Lab workshop PHY270

Assignment 1
Metrology in mechanics

CRN: 30166 Section: E01

Days/time class meets: T/W at 8:00 am Location of class meets: H S123

Prepared by : Yara Khawly,

Elissa Khoury,
George Al Maalouf

Presented to: Dr Oumar Mourad

Table of Contents
1.Introducyion ................................................................................................................................................
2.Objectives ....................................................................................................................................................
3. Vernier caliper ...........................................................................................................................................
3.1. Representation………………………………………………………………..……………….…………..
3.2.USE……………………………………………………………………..………………………….………………
3.4Calculation………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Manipulation 1 : Parallelepiped…………………………………………………………….………………………………

Manipulation2 : Cylindre………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Manipulation 3 : Ball…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4.Micrometer…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4.1. Representation and use……………………………………….…………………………………..

4.2. Reading………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3.4Calculation………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Manipulation 1 : Parallelepiped…………………………………………………………….……………………………..

Manipulation2 : Cylindre…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Manipulation 3 : Ball………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

5.Comparaison………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
6.Interpretation……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

7.Conculsion………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
1. Introduction:.
Throughout the report, we will delve into the vernier caliper, the micrometer, and other
relevant instruments, discussing their precision limits, sources of errors, and guidelines for
using significant figures effectively.

By comprehensively exploring these topics, we aim to strengthen our metrology skills and
contribute to the advancement of accurate and reliable measurements in the mechanics
domain.

2. Objectives
- familiarize ourselves with these instruments: Vernier caliper and micrometer

- understand their precision limits

- determine their appropriateness and precision for different measurement tasks.

3. The vernier Caliper

It’s an instrument used for measuring precise linear dimensions
 3.1. Representation

3.2. Use:

Measurement of hole depth

Correctly measure outer dimension of a rod

Measurements are taken as follows:

1.Loosen the thumb screw clamp, if necessary, and close the sliding jaw so that it fits snugly on the object to be
measured. If the object is circular or spherical, make sure you’re measuring at the widest point.

2.Gently tighten the thumb screw clamp, and remove the caliper from the object; the screw will allow you to
move the caliper without changing the position of the sliding jaw.

3. Now look at the scale on the sliding jaw, as shown in the magnified image of this region below:

IT IS IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER THAT THE LAST DIGIT OF YOUR MEASUREMENT WILL ALWAYS BE
AN EVEN NUMBER WITH THE VERNIER CALIPERS USED IN THIS COURSE!
3.4 Calculation

Manipulation 1 : Parallelepiped:

L (mm) W (mm) H (mm) V (mm3 ) A (mm2)

data 25.2 10.4 6.7 1775.936 1001.2
Uncerteties ±0.05 ±0.05 ±0.05 ±25.09 ±28.0336

Calculation of the area measured by the vernier caliper:

A=2×(LW+LH+WH) =2× [(25.2×10.4) +(25.2×6.7) +(10.4×6.7)]=1001.2 mm2

Error calculations:
A=2LW + 2LH + 2WH
Ln(A)=Ln (2LW)+Ln (2LH)+Ln (2WH)
Ln(A)=ln(2)Ln(L)+Ln(W)+ln(2)+Ln(L)+Ln(H)+ln(2)+Ln(W)+Ln(H)
Ln(A)= 2Ln(L)+2Ln(W)+2Ln(H)
Δ𝐴 2×Δ𝐿 42×Δ𝑊 2×ΔH
𝐴
= L + W + H .
Δ𝐴 2×0.05 2×0.05 2×0.05
= + + =0.028
𝐴 25.2 10.4 6.7

ΔA= A×0.057= 1001.2×0.028=28.0336 mm2

A= 1001.2 ±28.0336 mm2.

Volumes of the solids measured with the Vernier caliper:

Parallelepiped:
V=LWH=25.2×10.4×6.7=1755.93mm3
Error calculation:
V=LWH
Ln(V)=Ln (LWH)
Ln(V)=Ln(L)+Ln(W)+Ln(H)
Δ𝑉 ΔL ΔW Δ𝐻 0.05 0.05 0.05
= + + = + + =0.01
V L W H 25.2 10.4 6.7

Δ𝑉= 0.01×1755.93=25.029mm3
V=1755.93 ±25.09mm3
 Manipulation 2 : cylinder:

H (mm) D (mm) V (mm3 ) A (mm2)

data 32.5 9.4 2255.43 1098.5
Uncerteties ±0.05 ±0.05 ±27.46 ±18.67

Area of the cylinder measured by the vernier caliper:

𝐷 𝐷 𝐷2 9.4×9.4
A=2πrh + 2πr2=2π 2 h+ 2π( 2 )2 = πDh+ π 2 = (3.1416×9.4×32.5) +(3.1416
2
).= 1098.55 mm2

Error calculation:
𝐷 2 ×𝜋
Ln(A)=Ln(πhD) +Ln ( )
2
𝜋
Ln(A)= Ln(π)+Ln(D)+Ln(H)+ 2𝐿n (D)+ Ln (2 ).

Δ𝐴 Δ𝐻 3ΔD 0.05 3×0.05

= + =32.5 + =0.017
A H D 9.4

Δ𝐴=0.017× 1098.5 = 18.67mm2

A=2618.91 ±18.67mm2

Calculation of the volume measured by the vernier caliper:

𝐷2 9.42
V= πr2 h= π 4 h= 3.1416× ×32.5=2255.43mm3
4

Error calculation:
𝐷2
V= πr2 h= π 4 h

𝐷2
V= π 4 h

𝐷2
Ln(V)=Ln (𝜋 h)
4
𝜋
Ln(V)=Ln( 4 )+Ln(h)+Ln (𝐷2 )
𝜋
Ln(V)=Ln( 4 )+Ln(h)+2Ln(D)
Δ𝑉 Δ𝐻 2×Δ𝐷 0.05 2×0.05
=H+ =32.5+ =0.012. Δ𝑉=0.012×2255.43=27.46mm3 .V=2255.43 ±27.46mm3
V D 9.4

V=2255.43 ±27.46mm3
Manipulation 3: Ball :

D (mm) V (mm3 ) A (mm2)

data 12.8 1098.06 514.71
Uncerteties ±0.05 ±12.86 ±4.02

Area of a Ball measured by the vernier caliper

𝐷2
A = 4πr², A=4𝜋r2 A=4𝜋 =𝜋𝐷2 =3.1416×12.82 =514.71mm2
4

Error calculation:
𝐷2
A=4𝜋 =𝜋𝐷2
4

Ln(A)=Ln (𝜋𝐷2 )
Ln(A)=Ln (𝜋) + ln⁡(𝐷2 )
Ln(A)= Ln (𝜋) + 2ln⁡(𝐷)
Δ𝐴 Δ𝐷 0.05
=2 × =2 × 12.8=7.8125×10−3
A D

Δ𝐴 =7.8125×10−3×514.71=4.02mm2
A=514.71 ±4.02mm2 .
Volume of the Ball by the vernier caliper
4 4 ⁡𝐷 3 𝜋 𝜋
V=3 𝜋r3 =3 𝜋 = 6 𝐷3 = 6 12.83 =1098.06mm3
8

Error calculation:
4 4 ⁡𝐷 3 𝜋
V=3 𝜋r3 =3 𝜋 =6 𝐷3
8
𝜋
V= 6 𝐷3
𝜋
Ln(V)=⁡Ln( 𝐷3 )
6
𝜋
Ln(V)=Ln (6 )+Ln (𝐷3 )
𝜋
Ln(V)= Ln(6 )+3Ln(D)
Δ𝑉 3×Δ𝐷 3×0.05
= = =0.0117
V D 12.8

Δ𝑉=0.0117×1098.06=12.86mm3
 V =1098.06 ±12.86mm3

4.Micrometer:

4.1. Representation and use

The micrometer is a precision instrument invented in 1848 by Jean-Louis Palmer for measuring
external thicknesses and diameters.
It consists of a micrometer screw, cylinder, friction system, and shaped body, providing accurate
measurements.
Anvil
Spindle lock-ring, or thimble Thimble
lock

Sleeve,
barrel
Thimble Ratchet stops
scale
Frame

3.2. Reading
Follow This Simple Four-Step Process to read MICROMETERs:
STEP 1: Read the sleeve measurement.
STEP 2: Next, read the thimble measurement.
STEP 3: Now read the vernier. The vernier will provide the ten-thousandths place of your
decimal measurement.
STEP 4: Finally, add it up!
Manipulation 1 : Parallelepiped
mm

L (mm) W (mm) H (mm) V (mm3 ) A (mm2)

data 25.18 10.37 6.67 1741.647 996.47
Uncerteties ±0.005 ±0.005 ±0.005 ±25.09 ±2.849

Area of the parallelepiped measured by the micrometer:

A= 2× (LW + LH + WH)

A=2× [(25.18×10.37) +(25.18×6.67) +(10.37×6.67)]=996.47mm2

Error calculation:
A=2×(LW+LH+WH)

A=2LW + 2LH + 2WH

Ln(A)=Ln (2LW)+Ln (2LH)+Ln (2WH)
Ln(A)=ln(2)Ln(L)+Ln(W)+ln(2)+Ln(L)+Ln(H)+ln(2)+Ln(W)+Ln(H)
Ln(A)= 2Ln(L)+2Ln(W)+2Ln(H)
Δ𝐴 2×Δ𝐿 2×Δ𝑊 2×ΔH
= + +
𝐴 L W H
Δ𝐴 2×0.005 2×0.005 2×0.005
𝐴
= 25.18 + 10.37 + 6.67 =2.860×10−3

Δ𝐴 = 2.860×10−3×996.47=2.849mm2

A=996.47 ±2.849mm2

Volume of the parallelepiped measured by the micrometer

V Paralellepiped = L × W × H = 25.18 × 10.37 × 6.67 = 1741.647 mm3

Error calculation:
Ln(V)=Ln (LWH)

Ln(V)=Ln(L)+Ln(W)+Ln(H)
Δ𝑉 ΔL ΔW Δ𝐻 0.05 0.05 0.05
= + W + H =25.2+10.4+ 6.7 =0.01
V L

Δ𝑉= 0.01×1755.93=25.029mm3
V=1755.93 ±25.09mm3
Manipulation 2 : cylinder:

H (mm) (mm) (mm3 ) (mm2)

data 32.54 9.43 2255.43 1103.69
Uncerteties ±0.005 ±0.005 ±27.46 ±1.925
Area of the cylinder measured by the micrometer :
𝐷 𝐷 𝐷2
A=2πrh + 2πr2=2π 2 h+ 2π( 2 )2 = 𝜋𝐷ℎ+π 2 .

9.432
A= (3.1416×32.54×9.43) +(3.1316× )=1103.69mm2
2

Error calculation:
𝐷 𝐷 𝐷2
A= 2πrh + 2πr2=2π 2 h+ 2π( 2 )2 = 𝜋𝐷ℎ+π 2 .

𝐷2𝜋
Ln(A)=Ln(πhD) +Ln ( ).
2
𝜋
Ln(A)= Ln(π)+Ln(D)+Ln(H)+ 2𝐿n (D)+ Ln (2 ).
Δ𝐴 Δ𝐻 3ΔD 0.005 3×0.005
= + =32.54+ =1.744× 10−3
A H D 9.43

Δ𝐴 =1.744× 10−3 ×1103.69=1.925mm2

Volume of the cylinder measured by the micrometer

A=1103.69 ±1.925mm2
𝐷2 9.42
V= πr2 h= π h= 3.1416× ×32.5=2255.43mm3
4 4

Error calculation:
𝐷2
V= πr2 h= π 4 h

𝐷2
Ln(V)=Ln (𝜋 4
h)
𝜋
Ln(V)=Ln( 4 )+Ln(h)+Ln (𝐷2 )
𝜋
Ln(V)=Ln( 4 )+Ln(h)+2Ln(D)
Δ𝑉 Δ𝐻 2×Δ𝐷 0.05 2×0.05
= + D =32.5+ 9.4 =0.012
V H

Δ𝑉=0.012×2255.43=27.46mm3
Manipulation 3 :Ball

D (m) V (mm3 ) A (mm2)

data 12.87 1116.18 520.36
Uncerteties ±0.005 ±1.3 ±0.40

Areathe ball measured by the micrometer:

𝐷2
A=4𝜋r2 A=4𝜋 4
=𝜋𝐷 2 =3.1416×12.82=520.36mm2

Error calculation:
𝐷2
A=4𝜋 =𝜋𝐷 2
4

Ln(A)=Ln (𝜋𝐷 2 )

Ln(A)= Ln (𝜋) + 2ln⁡(𝐷)

Δ𝐴 Δ𝐷 0.005
=2 × =2× =7.77×10−4
A D 12.87

Δ𝐴 =7.77×10−4×520.36=0.40mm2

A=520.36 ±0.40mm2

Volume of the ball measured by the micrometer:

4 4 ⁡𝐷 3 𝜋 𝜋
V=3 𝜋r3 =3 𝜋 = 6 𝐷3 = 6 ×12.873 =1116.18 mm3
8

Error calculation:
4 4 ⁡𝐷 3 𝜋
V=3 𝜋r3 =3 𝜋 =6 𝐷3
8
𝜋
Ln(V)=Ln (6 𝐷3 )
𝜋
Ln(V)=Ln (6 )+Ln (𝐷3 )
𝜋
Ln(V)= Ln(6 )+3Ln(D)
Δ𝑉 3×Δ𝐷 3×0.005
V
= D
= 12.87
=1.165×10−3

ΔV=1.165×10−3×1116.18 =1.3mm3
5.Comparaison
1. Parallelepiped:
• Area:
• Vernier Caliper: A = 1001.2 ± 28.0336 mm2
• Micrometer: A = 996.47 ± 2.849 mm2
• Volume:
• Vernier Caliper: V = 1755.93 ± 25.09 mm3
• Micrometer: V = 1741.647 mm3
2. Cylinder:
• Area:
• Vernier Caliper: A = 1098.55 ± 18.67 mm2
• Micrometer: A = 1103.69 ± 1.925 mm2
• Volume:
• Vernier Caliper: V = 2255.43 ± 27.46 mm3
• Micrometer: V = 2255.43 mm3
3. Ball:
• Area:
• Vernier Caliper: A = 514.71 ± 4.02 mm2
• Micrometer: A = 520.36 ± 0.40 mm2
• Volume:
• Vernier Caliper: V = 1098.06 ± 12.86 mm3
• Micrometer: V = 1116.18 mm3 ±1.3 mm3

6.Interpretation
:It is easy to say that the micrometer is more precise than the vernier caliper the calculation of
the area as well the error shows this precision as a example the error for the parallelepiped
when using the vernier caliper is ±28.0336 mm2 where the error when using the micrometer is
±2.849mm2 it is × 10 less when using micrometer. The same apply when measuring the volume
as an example the error of the parallelepiped when using the vernier caliper is 25.029mm 3
where the error when using the micrometer is 2.49mm3it is × 10 less when using micrometer.

7.Conclusion:

In general (depending on the scale, model and range), micrometers will almost always provide
high precision than the vernier caliper as the calculation for both area volume and error
showed this precision.