MUHAMMAD HASSAN MAQSOOD

Mechanical Engineering UET LHR

Lab session:01 To determine the volume of cylinder using vernier calipers by measuring its
length and outer diameter.
Apparatus: vernier calipers & solid cylinder

Fig 1.1: classical vernier calipers

Fig 1.2 Digital vernier caliper

Fig 1.3 Cylinder

Fig: 1.4 Parts of vernier caliper

Description Of Parts:

1. Outside jaws: used to measure external diameter or width of an object

2. Inside jaws: used to measure internal diameter of an object
3. Depth probe: used to measure depths of an object or a hole

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 4. Main scale: scale marked every mm
5. Main scale: scale marked in inches and fractions
6. Vernier scale gives interpolated measurements to 0.1 mm or better
7. Vernier scale gives interpolated measurements in fractions of an inch
8. Retainer: used to block movable part to allow the easy transferring of a measurement
Least count of vernier caliper:
The minimum reading that can be read directly from main scale ÷ total no of divisions on
vernier scale L.C of vernier calipers= 1÷10 mm =0.1 mm =0.01 cm
The volume of cylinder =π r2 L & r=radius of cylindrical
cross section

Positive Zero error and Correction:

Positive zero error is when the jaws are closed and the zero on the vernier scale is to the right of
the zero of the main scale.The measurement taken with this pair of vernier calipers will be
MORE than the actual result. To get the correct value, the zero error must be subtracted from
each reading. Eg: The zero error (0.03) is subtracted from the reading. The actual reading is thus
(eg) 2.35-0.03cm= 2.32

Negative zero error and Correction:

Negative error is when the jaws and closed and the zero of the vernier scale is to the left or  the
zero of the main scale. The measurement taken with this pair if vernier calipers will be LESS
than the actual value. To get the correct value, the numerical value of the zero error must be
ADDED to each reading. E.g: The 4th line on the vernier scale is in line with the marking on the
main scale. The zero error (0.10-0.04cm=0.06cm) is added to the rading. The actual reading is
thus 2.35+0.06cm=2.41

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Procedure:
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Viva questions :
(1)what is the function of inside jaws & outside jaws of vernier calipers?
(2)if you are given a bob the volume of bob is determined by both verner calipers & screw guage
which volume has most accuracy?
(3)from vernier calipers and screw guage which have greater precision and which have greater
absolute uncertainty?
(4)what is the function of screw present in vernier calipers?
(5)what are the formulas of volume of cylinder and volume of sphere?
(6)what is digital vernier calipers? Compare it with non digital vernier calipers?

Observations& calculations:

Quantity Main scale Vernier Fraction to Total reading Total reading

to be reading scale be added Observed R1+_ Z.C
measured R division n x L.C R1=R+ n x L.C
Cm coinciding cm
with any
main scale
division (n)
Length
1
2
3

Diamete
r
1
2
3

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Sample Calculations:

least count=L.C=0.01cm

Zero error = ……………………………cm & zero correction = ………………………….. cm

Mean length of cylinder = l = …………………. ……………….cm = ......................... cm
Mean diameter of cylinder = D= ………………………… ……….cm = ………………….. cm
Radius = R = D/2 = …………………………….. cm
Volume of cylinder = V= π R2l =………………………………….. c.c

LAB SESSION:02
To determine the area of cross section of a given wire using micrometer.

Apparatus: Screw gauge & small piece of wire

Fig 2.1 classical micrometer screw gauge Fig 2.2 digital micrometer

Description of parts:

1.Frame:
The C-shaped body that holds the anvil and barrel in constant relation to each other. It is thick
because it needs to minimize flexion, expansion, and contraction, which would distort the
measurement
2.Anvil
The shiny part that the spindle moves toward, and that the sample rests against.
3.Sleeve / barrel / stock
The stationary round part with the linear scale on it. Sometimes vernier markings.
4.Lock nut / lock-ring / thimble lock
The knurled part (or lever) that one can tighten to hold the spindle stationary, such as when
momentarily holding a measurement.
5.Spindle
The shiny cylindrical part that the thimble causes to move toward the anvil.
6.Thimble
The part that one's thumb turns. Graduated markings.
7.Ratchet stop

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Device on end of handle that limits applied pressure by slipping at a calibrated torque.
ZERO ERROR
1. Positive zero error and correction:

The zero marking on thimble is below the datum line. This error is called positive error in this
case the reading on thimble

Let thimble reading=0.03mmso micrometer has zero error of +0.03mm

Whatever the reading we take on this micrometer we would have to subtract +0.03mm

2.Negative zero error and correction:

The zero marking on thimble is above the datum line. This error is called negative error in this
case the reading on thimble

In this case we will count the divisions on thimble between zero marking and the datum line

No of divisions=3

Measurement of each division=0.01mm

So micrometer has zero error of= 0.03mm

Whatever the reading we take on this micrometer we would have to add +0.03mm
Procedure:
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Viva questions:
(i) What is zero error? how this error can overcome physically and theoretically
(ii) What is back lash error? How this can avoid?
(iii)What is the difference between screw gauge and vernier calipers?
(iv)Write three cautions during performing this experiment?

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Observations & calculations:

Sr Main scale reading Circular scale Fraction to be Observed dia Corrected dia
No R (mm) reading(n) Added D =R+ n×L.C D+_ Z.C
n x L.C Mm

Sample calculations:
Pitch of screw gauge=P=1mm
Total number of divisions on circular scale=N=100
Least count OR vernier constant of screw gauge= P/N
L.C=1mm/100=0.01mm=0.001cm
Note: Area of cross section of wire= πr2
Zero error= ………………………. mm & Zero correction=………………………mm

Mean corrected diameter = D = …………………………………….mm = ………….....cm

Radius= r = D/2=……………………………mm
Cross section area of wire= πr2 = ……………………………….mm2

Lab session:03
To determine the volume of small solid sphere using micrometer screw gauge.
Apparatus: screw gauge & and small solid sphere
Note: volume of sphere = 4/3 πr3.
Procedure:
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Observations & calculations:

Sr Main scale reading Circular scale Fraction to be Observed dia Corrected dia
No R (mm) reading(n) Added D =R+ n×L.C D+_ Z.C
n x L.C mm

Sample calculations:

Mean corrected diameter = D =………………………………….. mm

Radius= r = D/2=……………………….mm
Volume of sphere = 4/3πr3 =…………………….mm3

Lab session:04
To determine the value of unknown weight by the method of vector addition of forces
Apparatus: Grave-sand’s apparatus , spring balance, thread, slotted weights with hangers, plan
mirror strip, plane sheet of paper, drawing pins, protractor ,lubricating oil, plumb line .
Gravesand's apparatus
Gravesand's apparatus is used to prove the parallelogram law of vectors,experimentally...it
consists of two or three weights suspended with the hep of threads and by using it ,we can prove
the parallelogram law of vectors. grave sand's apparatus is a useful apparatus to measure the
weight of any body. it consists of 2 known weights which pass over two pulleys and support the
body of unknown weight.

Figure:

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 Principle:
If the body of known weight S suspended from middle hanger, balances weights P and Q
suspended from other two hangers, then P S = - ( P + Q )

S =-R (resultant)
The unknown weight must have a magnitude equal to the resultant of the other two known
weights.

Procedure:

1. Set up the Gravesand’s apparatus with its board vertical.

2. Fix the white drawing paper sheet on the board.
3. Put a thread over the rims of the pulleys and attach some weights P and Q at its ends.
4. Tie another thread at the middle of the thread passing over the pulleys and attach a known
weight S in such a way that the knot is nearly in the middle.
5. Mark the position of the junction as O.
6. Keeping mirror strip length wise under each thread, mark the position of the ends the
image of thread in the mirror, covering the image by the thread ( this removes parallax
error ).The positions are P1, P2 for thread of weight P, Q1 and Q2 for the thread of
weight Q and S1, S2 for thread of weight S.
7. Remove paper from the board.
8. Draw lines through points P1 and P2 to represent P, through points Q1 and Q2 to
represent Q and through points S1 and S2 to represent S. These lines must meet at point
O.
9. Taking a suitable scale ( say, 1 cm = 50 g ) ,represent P and Q .
10. Complete parallelogram OACB and join OC. It represents R.
11. Measure OC. It represents S.
12. Verify whether the calculated value is same as that of the weight S.
13. Take different sets of observation by taking different values of P and Q.
Result : The parallelogram law of vectors is verified.
Precautions:
1.The board should be stable and vertical The pulleys should be frictionless.
2.The weights should not touch the board but hang freely.
3.Points should be marked with sharp pencil.
4.Junction O should be at the middle of the paper

Theory: (i) Rectangular components (ii) Derive Fx=Fcosθ & Fy=FSinθ

2 2
(iii) F=√Fx + Fy (iv) θ= Tan-1 Fy/Fx

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 Observations & calculations:

Sr Forces (N) Angles Vertical component Resultant Unknown

n P Q θ1 θ2 Py=PSin θ1 Qy=QSinθ2 R = Py + Qy weight
o mg mg (N) (N) (N) W= R
(N)

Average weight=………………………………………..=………………………….. N

Sample calculations:……………………………………………………………………………

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Sources of Errors: (1) pulley must be oiled to ensure the frictionless rotation
(2) The load must be perfectly vertical this can be ensure by holding plumb line near one of its
vertical edge
(3) Heavier weights can preferably produce better results
(4) The weights should not touch the board
Viva Questions:
(1)How many components a vector can be resolved into?
(2) What are the rectangular components of a vector?
(3) Can direction of a vector can be reversed ? if yes then how?
(4) What is Pythagorean Theorem? Also discuss its validity?

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 Lab session:05 To verify the following relations for Simple Pendulum:
(a) Time period is independent of amplitude
(b) Time period is independent of its mass
(c) Time is directly proportional to square root of its length
Apparatus: Metallic boobs of different masses with hooks, stop watch ,thread, split cork , iron
stands with clamps, vernier calipers, meter rod, a piece of chalk

Fig 5.1 advance pendulum Fig 5.2 force diagram Fig 5.3 energy diagram

A pendulum is a weight suspended from a pivot so that it can swing freely.When a pendulum
is displaced sideways from its resting equilibrium position, it is subject to a restoring force due
to gravity that will accelerate it back toward the equilibrium position. When released, the
restoring force combined with the pendulum's mass causes it to oscillate about the equilibrium
position, swinging back and forth. The time for one complete cycle, a left swing and a right
swing, is called the period. A pendulum swings with a specific period which depends (mainly)
on its length
Sources of errors: (i) The lower faces of split cork should be in same plane
(ii) The motion of bob must be linear
(iii) the amplitude of pendulum must be as small as
(iv) The initial length of pendulum must be more than 60 cm.

Observations& calculations:
(a) Time period is independent of amplitude.
Procedure:
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 Sr No Amplitude T time for 20 vibrations Time period
cm ( t) sec T = t/20
t1 t2 mean time (t) sec Sec
1
2
3
(b)Time period is independent of the mass of bob of simple pendulum

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Sr No Mass of bob Time for 20 vibrations Time period

gm ( t) sec T = t/20
t1 t2 mean time (t) Sec
sec
1

(c)Time period is directly proportional to square root of its length i.e T α √L

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Observations: least count of vernier calipers=L.C=0.1 mm=0.01 cm

zero error =………………….. cm & zero correction=……………………. cm
vertical diameter of bob= (i)………… cm (ii)………… cm (iii)………….. cm
mean diameter of bob= ……....+………+………⁄ 3 =……………………… cm
Corrected diameter =D=…………… cm & Radius of bob =R=D/2=…………………. Cm

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 Length of thread Total length Time for 20 vibrations Time T/√l
including hook l1 l= l1 + r (t) period Sec/cm
cm cm Sec T= t/20
t1 t2 mean time Sec
1

Inference: since the ratio T/√L remains constant for all observations , therefore the time period
is directly proportional to square root of length and Is independent of mass , amplitude and
material of bob.

Results: (i)………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii)……………………………………………………………………………………..

(iii)…………………………………………………………………………………….

Viva Questions: (i) define second pendulum also calculate its length?
(ii) why should the amplitude of simple pendulum be kept very small?
(iii) why should the bob be suspended as low as possible?
(iv) what will be the difference in time periods of same pendulum in Lahore and Murree?
(v) on what factors does the time period of simple pendulum depends?
(vi) how does the value of “g” vary?

Lab session:06 To calculate the value of gravitational acceleration by simple pendulum .

Apparatus: iron stand , vernier calipers , thread, cork , stop watch ,cholk
Figure:

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Theory:
A simple pendulum consists of an object with negligible size hanging on a string. When the
object is deflected from its equilibrium, it oscillates back and forth. The time for one complete
oscillation is called the period of oscillations, T. For small angles of deflection, the period of the
simple pendulum is given by the following formula:

By re-arranging the above equation, 

Now we calculate g from above equation:

g = 4π2L/T2

Observations & calculations:

Serial Length of Radius Total Time for 10 Average Time T2 g = 4π2L/T2

thread of bob length vibrations Time period (s) m/s2
numbe including (r) L= r +l (s) t= T=
r hook (l) (cm) (cm) t1 t2 t3 t1+t2+t3/3 t/10
(cm) (s) (s)
1

3
Sample calculations:
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Procedure:
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Lab session:o7 Verify Hook’s law by using vertical mass spring system.
Apparatus: Helical spring, weight box , hanger, graph paper

Figure:

Fig 7.1 Vertical mass spring system Fig 7.2 Graph for Hook’s law

Hooke's law 
Hooke's law is a principle of physics that states that the force   needed to extend or compress
a spring by some distance   is proportional to that distance. That is,

where   is a constant factor characteristic of the spring, its stiffness.

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Procedure:
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Observations & calculations:

Serial Mass of Weight Intial position of Avarage Original W/L

load of load pointer increment N/m
number (m) W=mg Loading Incremen
( Kg) (N) unloading l=L1+L2/2 t
L1 L2 (cm) L=l-L0
(cm)

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Sample calculations:
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Lab session:08 To determine the acceleration due to gravity “g” by oscillating mass
spring system.
Apparatus: Iron stand with clamping arrangement, soft spring with pointer at lower end,
weights with slots
Figure:

Fig 8.2: Mass spring system with clamping arrangement Fig 8.1 extended spring under
mass

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Sources of errors:
(i)While loading the spring care should be taken that the elastic limit should not be crossed.
(ii) A stiff spring should preferably be used.
(iii) The natural lengths of spring should be measured with hanger suspended.
(iv) The mass of the pan should be included
(v) The scale should be vertical and the pointer should not touch the scale
Viva questions:
(i)Define force constant
(ii) state Hook’s law also discuss its validity
(iii) what do you mean by elastic limit?
(iv) what will happen to the time period of vertical mass spring system if it is taken from earth to
moon?
(iv)what is the spring constant give its unit?
(v)what type of energies are interchanged in case of mass suspended by a helical spring?
(vi) write dimensions of spring constant.

Observations & calculations:

Sr Mass of Reading of pointer Extensio Time for 20 Time T2 l/T2

no hanger A B n vibrations period
m Unloaded loaded AB= l t 1 t2 meantime T=1/2 Sec2 cm/sec2
( gm) cm cm cm 0

sec

Formula:

g= 4π2l/T2=…………………………..cm/sec2

Sample calculations:

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Lab session: 09 verify Second condition of Equilibrium by using a suspended meter rod.
Apparatus: two spring balances , meter rod . weight box , two iron stands, fine thread , sharp
wedge.
Diagram:

Equilibrium:

Equilibrium and Statics

When all the forces that act upon an object are balanced,
then the object is said to be in a state of equilibrium. The
forces are considered to be balanced if the rightward
forces are balanced by the leftward forces and the upward
forces are balanced by the downward forces. This
however does not necessarily mean that all the forces are equal to each other. Consider the two
objects pictured in the force diagram shown below. Note that the two objects are at equilibrium
because the forces that act upon them are balanced; however, the individual forces are not equal
to each other. The 50 N force is not equal to the 30 N force.

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 Torque

A torque is an influence which tends to change the rotational motion of an object. One way to
quantify a torque is

Torque = Force applied x lever arm

The lever arm is defined as the perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation to the line of
action of the force.

Example in U.S. common units

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 Conditions for Equilibrium

An object at equilibrium has no net influences to cause it to move, either in translation (linear
motion) or rotation. The basic conditions for equilibrium are:

The conditions for equilibrium are basic to the design of any load-bearing structure such as a
bridge or a building since such structures must be able to maintain equilibrium under load. They
are also important for the study of machines, since one must first establish equilibrium and then
apply extra force or torque to produce the desired movement of the machine.

Procedure:
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Observations & calculations:

Sr Corrected Weight suspended Distances Second condition

no readings of spring at OA OB OG OC OE of equilibrium
balances D C cm cm cm cm cm ƩT=P×OA+Q×OB-
P Q W1 W2 W1×OC-W×OG-
gm.wt gm.wt gm.wt gm.wt W2×OD.

Sample Calculations:

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Viva questions: (i) define centre of gravity

(ii) what is meant by moment of force?
(iii) define moment arm & what is principle of moments?
(iv)why is it advisable to suspended the meter rod edgewise?
(v) what is the convention about the signs of torques?

Lab session: 10 To find the refractive index of prism by critical angle method.

Apparatus: glass prism , common pins , drawing board, white sheet of paper.

Diagram:

Prism:
In optics, a prism is a transparent optical element with flat, polished surfaces that refract light. At least
two of the flat surfaces must have an angle between them. The exact angles between the surfaces depend
on the application. The traditional geometrical shape is that of a triangular prism with a triangular base
and rectangular sides, and in colloquial use "prism" usually refers to this type. Some types of optical
prism are not in fact in the shape of geometric prisms. Prisms can be made from any material that is
transparent to the wavelengths for which they are designed. Typical materials
include glass, plastic and fluorite.

A prism can be used to break light up into its constituent spectral colors (the colors of

the rainbow). Prisms can also be used to reflect light, or to split light into components with
different polarizations.
Refractive Index:
In optics the refractive index or index of refraction n of a substance (optical medium) is
a dimensionless number that describes how light, or any other radiation, propagates through that
medium. It is defined as

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 ,
where c is the speed of light in vacuum and v is the speed of light in the substance. For
example, the refractive index of water is 1.33, meaning that light travels 1.33 times as fast in
vacuum as it does in water.

Procedure:
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Observations and calculations:

Sr No Angle of incidence Critical angle Refractive index

i = angle POQ C=angle POQ/2 n = 1/ SinC

Sample calculations:

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Precautions:

(i) Draw boundary of the prism with a sharp pencil

(ii) Fix pin P vertically on the boundary of the prism

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(iii) The pin R & S should be vertical and well apart from each other
(iv) Fix pin R in apposition where the image of P just becomes dim
(v) The direction of rays should be shown by arrow heads
(vi) The refractive edge A should be towards the reader

NOTE: refractive index = n = 1/SinC

Viva questions: (i)does the critical angle of material differ with the colour of light
(ii) what is totally reflecting prism?
(iii) what is totally reflecting prism?
(iv) find the refractive index of glass for which the critical angle is 40?
(v) state snells law?
(vi) name the quantities used in equation? n1Sinθ1= n2Sinθ2 .
(vii) find critical angle for glass if its refractive index is 1.5?
(viii) what is relation between critical angle and refractive index of a medium?

Lab session: 11 to determine the refractive index of water using concave mirror
Apparatus: concave mirror, knitting mirror ,cork , plumb line, iron stand
Diagram:

 convex mirror, fish eye mirror or diverging mirror, is a curved mirror in which the reflective surface
bulges toward the light source. Convex mirrors reflect light outwards, therefore they are not used to focus
light. Such mirrors always form a virtual image, 

Procedure:
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Precautions:

(i) The mirror should be placed on some horizontal surface so that the principle axis is
vertical
(ii) The distance between tip of needle and pole the mirror should be measured by a plumb
line
(iii) The concave mirror should be of large focal length
(iv) The mirrors should be properly polished

Viva questions: (i) define refractive index what is refractive index of air?
(ii) what are the laws of reflection?
(iii)what is difference between convex and concave lens?

Observations and calculations:

Sr No Distance b/w tip of needle and pole Distance b/w tip of Refractive index
of mirror without water CP needle and pole of n = CP/C’P
mirror with water
C’P

Sample calculation:
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Lab session :12

To determine the focal length of convex lens by displacement method.
Apparatus: convex lens , three up rights , optical bench ,meter rod, two parallax
needles, knitting needle
Figure:

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A lens is an optical device which transmits and refracts light, converging or diverging the beam.A simple
lens consists of a single optical element. A compound lens is an array of simple lenses (elements) with a
common axis; the use of multiple elements allows more optical aberrations to be corrected than is
Procedure:
possible with a single element. Lenses are typically made of glass or transparent plastic
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Observations and calculations:

Sr No Position of Position Position P =L-O q = I-L Focal

object neddle of lens of image (cm) (cm) length
O (cm) (cm) pin (I) f=
(cm) pxq/p+q

Average focal length=

Sample calculations:
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Precautions:

(i)the tips of needles and the centre of the lens should be at the same level
(ii) apply index correction for the needles

Viva questions:
(i) what is the reason for keeping the 4f where f is focal length of lens?
(ii) distinguish between real image and virtual image?
(iii) discuss nature of image formed by convex and concave lenses?
(iv) what is power of lens?define its unit?
(v) define magnification.

Lab session :14

To study the fall of a body through a viscous medium and hence to measure the
coefficient of viscosity of the medium
Apparatus: A long graduated glass tube ( or a resonance tube with scale) glycerine,
small steel ball bearings of different diameter , stop watch, micrometer,screw guage,
thermometer , meter rule , hydro meter
Diagram:

Viscosity:
Informally, viscosity is the quantity that describes a fluid's resistance to flow. Fluids resist the
relative motion of immersed objects through them as well as to the motion of layers with
differing velocities within them. Formally, viscosity (represented by the symbol η "eta") 

The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile

stress. For liquids, it corresponds to the informal notion of "thickness". For example, honey has a higher
viscosity than water.[1]

Viscosity is due to friction between neighboring parcels of the fluid that are moving at different velocities. 

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Stoke’s Law
Stokes found that when the body attains terminal velocity, the viscous force on the body is given by,
F = 6     r v                                  . 

Here  , r and v respectively denote the coefficient of viscosity of the fluid, radius of the spherical body and the terminal
velocity attained by the body. The relation (i) is known as Stokes’ formula
Procedure:
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questions:
(i) what is viscosity?
(ii) define coefficient of viscosity? (iii) what are the units of viscosity? (iv) what is the effect of
temperature on viscosity of fluids? (v) define terminal velocity? (vi) state stokes law?
(vii) how can the terminal velocity of a body be decreased ? give an example

Observations& calculations:

Sr Dia of Radius Time Time Time Time t (s) Vt=AD/t R2/Vt

no steel r=d/2 at A at at at cm/s cm/s
ball(cm (cm) (s) B(s) C(s) D(s)
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Sample calculation:

Least count of screw guage = pitch of screw guage/ circular scale divisions=
L.C=…………………………………… mm

Zero correction of screw guage = ……………………… mm

Density of glycerine(ρ)=…………………….. g/cm3 =…………… kg/m3

Density of steel bearing(σ)=……………….. g/cm3=……………….. kg/m3

Temperature of glycerine =……………………… oC
Distance between point A&B= L=……………………. cm=………………..m

Mean value of r2/Vt=……………… cm/s=……………..m/s

Viscosity of glycerine = η =2/9 g (σ-ρ) r2/Vt.

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Lab session:15
To determine the wavelength of sound in air using stationary waves and to calculate the
speed of sound
Apparatus: resonance tube apparatus , three tuning forks of known frequencies , plumb line ,
thermometer, vernier calipers , rubber pad , set square
Figure:

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 Observations:

Room temperature = T=………………….. 0C

Zero error of vernier calipers=…………….cm
Internal dia of tube=D=……………………. cm
End correction =e= 0.3 x D=………………. cm

Note:
Actually the anti nodes are situated a short distance(e) known as end correction.beyond the
open end of the tube
1+0.3D=λ/4 or λ= 4(1+0.3D)
We know the relation between frequency wavelength and velocity i.e
V=fλ using this relation we have
Vt=4f(1+0.3D)
Now ;
Vt=Vo+61t
Therefore Vo= Vt-61t

Precautions:
(i)The apparatus should be perfectly vertical
(ii)The vibrating tuning fork is always held horizontally near the open end of resonance tube
(iii)The lower meniscus of water should be read with the help of se square
Viva Questions:
(i)What is the relation between velocity of sound and density of medium in which it travels?
(ii)What is the effect of temperature on velocity of sound
(iii)What is the effect of pressure of medium on velocity of sound?
(iv)Define an echo?
(v)Do you think that frequency of sound wave changes when it enters into another medium?
(vi)Define sound?
(vii)What is the reason for subtracting 61t from Vt to calculate the Vo?
(viii)Do you think that longitudinal stationary waves are produced in the tube?
(ix)Do you think that dia of resonance tube has any affect on velocity of sound?
Observations & calculation:

Sr Frequency Intial Surface Surface Average Length Length Wave Speed

no of tuning position of of water of water Y=Y1+Y2/2 of air of length of
fork (Hz) open end going going up (cm) column resonat- sond
of tube down Y2(cm l1 =Y-X ing λ= 4l V=fλ
X(cm Y1(cm (cm) column (cm)
l= cm/s
l1+0.3D

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 Sample calculations:
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