]
13. Neither he nor she have gone there. Neither he
or she has gone there.
 14.Both himself and Sam did it. Both he and Sam
did it.
15. This is the best which we could say. This is the best
that we could say.
16.I made my mention. I made mention
to you.
[A noun or pronoun in
possessive case should not
be used as the antecedent to
a relative pronoun. ]
17. They have no cars of theirs. They have no
cars of their own.
18.It is me you wish to see? It is I you wish to
see?
19. Who did it? Myself. Who did it? I did
it.
20.He told this to whosoever he met. He told this to
whomsoever he met.
21. My teacher know it. Shall I ask? My teacher
knows it. Shall I ask?
22. Your’s sincerely. Yours sincerely.
23.My bag is cheaper than you. My bag is
cheaper than yours or My bag is cheaper
Than that of yours.
24.Her name is mine. Her name is the
same as mine.
25. This is the parrot who talks. This is the parrot
that talks.
26.I was glad at my younger brother coming. I was glad
at my younger brother’s coming.
27. What do you think of him joining our company? What do you
think of his joining our company?
28.Every teacher and every student was in their place. Every
teacher and every student was at his place.
29. Neither he nor his brother is to blame. Neither he nor his
brother are to blame.
30.I, he and you should work together. You, he and
I should work together.

Common Errors in the Use of Verbs

S. No. Incorrect Sentences Correct
Sentences
1. He makes his prayers. He says (or offers) his
prayers.
2. We shall no longer cry as we have in the past. We shall no longer cry
as well have cried in the past.
3. The train stayed here for five minutes. The train stopped here
for five minutes.
4. He fasted since yesterday. He has fasted since
yesterday.
5. He ordered to withdraw the army. He ordered his army to
withdraw.
6. All of them were perished. All of them perished.
7. He took out his shoes. He took off his shoes.
8. A number of houses has collapsed but no loss A number of houses
have collapsed but no loss of
of life or property have been reported. Life or property has
been reported.
9. A number of players has come. A number of players
have come.
10. He has not succeeded to win the prize. He has not
succeeded in winning the prize.
11.I have worked here for the last 10 years. I have been
working here for last 10 years.
12. He laid in bed for two hours. Hey lay in bed for
two hours
Note: lie, lay, laid (Intransitive verb) Lay, laid, lain (Transitive verb).
13.He talks (or says) English fluently. He speaks English
fluently.
14. He took a bath. He had a bath.
15.Columbus invented America. Columbus discovered
America.
16. I told the teacher to excuse me. I asked the teacher to
excuse me.
17. He said me a liar. He called me a liar.
18. I stood first in my class. I was first in my class.
19.He offered to hire his house to me. He offered to let his
house to me.
20. I troubled her much. I gave her much
trouble.
21. Let it to be done. Let it be done.
22. The crowd move fast. The crowd moves fast.
23.He qualified himself as a teacher. He qualified as a
teacher.
24. She is the lady who lives near my house. She is the woman who
lives near my house.
25.The carriage and horse are standing there. The carriage and
horse is standing there.
26. He resigned to his fate. He resigned himself to
his fate.
27.The committee have issued its report. The committee has
issued its report.
28. Ten miles are a long distance. Ten miles is a long
distance.
29.The patient died before the doctor came. The patient had died
before the doctor came.
30. No riches but education ensure success. No riches but education
ensures success.
31.More than a million of rupees are required. More than a
million of rupee is required.
32. A little good habit make our life better. A little good habit
makes our life better.
33.He will sit and dream all day. He would sit and dream
all day.
34. He seems to enjoy his stay in Delhi. He seems to have
enjoyed his stay in Delhi.
35.Our only guide were the stars. Our only guide
was the stars.
36. Manoj as well as Mohit are wrong. Manoj as well as Mohit
is wrong.
37. Two and two make four. Two and two makes four.
38. The majority of people is opposed to the The majority of people
are opposed to the Liberalization reforms.
liberalization reforms.
39.The majority are opposed to it. The majority is
opposed to it.
40. Nothing but good food please him. Nothing but good food
pleases him.
41.Nothing but good novels pleases him. Nothing but good
novels please him.
42. You had better not to go there. You had better not go
there.
43. Two pair of jeans is with her. Two pairs of jeans are
with her.
 44. This is one of the best movie which have been This is one of the
best movies which have been
Seen by me. Seen by me.
45. None but the brave deserves the fair. None but the
brave deserve the fair.
46. The stars was our only guide. The stars were
our only guide.
47. I did not see her for two days. I have not seen her for
two days.
48. I wish I was there. I wish I were
there.
49. If I was you, I should not do it. If I were you, I
would not do it
50. I went for seeing my brother. I went to see my
brother.

Common Errors in the Use of Adverbs

S. No. Incorrect sentence. Correct
sentence
1. Call him anything else than a fool. Call him anything but a
fool.
2. He eagerly wishes to help me. He wishes eagerly to
help me.
3. He was fortunately not there. Fortunately he was not there.
4. She worked noble than her sister. She worked more nobly
than her sister.
5. Is he a good man? Yes he is not a good man. Is he a good
man? Yes, he is a good man.
Note: if the answer to a question is ‘yes’, the verb following it must be in
affirmative. If the answer to a question is ‘no‘, the verb following it must be
in the negative.
6. Shammy is so week in Hindi. Shammy is very week
in Hindi.
7. I never remember having met him. I do not remember ever
having met him.
8. He cannot even write correct Hindi. He cannot write even
correct Hindi.
9. I explained briefly my idea. I briefly explained my
idea.
 10.I was very delighted. I was much
delighted.
11. I did it presently. I did it just now.
12. He is respected greatly. He is greatly respected.
13.I saw you long before. I saw you long
ago.
14. He is too tired to help me. He is very kind to
help me.
15.He came quicker than I thought. He came a lot
quicker than I thought.
16. He is telling not a lie. He is not telling a
lie.
17.He is too kind to help me. He is very kind to
help me.
18. The luggage is too much heavy for me . The luggage is
much too heavy for me.
19.The train reached rather lately. The train reached
rather late.
20. He had almost reached his goal. He had reached
almost his goal.
21.Binny is somewhat tall for her age. Binny is rather
tall for her age.
22. He is named as Rinku. He is named
Rinku.
23.This building is too much small for us. This building is
much too small for us.
24. He recovered his health by and by. He gradually
recovered his health.
25.The guests went away by and by. The guests went
away one by one.
26. I have not met him long since. I have not met
him for a long time.
27.My patient is very better today. My patient is
much better today.
28. I found her lying senselessly. I found her lying
senseless.

Common Errors in the Use of Conjunctions.

S. No. Incorrect Sentences. Correct

Sentences.
1. He is not only handsome but sensible. He is not only
handsome, also sensible.
2. You act as though you are sad. You act as though you
were sad.
3. I met no other girl but Vandana. I met no other girl than
vandana.
4. He is very learned but loves books. He is very learned and
loves books.
5. College life is charming and life after that is dull. College life is
charming but life after that is dull.
6. Not only all other players but also I think it Not only I but
also other players think it to be
to be wrong. Wrong.
7. He weeps as he is a poor. He weeps as if he were
poor.
8. He behaves as if he is king. He behaves as he were
king.
9. As he has fever, so he cannot go with you. As he has fever,
he cannot go with you.
10. Both Sahil and his brother were not there. Neither
Sahil nor his brother was there.
11.He not only lost his job but also his reputation. He lost not only his
job but his reputation too.
12. This is a good, if no better than that. This is a
good as if no better than that.
13.Because she is beautiful therefore she is praised. She is
beautiful, therefore she is praised. Or
Because she is beautiful, she
is praised.
14.I hope Sahil will recover. I hope that Sahil
will recover.
15. The choice is between death or life. I doubt whether
she will come.
16.I doubt that she will come. I doubt whether
she will come.
17. Two months have passed since I have seen him. Two months
have passed since I saw him.
18.They do not seem to play like they used to. They do not
seem to play as they used to.
19. We will try and find her. We will try to find her.
20.He is equally good as his father. He is as good as
his father.
 21.The city is beautiful where you live. The city where
you live is beautiful.
22. If she is hard working then she will succeed. If she is
hard working, she will succeed.
23.Neither did I go nor he went. Neither did I go
nor he did.
24. He took up a different attitude then what he He took up a
different attitude from what he used
used to take. To take.
25.When you insult me, I must go away. Since you
insult me, I must go away.

Common Errors in the use of Prepositions.

S. No. Incorrect Sentences. Correct

Sentences.
1. I am suffering with fever. I am suffering from
fever.
2. He was accused with theft. He was accused of
theft.
3. They are angry at me. They are angry with
me.
4. She is jealous at me. She is jealous of me.
5. She has no taste in music. She has no taste for
music.
6. He has no interest for hockey. He has no interest ion
hockey.
7. You must attend your work. You must attend to
your work.
8. He is kind upon me. He is kind to me.
9. I was surprised for his failure. I was surprised at his
failure.
10. He takes pride of his wealth. He takes pride in
his wealth.
11.Anu is popular among her friends. Anu is popular in
her friends.
12. Do not knock the door. Do not knock at the
door.
13.He did not agree with my opinion. He do not agree
to my opinion.
14. He feels proud from his health. He feels proud of
his wealth.
15.She aims to be a doctor. She aims
to become a doctor.
16. What is the time in your watch? What is the time
by your watch?
17.She invited me at tea. She invited me to
tea.
18. Tie the dog on a pillar. Tie the dog to a pillar.
19.He climbed the tree. He climbed up
the tree.
20. They were late for an hour. They were late by
an hour.
21.He is in the committee. He is on the
committee.
22. He disposed off his cycle. He disposed of
the cycle.
23.He is ashamed for the behaviour. He is ashamed of
his behaviour.
24. I told the whole thing on his face. I told the whole
thing to his face.
25.We must profit from our experience. We must
profit by our experience.
26. People demanded for a reduction in prices. People
demanded reduction in prices.
27.I am sorry at her loss. I am sorry for his
loss.
28. Sonu married with Anu. Sonu married Anu.
29.This is the girl I was speaking. This is the
girl I was speaking of.
30. The cat jumped on the table. The cat jumped
over the table.
31.She is sitting up on the table. She is sitting on a
table.
32. He covered his head by a shawl. He covered his
head with a shawl.
33.The sun will rise before an hour. The sun will rise
within an hour.
34. He joined the army before four years. He joined the
army four years ago.
35.I expect a letter from my son after a week. I expect a
letter from my son in a week.
36. Hard work is key for success. Hard work is key
to success.
 37.Dewali corresponds with Christmas. Dewali
corresponds to Christmas.
38. The train is running in time. The train is
running on time.
39.He is good in English. He is good at
English.

Common Errors in the use of Articles

S. No.Incorrect Sentences. Correct Sentences.
1. Ganga is a holy river. The ganga is a holy
river.
2. Rich are unhappy. The rich are unhappy.
3. The truth is god. Truth is god.
4. I go to the college punctually. I go to college
punctually.
5. His father went to college to see the Principal. His father went to the
college to see the Principal.
6. Commonwealth is an international body. The Commonwealth is
an international body.
7. He has gone to the prison several times. He has gone to prison
several times.
8. Your speech is not up to mark. Your speech is not up
to the mark.
9. He is out of the danger. He is out of danger.
10.He is a honorable man. He is an honorable
man.
11. The Sunday is a day of rest. Sunday is a day
of rest.
12.The Sahil will go to USA. Sahil will go to
USA.
13. She is most beautiful girl in the city. She is most the
beautiful girl of the city.
14.Beggar came to her. A beggar came
to her.
15. Sooner it is done better it is. The sooner it is
done, the better it is.
16.Always speak truth. Always the speak
truth.
17. This is a girl who loved me. This is the girl
who loved me.
18.The honesty is the best policy. Honesty is the
best policy.
 19.Now is a time to go to bed. Now is the time
to go to bed.
20. Kalidas is Shakespeare of India. Kalidas is the
Shakespeare of India.
21.You are in wrong. You are wrong or You
are in the wrong
22. He left me in lurch. He left me in the
lurch.
23.The cricket is the game of change. Cricket is a game
of change.
24. Darkness of the forest was fearful. The darkness of
the forest was fearful.
25.We are proud of Punjab. We are proud of
the Punjab.

Miscellaneous Errors
A. Superfluous words.
S. No.Incorrect Sentences. Correct Sentences.
1. It is a true Fact. It is fact
2. He is more senior to me . He is senior to me
3. He is moving in a round circle. He is moving in a circle
4. The reason of her absence was due to illness. The reason of her
absence was illness
5. Really as a matter of fact she is a fool. Really (or as a matter of
fact) she is a fool.
6. We are out of our danger. We are out of danger.
7. I feel myself cold. I feel cold.
8. I am busy in writing I am busy writing
9. He returned back soon. He returned (or came
back) soon
10. He came to a final conclusion He came to a conclusion.

B. Repetitions
S. No.Incorrect Sentences. Correct Sentences.
1. In my opinion, I think, she is fool. In my opinion (or I think)
she is fool.
2. Here is a new beginner. Here is a beginner
3. Don’t you think the width of this Don’t you think this sheet
is too wide?
Sheet is too wide?
 4. Let us look ahead into the future. Let us look ahead.

C. Errors in the use of ‘excessive’ as nouns

S. No. Incorrect Sentences. Correct Sentences.

1. His luggages are at the bus stand. His luggage is at the
bus stand.
2. Indians are now using modern machinery. Indians are now using
modern machinery.
3. He gave me many information about his dismissal. He gave me many pieces
of information about his
Dismissal.