Professional Documents
Culture Documents
F m1m2 F
r2
m1m2
F
r2
Gm1m2
F
r2
Gm1m2
F12 r21
r12 3
r21
r21 Gm1m2
F21 3
r12
F21 r12
F12 F12 F21
Gm1m2 Gm1m2
F12 ˆr21 r21
2 3
r21 r21
F12 F21
Gm1m2 Gm1m2
F21 2
rˆ12 F21 3
r12
r12 r12
F12 F21
F12 F21
F12 F21 0 FNet 0
F F(r)rˆ
F12 F21 F12 F21 0
F1,net F12 F13 F14 ..... F1n
n
F1,net
i 2
F1i F1,net F12 F13 F14 ..... F1n
Kr 2
G
Mml
kr 2
G
Mml
2Gm2 Gm2
FR 2F F '
a2 2a 2
Gm2 1
FR 2
2
a 2
Gm2 1
FR 2
2
a 2
1 GM2 Mv 2
2
2 a 2
a
2
2 2 1 GM 2 2 1 GM
v2
2 2 a 2 2 2R
v
1 GM
2 R
1 2 2
mv 2 Gmm Gm
v
r
4r
2
2r
m(M m) G
FG 2
(mM m2 )
r r2
dF
0
dm
d G 2
2 (mM m ) 0 M 2m 0
dm r
m 1
M 2
1 2
F1 G F1 2G
(1)2
1 3
F2 G F2 3G
(1)2
FR 19 G
0.4 0.4 2 / 360 0.007 rad,
5 0.02 0.5
6.72 1011 Nm2kg 2
GMsMe 4 2
Mer2 Mer
r2 T2
42r 3
Ms
GT2
M
dm dx
L
M
Gm dx
dF L
2
x
M
(dL) Gm dx
L
F
d
x 2
(dL) (dL)
GmM GmM x 1
2
F x dx
L d
L 1
d
(dL)
GmM 1 GmM 1 1
F
L x d L d (d L)
GmM d L d GmM
F
L (d L)d d(d L)
I g or E
F F
I I
m m
[F] [M1L1T 2 ]
[M0L1T 2 ]
[m] 1
[M ]
GM
ˆ
I 2 ( r)
r
GM
ˆ
I 2 ( r)
r
G(4m) ˆ
IA ( i)
d2
G(4m) ˆ
IB ( j)
(2d)2
Inet I1 I2 I3 I4 ...
GM ˆ GM ˆ GM
i i ....
(1)2 (2)2 (4)2
1 1 1
GMˆi 1 ....
4 16 64
4
Inet GMˆi
3
GM GM
g 3 r or g 2
r r
G L
g
a(a L)
G
gx [sin 1 sin 2 ]
R
G
gy [cos 2 cos 1 ]
R
GM
I 2 ˆr
r
GMx
g
(x R2 )3/2
2
2G
g sin
R 2
g 2G(1 cos )
x
2G 1
x 2 R2
4GR
g r R
r
gi zero
2GR2
g0 r R
r
gI 2Gr r R
GM
Iout 2 ( ˆr)
r
GM
Isurface 2 ( ˆr)
R
GM'
Iin 2
r
4 3
r
M' V ' D ' r3
3 3
M V D 4 3
R R
3
GMr
Iin 3 ( ˆr)
R
Iinside 0
r R
GM
Ioutside 2 ˆr
r
GMr
Iinside
R3
r R
GM
Ioutside 2 ˆr
GM r
Imax Isur
R2
GM
Iout 2 ( ˆr)
r
GM
Isurface 2 ( ˆr)
R
GM(R / 2)
IP
R3
GM(R / 2) GmM
F mIP m 3 F
R 2R2
g.ds
g.ds 4 GM
in
g
GMm
F
r2
F
a g
m
GM
g
r2
Gm 4
g surface GR
R 2 3
9.8m / s2
GM
g surface
R2
G 6.67 1011Nm2 / kg 2
M Mass of earth 6 1024 kg
R Radius of earth 6400 km
g 9.81m / s2 10 m / s2
g 32 feet / s2
4 3
G R
GM 3 4
g gsurface GR
R 2
R 2 3
GM
g
R2
g M Re
2.
g M Re
1
g
R2
g Re
2.
g Re
g m 2R
g M
g M R
g M
g M
GM
g
R2
GM gR2
GM gR2
gh
(r h)2 (R h)2
gR2 g
gh 2
gh 2
h h
R2 1 R2 1
R R
h
gh g 1 2 [ (1 x)n 1 nx]
R
2h
gh g 1
R
( g)h
( g)h g gh
2h
( g)h g g 1
R
g2h
( g)h g g
R
( g)h 2h
g R
GM gR2
g'
(R h)2 (R h)2
2h
g' g1
R
d
g' g1
R
4
g surface RG
3
4 4
gd Gr g d (R d)G
3 3
d
gd g 1
R
( g)d d
g R
GM GM
gp geq
Rp2 2
Req
Rp Req gp geq
r R cos
N mg ' mg m2r cos
( 0 )
geq g 2 R cos2 (0)
geq g 2 R
( 90)
gpole g 2R cos2 (90) g 2R(0)
gPole g
0 mg m()2 R cos2
g
( ')2
R cos2
1 g
'
cos R
( 0 )
1 10 1
' rad / s 1.25 103 rad / s ' 17 actual
cos(0) 6400 1000 800
2 2 R
T 2
g /R g
5063 s 84.6min. 1.4 hrs.
GM
g
R2
6.67 1011 2.5 2 1030
2
2.3 1012 ms2
(12000)
2
g R R 1
g
9 R h Rh 3
3R R h 2R h
64
g' g
100
R2 64 R2
g' g gg
(R h)2 100 (R h)2
8 R R 6.4 106
h 1.6 106 m
10 R h 4 4
d
mg ' mg 1
R
mg mg '
100
mg
d 32
100 100 0.5%
R 6400
GM (4 / 3)R3 4
g G G R
3
2 2
R R
R 4G R
g'
3 4 3 24
1 4G 1 g
g' R g 12
12 3 12 g'
u2 1
hmax hmax
2g g
h' g
12 h' 12h 12 1.5 18m
h g'
Fext
Fg
Fext
dWext Fext .ds Fext ds cos 180
(r1 )
Wext dWext
r2
Fext ds cos 180
r1
r2
GMm
Wg Wext Wg
Fext (ds)
r1
r
GMm
Fext Fg
r2
r
GMm
Wext
r2
dr.
r
GMm
Wext
r
GMm
Wext
r
GMm
Wg Wext Wg
r
WP
VP
m
Work ML2 T 2 ]
[M0L2 T 2 ]
mass [M]
r
GM
V
r
GM(m) GMm
F 2
x x2
GMm
dW dx
x2
w r GMm
0
dW
x2
dx
GMm
Wp
r
Wp GM
m r
GM
VP
r
dV
dr
dV
I vepotential gradient
dr
dU dV
F I
dr dr
Iin 0
d dV
V 0
dr in
I
dr
GM
Vinside
R
GM
Vsurface
R
GM
Vcentre
R
GM
Vinside Vsurface Vcentre
R
GM
Voutside
r
V 0
rR
GM
Vinside cons tant
R
GM
Voutside
R
r R Vinside
GM
2R3
3R 2
r2
GM
Voutside
r
GM
Vinside (3R2 x 2 )
2R3
3 x2
Vinside GM
2R 2R3
GM
Vsurface
R
GM
Voutside
x
3 GM 3
x 0 Vc Vsurface
2 R 2
W Wa
V Vb Va b
m
0
1 1
Wab m0 (Vb Va ) Gmm0
r
b ra
E gradientV gradV
V V ˆ V ˆ
E ˆi j k V V ˆ V ˆ
x y z I ˆi j k
x y z
V r
x
V I .dr
dV
E
dx
dV E. dr dr dxiˆ dyjˆ dzkˆ
E Exˆi Eyˆj Ezk
ˆ
E
r r
V dV E. dr
dU
F
dr
dU F.dr
U
r
U0
dU F. dr
r0
r
U U0 F. dr
r0
r0
r r
U F.dr W as
F.dr W
W U
V U mV
m m
Gm1m2
U
r
Gm1m2
U
r
m m mm mm
U G 1 2 2 3 1 3
r12 r23 r13
U Ui
Gm1m2 Gm2m3
.........
r12 r23
Gm1m2 Gm2m3
U U i
.........
r12 r23
n(n 1)
2
GMm
U
r
GMm GM
Usurface mgR g 2
R R
GMm
Uh
R h
U Uh Usurface
GMm GMm 1 1
GMm
Rh R R R h
GMmh GMmh mgh
U
(R h)R h h
R2 1 1
R R
h R, U mgh
1 1 mgh
W Uh Usurface ; W GMm
R R h 1 h
R mgh
W
h
1
R
3 GMm
Uc mVc
2 R
3 3GM
Vc Vs
2 2R
4 3
x
3
4
Gx2
3
G 4 3 4
x Gx2
x 3 3
Gm(dm)
Gravitational potential dm
x
4
3
Gx2 4x2dx
162
3
G2 x4dx
162 R 162G2R5
3
G2
0
x4dx
15
2
2
16 GR 5
M 3 GM2
15 4 R3 5 R
3
GM2 GM2
U
2R 2R
3GM2
U
5R
GMmh GMm(nR) GMmn mgRn
U
R(R h) R(R nR) R(n 1) n 1
x x
K K K
V Edx
x 3
dx 2
2x 2x
2
Gm 2Gm
V1
a/2 a
Gm
V2
a
3Gm
V1 V2
a
dV E.dr
(5i 12j).(12i 5j) (60 60) 120
2l
Gm 2
Gm 2Gm 2 2 1
U 4 2 2
l 2l l 2
4Gm 4 2Gm 2l
V r
r l 2
r r
x
4m 3
1
m
3 12 9Gm
V Gm
r 2r r
mgR 2
mgR
4 3
3 mgR
mgR
4 2
Wext U Uf Ui
2gh 2gh
v2 v
h h
1 1
R R
2gh
v2
h
1
R
v 2h
v2 2gh
R
v 2h
v 2 2gh
R
v
H
2 v2 v2
v h 2g 2g
R
R
v2 v 2R
h
v2 2gR v 2
2g
R
v 2R v2
H H
2gR v 2 v2
2g
R
GM2 GM2 GM2 3GM2
PE
2R 2R 2R 2R
3
gR
2
1 GMm GMm GM
mv02 and g 2
2 R R h R
1 3 R2 g
gR Rg
2 2 R h
GMm GMm
0 K.E.
3R 2R
GMm 1 1 1 GMm 1 (gR2 )m 1
K.E. mgR
R 2 3 6 R 6 R 6
GM G.16M
2
0
r (10a r)2
1 G(16M)m GMm
mv 2 mVP
2 2a 8a
v 2 8GM GM 5GMm
2 a 8a 2a
45GM
v2
4a
3 5GM
vmin
2 a
r r
r
Ki Ui K f Uf
1 GMe GMe
mv 2 m 0 m
2 R (r )
2GMe
2GM0 ve
v R
R
2GMe
ve
R
GMem 1
mv2escape
Re 2
2GMe
ve
Re
1
ve
Re
ve 2gRe
v e Re
8G.
ve Re
3
v e Re
GMm
PEbody
Rh
TE PE KE 0
GMm 1 GMm
KEbody PEbody mve2
Rh 2 Rh
2GM
ve 2gh (R h)
Rh
2GM
ve 2gh (R h)
Rh
v v 2 v e2
1 GMm 1
mv 2 mv 2
2 R 2
2GM 2GM
v 2 v 2 v 2 v e2 v e
2
R R
v v 2 ve2
v 2 v e2
2GMe 2GMm
ve and vm
Re Rm
vm 2GMm Re Mm Re 1 2
2
ve Rm 2GMe Me Rm 9 3
2
vm (11.2km / s) 5.3km / s
3
v 2 gR
v 2gR
GMm GM
0 mgR g 2
R R
1
mv 2 2mgR
2
1
1
1
2 2
m 2 gR m 2gR mv 2
2 2 2
v 2 4gR 2gR or v 2gR
Re
MP 10Me ;RP
10
2GM
ve
R
2GMP 100 2GMe
vP 10ve
RP Re
10 11 110 km / s
R
2
(r )
Ki Ui K f Uf
GM 2
1 2 R
m0 v e2 m0 e
3R 0
2 2R3 2
11GMe
ve
4R
2GM
ve
R
ve c
FP
1
F2P 2a cons tant
SO
e
OA
c
e c ea
a
rp a c a ea a 1 e
ra a c a ea a 1 e
mvprp mv ArA
vp rA 1e
vA rp 1 e
GM 1 e GM 1 e
vA vp
a 1 e a 1 e
dA
constant
dt
1 1 1
SAB (AB SA) (rd r) r 2d
2 2 2
dA 1 d 1 1
r2 r 2 rv
dt 2 dt 2 2
L I mr 2 mvr
dA L
dt 2m
vmaxrmin vminrmax
r3
T 2 4 2 T2 r 3
GM
1
rP r TE 1yr
4 E
T2 r3
3
2 3
TP r r 2
P TP TE P
TE rE rE
3 3
r 2 1 2
TP (1) E 0.125 Yrs
4r
E 4
dA
dt
dA r 2
dt 2
2 2
dA rmax min rmin max
dt 2 2
2dA / dt 2 4 1016
max 2 1016 1024 2 108 m / s 2 1011Km / s
2 2
rmin 2 1012
GM GM gR2
v0
r (R h) (R h)
GM
(R h)3
(R h)3 (R h)3
T 2 2
GM gR2
GM
v0 gR
R
1
2 3
T 2 R3
R
v1 r2 R h2
v2 r1 R h1
GM
v 0 7.92kms1 8kms1 v0
R
ve
v0
2
ve 2v0
R
T 2 84.6min 1.41hr
g
1 1 GM 1 GM
n
T 2 r 3 2 (R h)3
1 gR2 GM
g 2
2 (R h) 3
R
1 GM 1 g
n
2 r 3 2 R
GM
L mv0r mr GMm2r
r
0
2 2 2
Since rel sat earth
T Ts Te
GMm
U
r
1 1 GM GMm
K mv02 m K
2 2 r 2r
GMm
E K U
2r
GMm
2(R h)
GMm
E K U
2r
K | E |
U
E
2
v gr
v gr v 2gr
gr v 2gr
v 2gr
v 2gr
v 2gr
GMm
h
2(R h)
GMm
2(R h)
(6.67 1011 ) (6 1024 ) 200
6 5
58.85 108 J
2(6.4 10 4 10 )
TEsurface TEMaxHeight
2
GMm 1 v e GMm 1
m m(0)2
R
2 2 R h 2
1 GMm GMm
mv 2 0
2 R Rh
1 mgh
mv 2
2 h
1
R
v 2 gh v gh
Gm GM
E r r 0
r / 2
2 2
(r / 2)
GMm GMm
KEimparted
R 2 3R
GMm 1 5 GMm
KEimparted 1
R 6 6 R
G 4m Gm
x 2R
6R x
2
x2
1 GMm 4GMm
Et mv 2
2 R 5R
GMm GMm
EN
2R R
TE BE 0
BE TE
PE
KE BE TE
2
1 GMm J2
mv02
2 2r 2mr2
PE 1 GMm J2
KE BE TE mv 02
2 2 2r 2mr2
GMm
KE
2r
GMm
TE
2r
GMm
PE
r
GMm 1 1
W
2 r1 r2
W TE
W (TE)f (TE)i
GMm GMm
W
2r2 2r1
GMm 1 1
W
2 r1 r2
mGM mg
mgh 2
2
(R h) h
1
R
v 02 GM GM
a gh
r r 2
(R h)2
GM
v
r
2r r 42r 3
T T 2r M
v GM GT 2
4 (3.14)2 (1.49 1011 )3
2 11
1.972 1022 kg
(365 24 3600) (6.66 10 )
r 2 3/2
T 2r r
Gm GM
r
r'
2
2
T' r '3/2
GM
3/2 3/2
T r r'
T' T
T' r' r
3/2
1 365
365 days
2 2 2
s E
E
2 2
t T
GM
r3/2
GM 2 2
r 3/2 t T
2 2
42r 3 1 1 4(2 107 )3 1 1 24
M 6.0 10 kg
G t T (6.67 10 ) 11.6 3600 24 3600
11
L r mv
r v
r v
L mvr sin 90 mvr
GM
Lm L (GMm2r)1/2
r
Gm1m2
m1 (rcm )2
d2
m2d 2 Gm1m2
m1
m m d2
1 2
2 G(m1 m2 )
T d3
d3
T 2
G(m m )
1 2
2
m2d
m1
J1 I I m m m
1 1 1 2
2
J2 I2 I2 m1d
2 m1
m2
m m
1 2
1 2
K1 I1 I m
2 1 2
K2 1 2 I2 m1
I
2 1
GMe
v0
r1
GM
v gR
R
v e 2gR
v ve v ( 2 1) gR
1 GMm
Er mu2
2 R
GMm
Ef
Rh
Et Ef
1 GMm GMm
mu2
2 R R h
1 2 gR2
u gR
2 R h
2gR2 2 9.8 (6400 103 )2
h 2
R 3 2
5400 103
2gR u 2 9.8 6400 10 (9.8)
GmMe 1 1
t
2C Re r
GMe
v
r
GMe
v'
Re
1 GMem 1 GMem
ETi Ki Ui mv2
2 r 2 r
1 GMem 1 GMem
ETf Kf Uf mv'2
2 Re 2 Re
1 1 1
Ct ET ET GMem
i f 2 Re r
GMem 1 1
t
2C Re r
v c 2gRe
gRe
2
GMe R2 g R2 g
vs e v 2s
r Re h R h
h R 6400km
m 1 m
0 GMe mv 2 GMe
Rh 2 Re
1 GMem GMem
mv 2
2 Re 2Re
v gRe
(R h)3
T 2
gR2
4 2
T2 (R h)3
GMe e
42
T2 (Re h)3
gsRe2
1/3
g R2
h s 2e T 2 Re
4
1/3
9.8 [6.4 106 ] [86400]2
h 6.4 106
4 (3.14)2
35954.6km 36000km
Re
cos1
R h
e
2 (1 cos )
Re 2h
2 1
R h R h
e e
2hRe2
S Re2
Re h
2 3
T2 r
GMe
3 3
T1 r r 3
1 T1 1 T2 (2) 24 192hr
T2 r2
r
2
2 2
t
1 2 2 1
1 2
Re 1
sin
Re h 7
1
sin1
7
2
7.21 105 rad / s
86400
/2
/2
t 21600 s 6hrs.
Re 1
sin
2Re 2 6
2Re2 (2 2 3) 2 3Re2
r a 1 e 2R
p
ra a 1 e 6R
1
rp r and TE 1 yr
4 E
T2 r3
3
2 3
TP r r 2
P TP TE P
TE rE rE
3
3/2
r 2 1
TP 1 E
4r 0.125 Yrs
E 4
2.5 1011
G 6.67 1011 Nm2Kg 2 . 1 ly 9.46 1015 m
M 2.5 1011
2.5 1011 2 1030 kg 5.0 1041 kg
r 50, 000ly 50, 000 9.46 1015 m 4.73 1020 m
42r 3
M
GT 2
1
2
1 3
2 20
4 r 4 22 / 7 4.73 10
2 3 2
14
T 3.53 10 S.
GM
6.67 10
11
5.0 1041
mv 2 Gmm Gm
v
r
4r
2
2r
m Mm
FG
r 2
r2
G
mM m 2
d G
dm r
2
2 mM m 0 ; M 2m 0
m 1
.
M 2
F 5.3 1010
a1 5.3 1010 ms2
m1 1
0 mg mR g R2
g
R
2 R
T 2
g
6.4 106
T 2 5078 s 84 minute 38 s
9.8
2
g R R 1
g
9 R h R h 3
3R R h 2R h
64
g g.
100
R2 64 R2
g g gg
R h 100
2 2
Rh
8 R R 6.4 106
h 1.6 106 m
10 R h 4 4
Gm 2Gm
V1
a/2 a
Gm
V2
a
3Gm
V1 V2
a
2GMe 2GMm
ve and vm
Re Rm
vm 2GMm Re
ve Rm 2GMe
Mm Re 1 2
2
Re Rm 9 3
2
vm
3
11.2km / s 5.3km / s
Re
MP 10Me ; RP
10
2GM
ve
R
2GMP 100 2GM
vP 10Ve
RP Re
GMm
E 0
R
GMm GM
E 2 mR mgR 6.4 1010 J
R R
GMm GMm
KEimparted
R 2 3R
GMm 1 5 GMm
KEimparted 1
R 6 6 R