All Papers

EFFECTS OF GOVERNANCE ON THE PERFORMANCE AND
SERVICE DELIVERY IN ZIMBABWE URBAN COUNCILS: THE

CASE OF HARARE MUNICIPALITY
1
JOSEPH NYABVUDZI, 2XU HONGYI
1
School of Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
2
School of Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
E-mail: josephnyabvudzi@yahoo.com
Abstract - Governance has grown to be a vital factor that businesses and organizations must take into account. This is
mostly because it tends to have a multiplier effect on performance and service delivery. But stories of governance problems
that lost the different corporations a lot of money have been flooding the media. The Zimbabwe Harare City Council is a
good example. It was important to make the case for Zimbabwe's Harare City Council because there is conflicting data in the
literature regarding how governance influences performance in other countries' urban councils. This study uses Harare as a
case study to analyze municipal governance and service delivery in Zimbabwean metropolitan areas. It examines the
performance and service delivery patterns of local governments as well as how easily residents may obtain these services.
The use of case studies, qualitative research techniques, and exploratory research methodologies were all part of the research
process. This study determined that Harare's governance structures are weak, which is evident in the city's subpar service
delivery. The Harare population has been let down by the governance and service delivery systems, which fall short of
expectations. The Harare City Council should take action to lessen corruption, especially by creating and upholding policies
that promote accountability and openness in the distribution of funds and spending. Successful Meetings. Democratic
decision-making is centered on open and public gatherings.
Keywords - Harare; Governance; Service Delivery; Performance; Urban Municipalities
I. INTRODUCTION of formulating policies and allocating resources,’

‘processes of decision-making’ and ‘mechanisms for
Governance has been defined to refer to structures holding governments accountable.’
and processes that are designed to ensure Often there is a tendency to equate governance with
accountability, transparency, responsiveness, rule of management, the latter primarily referring to the
law, stability, equity and inclusiveness, empowerment, planning, implementation and monitoring functions in
and broad-based participation. Governance also order to achieve pre-defined results. Management
represents the norms, values and rules of the game encompasses processes, structures and arrangements
through which public affairs are managed in a manner that are designed to mobilize and transform the
that is transparent, participatory, inclusive and available physical, human and financial resources to
responsive. Governance therefore can be subtle and achieve concrete outcomes. Management refers to
may not be easily observable. In a broad sense, individuals or groups of people who are given the
governance is about the culture and institutional authority to achieve the desired results. Governance
environment in which citizens and stakeholders systems set the parameters under which management
interact among themselves and participate in public and administrative systems will operate. Governance
affairs. It is more than the organs of the government. is about how power is distributed and shared, how
policies are formulated, priorities set and stakeholders
International agencies such as UNDP, the World made accountable. A municipality is a corporate and
Bank, the OECD Development Assistance Committee political entity organized by the residents of the area
(DAC) and others define governance as the exercise to operate within a prescribed geographic area for the
of authority or power in order to manage a country’s purpose of providing public services. The state grants
economic, political and administrative affairs. The the municipality the powers and authority that it
2009 Global Monitoring Report sees governance as exercises over its affairs.
‘power relationships,’ ‘formal and informal processes
CITIES MUNICIPALITIES TOWNS LOCAL BOARDS

Harare Bindura Karoi Hwange
Kadoma Chegutu Norton Ruwa
Kwekwe Chinhoyi Shurugwi Epworth
Bulawayo Gwanda Zvishavane Chirundu
Mutare Kariba Rusape
Gweru Marondera Chipinge
Masvingo Masvingo Plumtree
Proceedings of WRFER International Conference, Dubai, UAE, 02nd - 03rd July 2023
1
Effects of Governance on The Performance and Service Delivery in Zimbabwe Urban Councils: The Case of Harare Municipality
Redcliff Chiredzi
Victoria falls Gokwe
Mvurwi
Beitbridge
7 9 11 4
Source: Urban Councils Association of Zimbabwe
1.1 Research Objectives (1986:982), which just states that "the act or process
This research study’s goal is to assess how of governing, specifically authoritative direction and
governance affects the performance and service control," is of some use. The effectiveness of the
delivery in Zimbabwe Urban Councils case in point executive branch of government is the subject of this
Harare. There are several Specific Objectives that the interpretation.
study seeks to establish. First, the study assesses how Therefore, the term "government" covers and goes
much governance is practiced by the various urban beyond the collective meaning of terms like "state,"
councils and the potential effects on performance and "government," "regime," and "good government."
service delivery.It also highlights elements that have The definition of "governance" now includes many of
an impact on governance compliance. the components and tenets that constitute "good
To address the aforementioned objectives, the study government." Mark Robinson and John Healey1
formulated the following questions: define "According to the definition of "good
i. How well-established are governance government," it "implies a high level of
processes and concepts across Harare Urban organizational effectiveness in relation to policy
city council? formulation and the actual policies pursued,
ii. How do governance practices affect especially in the conduct of economic policy and its
HarareUrban city council performance and contribution to growth, stability, and popular welfare.
service delivery? Accountability, transparency, participation, openness,
iii. What elements affect a Council compliance and the rule of law are other characteristics of good
with governance procedures? government. It does not necessary require a value
judgement, for example, a healthy regard for civil and
1.2 Research Hypotheses political liberties, although competent government
This section sets out to build on the background tends to be a prerequisite for political legitimacy".
provided by literature by making some assertions that
will be further explored in the proceeding paragraphs. 2.2 Local Government Law
These assertions are, in effect, the hypotheses Local government is managed at the local level by
regarding the effects of governance on the elected authorities that have been given authority by
performance and service delivery of the Urban the federal government. Thus, local government is a
councils in Zimbabwe. The following hypotheses will sort of decentralized management. Institutions of
be tested: local government are essential to the development of
i. The use of governance practices does help to both urban and rural areas. The Ministry of Local
eliminate corruption in Urban city councils. Government and Rural and Urban Development is the
ii. Urban city council’s performance and ministry in charge of local government.
service delivery is affected by the
monitoring and evaluation of governance In his 2009 article "Decentralization and Local
measures. Government in the Zimbabwean Constitution," Dele
iii. Poor governance has caused the general Olowu stated that "local government refers to the
decline of municipal service delivery in establishment of participatory and democratically
Harare urban localcity. elected structures that can identify with the needs of
the people at grassroots level and ensure that those
II. LITERATURE REVIEW needs are translated into the actual programs and
projects and maintenance of essential services."
2.1 Understanding the Concept of Governance Decentralization of government authority, according
"Governance" is not a brand-new idea. We must to this author, "allows for self-governance at the local
adjust our focus because it means different things to level by transferring powers to local authorities to
different people. The level of governance being govern, subject to safeguards against
discussed, the objectives to be met, and the strategy misappropriation of finances and abuse of power and
being used all influence the concept's actual meaning. spelling out of interrelationship with central
The idea has long been used in intellectual and government." Decentralization should be understood
political discourse to refer, in a general sense, to the separately from the ideas of delegation and
process of managing a government or any other deconcentrating. According to the new Constitution,
suitable organization. In this regard, Webster's Third devolution policy: The general principles governing
New International Dictionary's broad definition the devolution of governmental functions and
2
responsibilities are outlined in Section 264 of the new 3. Appropriate methods and processes shall be
Constitution. provided by a parliamentary act for the
coordination of the federal government with
1. When appropriate, governmental functions and local, provincial, and metropolitan councils.
responsibilities shall be transferred to provincial
and metropolitan councils and local authorities III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND
who are qualified to carry out those tasks PARTICIPANTS
effectively and efficiently.
2. The devolution of governmental powers and
responsibilities to provincial and metropolitan The case study method is the foundation of this work.
councils and local authorities has the following To enable a fair examination and evaluation of the
goals: (a) to grant local governance powers to the issue, several research techniques and data sources
people and increase their participation in the were utilized. The study included both empirical
exercise of state authority and in decision- methodology and a thorough evaluation of theoretical
making that affects them; (b) to promote literature. The city of Harare in Zimbabwe served as
democratic, effective, transparent, accountable, the only focus of the empirical inquiry. The study's
and coherent government in Zimbabwe as a approach was primarily qualitative with some
whole; and (c) to maintain and foster the peace, quantitative components to account for both delicate
national security, and stability of the country. and serious difficulties. The main research
approaches for data collecting included
Some general guidelines for local and provincial questionnaires, interviews and experiential
government are provided in Section 265 of the new observation. Residents of the local authorities as well
Constitution. as municipal managers and employees made up the
population of this study. It was not practical to
1. Within their jurisdictions, provincial and include the entire population in the study due to the
metropolitan councils and local authorities are size of the population, time constraints, and other
required to: (a) ensure good governance by being research resource limitations. As a result, only 200
efficient, accountable, transparent, and (two hundred) participants were sampled for this
institutionally cogent; (b) assume only those study.
responsibilities entrusted to them by this
Constitution or by an Act of Parliament; (c) IV. RESEARCH FINDINGS
exercise their responsibilities without impinging
on the institutional, functional, or geographic 4.1 Demographic Characteristics of Respondents
integrity of another tier of government; and (d)
cooperate with one another. Gender
2. Voters who are registered to vote in the areas for One hundred and ten (110) men and ninety (90)
which the local authorities are established must women out of the two hundred (200) sampled
elect all members of local authorities. responses which represents 55 percent and 45 percent
of the participation pool respectively as depicted in
figure 4.1 below.
45%
55% Male
Female
Figure 0.1: Gender Percentage of Participation
3
Age factor in natural populations. The majority of persons

Age is one of the most crucial factors in the economic who took part in this study are under the age of forty
world. Since it impacts their capacity for adaptation (40), with most falling between the ages of 35 and 40
and creates new prospects for growing value for their as shown in the age pyramid below.
shareholders and the local populace, it is an important
Age Distribution of Respondents
Over 45
Age Group
35 - 45
25 - 35
18 - 25
20.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0
% of Sample
% Males % Females
Figure 0.2: Age Pyramid of Respondents

4.2 Key Findings Interviews with residents and employees revealed,
among other things, that they are not entirely
Hypothesis 1 involved in decision-making and, in some cases, they
Measuring the degree to which governance processes don't even receive feedback from the meetings they
are being followed was one of the goals of this attend. The majority of the respondents agreed that
research. This entails taking into account the opinions these key aspects of good governance have a
and suggestions of locals through community remedying effect on corruption as can be seen from
involvement, better information dissemination and figure 4.3 below
whistle blower protection actamong others.
Community Involvement
Whistle Blower Protection Act
Information Dissemination
60% 40% 20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Agree Strongly Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree
Figure 0.3: Influence of Good Governance Practices on Corruption Reduction
4
Correlation analysis of the aforementioned governance with reduction in corruption prevalence.

interrelationshipsreveal that there is significant Table 4.1 below portrays such findings.
positive association between the key aspects of good
Whistle
Elimination
Information Blower Community
of
Dissemination Protection Involvement
Corruption
Act
Correlation
Spearman’s rho 1.000 0.643 0.802 0.736
Elimination Coefficient
of Corruption Sig. (2-
. 0.071 0.044 0.031
tailed)
Correlation
0.643 1.000 0.188 0.771
Information Coefficient
Dissemination Sig. (2-
0.071 . 0.036 0.015
tailed)
Whistle Correlation 0.920
0.802 0.188 1.000
Blower Coefficient
Protection Sig. (2-
0.044 0.036 . 0.028
Act tailed)
Community Correlation
Involvement Coefficient 0.736 0.771 0.920 1.000
Sig. (2-
0.031 0.015 0.028 .
tailed)
N 200 200 200
Table 4.1: Good Governance Practices on Corruption Reduction
Hypothesis 2 or explain by-laws may end up winning an election

The study also found that there is a gap between the and, frequently, serving as a representative of the
expectations that people hold and the final quality of party's interests. An appraisal of key indicators with
service delivery or project implementation. regards to monitoring and evaluation of municipal
Sometimes people's needs are not met because they performance and service delivery indicate that most
do not prioritize development, as seen by the fact that respondents agree that lack of periodic assessment,
they will even elect an illiterate to office simply quality gaps and lack of streamlining of council’s
because they represent the party they support. As a services tend to impact its performance as shown in
result, someone who is unable to read, comprehend, graph 4.4 below.
Lack of Periodic Appraisal
Expectations Gap
Lack of Streamlining of Council's Services
40% 20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Figure 0.4: Impact of M&E on Performance & Service Delivery
5
An in-depth assessment sufficed to explore the ineffective monitoring and evaluation of governance
strength and direction of such relationships. Table 4.2 measures all retain significant negative effect. This
below shows that the three envisaged governance then confirms the second hypothesis.
practices, or lack thereof, that are associated with
Lack of Lack of
M&E of
Periodic Expectations Streamlining
governance
Appraisal Gap of Council's
measures
Services
Correlation
Spearman’s rho M&E of 1.000 -0.806 -0.134 -0.696
Coefficient
governance
Sig. (2-
measures . 0.043 0.037 0.039
tailed)
Lack of Correlation
-0.806 1.000 0.447 0.705
Periodic Coefficient
Appraisal Sig. (2-
0.043 . 0.006 0.024
tailed)
Correlation
-0.134 0.447 1.000 0.012
Expectations Coefficient
Gap Sig. (2-
0.037 0.006 . 0.899
tailed)
Lack of
Streamlining Correlation
of Council's Coefficient -0.696 0.705 0.012 1.000
Services
Sig. (2-
0.039 0.024 0.899 .
tailed)
N 200 200 200 200
Table 4.2Correlation of M&E on Performance & Service Delivery
A spokesman from Kambuzuma emphasized that sewerage. The burst sewer line was fixed within a
party differences sometimes cause community short period of time, proving that council employees
development to lag, which has led to the other party only reacted when under duress, when they were
supporters missing meetings presided over by the intimidated, or when they ran the danger of
other party representatives they don't support and vice generating public outrage. This demonstrates the
versa. In this method, only one party's interests might absence of an effective governance structure, as had
be represented, which might not support all-around one existed, all of the inhabitants' current problems
community development. would have been prevented and resolved quickly and
without incident.An aggregation of the responses
An independent group like the Harare Resident Trust revealed that common sentiment is leaning towards
are needed, according to a retired sales agent, to the indicators of poor governance like poor planning,
foster communication between the powerful and the selective accessibility and greed has distortionary
general public. The majority of residents in Warren effects on municipal service delivery.
Park, according to a people's representative, were not
even aware that such a group existed. This Correlation analysis results in table 4.3corroborates
demonstrated the necessity for such groups to be such aggregation as two of the three indicator (poor
covered more widely and made more recognized, as planning and greed) retain statistical significance with
doing so would improve city administration and negative direction on service delivery. Despite being
governance. insignificant, selective accessibility portends some
reductive effects on the performance of the
Hypothesis 3Participants in the session expressed the municipality as it retains positive significant
opinion that council members disregard local issues association with greed. This then implies that
that do not directly touch them. After the sewage prevalence of greed in authorities indirectly leads to
issue in Budiriro persisted for a while, a political selective accessibility for the rest of the citizens as
activist organized a few party leaders, bought 21 their interests are not prioritized.
buckets, filled them with sewage, and then led the
locals to the council buildings where they dumped the
6
Poor Planning
Selective Accessibility
Greed
40% 20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Figure 0.5: Influence of Poor Governance on Service Delivery
Municipal Poor Selective

Greed
service Planning Accessibility
delivery
Correlation
Spearman’s rho Municipal 1.000 -0.717 -0.534 -0.615
Coefficient
service
Sig. (2-
delivery . 0.034 0.077 0.002
tailed)
Correlation
Poor -0.717 1.000 0.540 0.641
Coefficient
Planning
Sig. (2-
0.034 . 0.044 0.033
tailed)
Correlation
Selective -0.534 0.540 1.000 0.811
Coefficient
Accessibility
Sig. (2-
0.077 0.044 . 0.018
tailed)
Greed Correlation
-0.615 0.641 0.811 1.000
Coefficient
Sig. (2-
0.002 0.033 0.018 .
tailed)
N 200 200 200 200
Table 4.3:Correlation between Poor Governance and Service Delivery
Figure 4.6 below synthesizes the key problematic the ones that retained the highest frequency in the
areas as observed by the respondents. These areas are discussion session.
7
4.3 State and Quality of the Service Provisions in government or local authorities, Zimbabwe's
Harare City government is required by international human rights
An organization can meet the needs of its law to ensure that the right to water is respected.
stakeholders and progress toward attaining its Water service delivery in the area has been negatively
strategic goals with the aid of levels of service. They impacted by political conflicts between the opposition
balance costs and future needs while making sure an party and the ruling party, which control the federal
asset is appropriate for its intended use. It is possible government and the city government of Harare,
to discover weaknesses and generate strategic future respectively.
assets. Most areas in Harare, including the city center,
have garbage piles because municipal authorities 4.4 Challenging Issues Requiring Urgent Attention
have not been collecting trash due to a lack of trucks. One of the biggest challenges facing the city of
The shortage of refuse occurs at a time when the Harare is the absence of an effective governance
Harare city council has already lost about US$1.8 system, which has led to many issues with corruption,
million in two separate deals because the supplier nepotism, political interference by members of
failed to deliver the goods under the first contract and different parties as well as within the same party, and
provided replacements that did not comply with the a lack of effective community participation
conditions of the second contract, costing the council mechanisms. The immaturity and incompetence of
additional money. The lack of consistent rubbish illiterate councilors and employees in charge of local
collection for weeks or months at a period in places governments in Zimbabwe are other contributing
like Chitungwiza, Dzivarasekwa, Norton, and causes.
Kuwadzana council has caused dumpsites to overflow
with garbage. The political climate and the nation's economy are
In a $3 million arrangement, city council once more our two main challenges. Political disputes and trade
hired Mass Breed Investments, doing business as embargoes imposed on the ruling government have
FAW Zimbabwe, to provide 30 garbage compactors. caused the economy to deteriorate for the previous
The company was then hired in September of the three decades, making the situation worse. This has
same year to provide 10 double skip bin trucks valued led to outdated and overused infrastructure (water
at US$1.5 million, according to Herald Zimbabwe. In pipes), unskilled labor, a lack of governmental
the first transaction, the company only provided 15 commitment, and widespread poverty at the
vehicles, however for the second deal, the company grassroots level. The development of the country
only provided single skip trucks as opposed to double through its municipalities has not been greatly aided
skip trucks. A failed transaction demonstrates poor by trade embargoes and isolation of Zimbabwe,
governance practices and inadequate due diligence on especially by Western nations, as these actions have
the part of the council. only increased the chaos and strife that have led to
corruption and poor governance.
Harare City Council has been facing grave challenges
which, inter alia, include an increase in population V. CONCLUSIONS AND
and the number of motor vehicles, a deteriorating RECOMMENDATIONS
transport infrastructure which has not been repaired
or taken care of on time, severe congestion, an This study determined that Harare's governance
inefficient public transport and a high rate of structures are weak, which is evident in the city's
accidents. subpar service delivery.
Zimbabwe's capital city of Harare is struggling with The Harare population has been let down by the
water supply and quality issues, and Lake Chivero, governance and service delivery systems, which fall
which is located downstream, has been severely short of expectations. The systems, according to
contaminated. These issues are frequently cited as the respondents, are characterized by corruption,
result of rapid population increase, poor maintenance nepotism, and a lack of receptivity to the needs and
of wastewater treatment facilities, pricy technologies, concerns of inhabitants. As a result, the municipal
and weak institutional foundations. A councilor for service delivery mechanisms in Harare are inefficient.
Harare has attributed the water problem on leaks in The political disputes between the nation's political
the outdated, inadequate, and antiquated water parties and the struggling economy during the past
distribution system. More than 40% of the pumped two decades are the main issues that have undermined
treated water is not supplied because of leaks, governance systems. These issues led to widespread
according to Makone. Due to the city's failure to bad governance in the nation, which had a negative
replace decades-old pipes few years ago, there are impact on the quality of public services.
cracks in both the water and sewage pipes. As a result,
running tap water and sewage are combined in The three hypotheses that inform this study's
several locations throughout Harare. No matter qualitative perspective are accepted.
whether the policies are carried out by the national
8
i. Using good governance methods can assist debate and voting procedures and civility). The
clean up urban municipal councils of Harare city council should review the success of its
corruption. sessions as part of a regular self-evaluation, and
ii. The monitoring and assessment of change its behavior and procedures for better
governance measures has an impact on the outcomes.
performance and service delivery of urban Look for professional development and educational
municipal councils. opportunities at the federal, state, and local levels.
iii. In Zimbabwe's urban local cities, poor Such possibilities might concentrate on the
governance is to blame for the general operational side of governance to assist shed light on
deterioration in municipal service the major political problems the city is now grappling
performance. with. Furthermore, orientations for newly elected
officials held by the city are a useful approach to
According to the study's recommendations, the orient new members to the council's customs and
Harare City Council should take action to lessen procedures as well as the budget and important policy
corruption, especially by creating and enforcing problems.
transparency and accountability standards for how
funds are allocated and spent. REFERENCES
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9
CHANGES IN USE OF THE DROMEDARY CAMEL
SHAHER EL - MECCAWI
Achva Academic College and Kaye Academic College

E-mail: elmekawi@gmail.com
Abstract - Today, there are approximately 5000 camels in the Negev, declining from about 11,000 in 1978. The decline in
camel numbers coincided with the reduced importance of the camel. The camel stopped being used for transportation – a
function taken over by four-wheel drive pick-up trucks, as is common throughout the Middle East. Furthermore, the camel is
not being used for plowing or as a pack animal as modern vehicles have taken over these functions. However, there is some
revival in the interest in the camel, mainly due to its milk. There is a market for milk for medicinal purposes, apparently being
effective in preventing/curing diabetes and cancer, and for its use in the manufacture of face creams. In addition, much
research is being done on camel urine for its potential medicinal properties, especially in curing cancer. A further interest in the
camel is in the tourist industry. Camel treks and rides are being offered by a number of outfitters in the Negev and camels are
being kept at a number of tourist sites for rides and photos. Occasionally, camel races are still held at weddings in the
traditional Bedouin way.
Keywords - Camel Milk, Desert Eco-Tourism, Dromedary Camel, Negev Bedouins
10
A SIMULATION OF THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
PASSIVELY MAINTAINED CLOSED CAVITY FACADES
1
ZORAN VERŠIĆ, 2MATEJA NOSIL MEŠIĆ, 3MARIN BINIČKI, 4IVONA CVITKOVIĆ,
5
DORA PETRAC
1
PhD Associate Professor, Faculty of Architecture/ University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
2,3,4,5
Faculty of Architecture/ University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
E- mail: 1 zversic@arhitekt.hr,2 mnosilmesic@arhitekt.hr
Abstract - In recent decades, numerous innovations have been noticed in the field of facade technologies, particularly
concerning sustainable principles.The adoption of double and multi-layer facades has been increasing, accompanied by a
renewed interest in natural ventilation over the past decade. While both single and double-skin facades possess their benefits
and limitations, the tendencies of sustainable building led to the development of a third type of glass façade, a close cavity
façade (CCF). This mechanically operated façade combines the advantages of both existing types.Integrating these benefits
with sustainable values, a novelvariant of CCF has been developed – a passively maintained close cavity façade that requires
no additional servicing. To achieve this, several physical characteristicssuch as temperature, pressure, and humidityhad to be
observed, providing simulations and experimental results, and giving crucialinsight intothe duration and efficiency of the
close cavity façade system, designed to operate passively throughout its expected service life.
Keywords - close cavity facades, passive maintenance, physical characteristics, passive ventilation
I. INTRODUCTION development of a noveldouble skin façade

variantknown as Closed Cavity Façade (CCF). The
Since the introduction of glass facades over a century CCF is a non-ventilated double-skin façade with
ago, two main glass façades – single (SSF) and excellent heat insulation and a greater depth towards
double (DSF) skin façadeshave been used. Single- the exterior (Figure 1)[3].
skin facades are characterized by a two- or three-
layered insulated glass unit (IGU) and can
incorporate outer or inner sun blades with a total U
value from 0.7 to 1.2 W/m²K. The advantages of SSF
include lower maintenance costs (due to fewer glass
surfaces), and a larger floor area compared to DSF (as
there is no corridor). The amount of daylight entering
the building can be controlled by the users. However,
SSF also present drawbacks such as internal blinds
and reduced natural light due to dark sun protection
glazing[1]. On the other hand, double skin facades
consist of a hardened single glazing layer on the
exterior, a ventilated cavity, and an IGU glass on the
interior side. This design allows air movement
between the two glass layers, either naturally, with
fan support, or mechanically. Ventilated double-skin
facades provide a U value lower than U < 0.7 – 1.2 Figure 1: Mechanically driven close cavity façade components
W/m²K. They offer benefits such as wind protection
Compared to DSF, CCF offers advantages such as
of sun blinds with the outer skin, reduced heating,
minimal reduction in useful floor area, reduced
and cooling needs, and enhanced thermal insulation.
pollution and cleaning requirements, effective solar
However, DSF also has certain drawbacks, including
protection through an automated blind system,
higher manufacturing energy input, reduced daylight
improved control over solar energy and light
penetration, unavoidable excess temperatures in the
penetration, wind protection through the outer skin,
façade corridor which require ventilation behind the
decreased heating and cooling needs, and excellent
outer skin, themaintenance of four glass surfaces, and
acoustic performance. On the contrary, there is higher
reduction of effective usable floor area as well as a
manufacturing energy input, a single glass panel on
possibility of condensation between the two glass
the outside can cause condensation of water vapor on
layers[1][2]. With the development of the façade
the bordering glass surfaces, and a non-ventilated
type, it has been shown that the production,
cavity causes climatic loads i.e., unavoidable excess
cost,maintenance demands, and energy savings are
temperatures and pressures in the cavity which
increasing accordingly, which has served as a true
require pressure equalization and mechanical
motivation for further research. Combining the
ventilation in the cavity (active maintenance)[1][4].
advantages of SSF and DSF has led to the
11
A Simulation of The Physical Characteristics of Passively Maintained Closed Cavity Facades
II. PASSIVE MAINTENANCE OF CLOSED air exchange, and moisture control within the cavity.
CAVITY FACADES All these factors are interconnected and mutually
influence each other, emphasizing the necessity of
With the growing utilization of closed cavity façades considering them in an integrated manner. Finally, all
(CCF), several factors must be incorporated into the these processes should be seen as only one
analysis of passive implementation. The regulation of component of the entire energy cycle of the building,
water vapor condensation within the cavity is where the facade, with its capacity for ventilation,
achieved through the ventilation of dehumidified air, natural interior lighting, and solar gains, plays the
which entails the installation of separate supply and most important role of the passive driver of the
exhaust ducts, as well as the provision of air-drying building[7].
facilities. Additionally, a vapor absorber—desiccant
should be installed within the cavity. Upon reaching Global irradiation and heat transfer
its saturation point, the absorber necessitates Solar radiation has the greatest influence on
replacement. Furthermore, it is necessary to enable temperature variations within the facade, as well as
equalization of air pressures between the exterior and on stresses and air exchange rates. Global irradiation
inside the cavity to prevent climatic loads, which also alone is insufficient information; therefore, the direct,
contributesto solving condensation issues[5,6]. diffuse, and reflected components were determined
separately.While transferring from the environment to
the CCF on the building, it is absorbed andconverted
into all three types of heat transfer: heat radiation,
heat convection, and conduction (Figure 3). Heat
radiation is converted directly from the irradiation
onto the outer façade surfaces and sun blinds, which
can reach up to 90°C.Although the use of low-
emissivity coatings can reduce total radiation by up to
50%, the outer surface and sun blinds are the main
source of heat inside the CCF. Heat convection
occurs through the cavity, between solids and fluids,
influenced by factors such as surface size, façade
inclination, and wind speed, while heat conduction
has a negligible influence[7].
Figure 2: Naturally driven close cavity façade components
Passive maintenance of close cavity facades involves

several improvements to the existing design. The
transparent part of the CCF would have IGU on the
external side and single glazing on the internal sideas
this configuration minimizes heat transfer into the
cavity. Furthermore, sun shading systems should be
mounted inside the cavity during the assembly
process in the factory to reduce later maintenance
requirements. The air-dryingprocess inside the cavity
is facilitated by a desiccant during the lifetime of the Figure 3: Global irradiation and heat transfer across the close
cavity façade module
facade, positioned within the enclosed space between
the glass surfaces, which remains concealed from
Glass deflection and pressure equalization
external view.The equalization of air pressures
Inside the cavity, there is a proportional relationship
betweenthe closed cavity and the external
between temperature and pressure, tending to
atmospheric pressure is achieved through a thin tube
equalize the pressure inside and outside the cavity
(capillary), obviating the need for an external,
and minimize glass deflection.Temperature variations
forcibly driven, supply of dry air and other additional
within the cavity occur due to solar radiation
equipment (Figure 2).
absorption by sun-shading elements, leading to high
temperatures and significant pressure build-up.The
III. PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE
pressure difference between the interior and exterior,
dictated by climatic conditions, creates pressure
The durability of a façade is influenced by various
within the cavity, causing deformation of the glass.
factors that impact physical performance. These
During overpressure, excess air is released, while
factors include the amount of solar radiation
under pressure, the air is drawn into the cavity.
absorption, heat transfer between the environment
Variations in the volume of air inside the cavity
and the façade’s components and their thermal
deflate the glass surfaces. As the temperature rises,
behaviour, pressure and deflection of the glass panels,
the pressure and glass deformation increase due to
12
increased internal pressure and air release. On the pressure difference, glass deflection, and relative
contrary, with the drop in temperature, the pressure humidity inside the cavity. In the case,there is no air
also decreases, and the glass deflation is moving exchange, during November2022 in Rugvica, the
inwards the cavity (Figure 4) [5]. pressure inside the cavity is slightly lower than the
pressure of external air (Figure 5).
Figure 4: Pressure differenceinfluencing factors
Air exchange and moisture control

Air exchange in this facade system is achieved
passively, in contrast to existing, mechanically
Figure 5: Cavity pressure without the capillary compared to
equipped closed cavity facades. A small capillary is
external air pressure
incorporated to facilitate the deflation and suction of
air. As air exchange occurs, moisture in the form of Still, with a capillary included for passive air
water vapor is also exchanged. Not only controlling exchangein the same location and duringthe same
the pressure inside the cavity, but the capillary also period, pressures are equalized, and consequently,
regulates the moisture level. Still, due to the potential glass deflection is minimized (Figure 6).
high humidity in the external air, a desiccant is
positioned between two glass surfaces to absorb
excessive moisture, dropping the relative humidity to
around 3-4%[8,9].
IV. SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL

RESULTS
As a part of the research project ‘Development of a

double facade with a hermetically sealed cavity H-
CCF project’ an experimental model for later
calculations was made. The actual experimental
model was located inRugvica, Croatia (N45.75°,
E16.24°). To make numerical analysis, various Figure 6: Cavity pressure with the capillary compared to
external air pressure
measurements were made on the location, during
2020 and 2021, such asmeteorological data and
physical and structural behaviour of the glass model. Another analysis is made without the desiccant in the
air gap, on the middle glass facing the exterior. When
Necessary climate conditions were global solar
radiation, temperature, air pressures, relative the humidity surpasses 100%, condensation forms on
humidity, wind speed and direction including the glass façade surfaces, indicating the need for
moisture absorbers. Therefore, moisture absorbers are
location, height, and the orientation of the
building.Data regarding the physical and structural necessary to mitigate this issue (Figure 7).
characteristics of the model werethermal (U-value, g-
value, light transmission factor) properties of the
module along with in situ measureddata such as
temperatures of the internal, middle, and external
glass, the air cavity, and the interior temperature
along with deflection of all three glass layers,
stresses, and air cavity pressure. Based on these
parameters, taken from several characteristic weeks
of 2020 and 2021, a computational model was made,
which was later applicable to any period and location Figure 7: Humidity control inside the CCF element
(using meteorological data from Meteonorm 8).
Using this method, parameters of the passively In the absence of a desiccant with the system, it can
maintained CCF can be calculated, such as energy be observed that the relative humidity in the cavity
transfer (radiation, convection, etc.), expected reaches 125% during November, for the location of
temperatures inside the cavity throughout the year, Rugvica (Figure 8).
13
moisture control, the whole façade must be observed

with mutual characterises affecting each other.
Based on the simulation of the parameters of a

computational model of the passively maintained
CCF,numerical analysis of the temperatures,
pressures, humidity, and deflection can be calculated.
Consequently,it is possible to calculate annual
moisture absorption capacity, and the most important
quantity of the system – the required amount of air
cavity desiccant and capillary properties for pressure
Figure 8: Relative humidity without the desiccant in the cavity equalization. These calculations ensure that the CCF,
compared to external air relative humidity without further active maintenance, behaves
according to the project and is designed for the
To keep humidity below 5-6%, a dehumidifier is expected service life passively.
used. In November, outer temperatures are low and
external air relative humidity is from 80 to 100%, but The research was conducted as part of the
desiccant keeps the cavity without condensation – Development of a double facade with a hermetically
peak value of humidity is between 3-4%. (Figure 9). sealed cavity H-CCF project funded by the European
Union from the European Regional Development
Fund.
REFERENCES
[1] GBD magazine; Closed Cavity Facades,

http://www.gbdmagazine.com/closed-cavity-facades
(accessed on 22nd Nov 2022.)
[2] H. Poirazis, Double-skin façades - A literature review, IEA
SHC Task 34. 49 (2007) pp70–73.
[3] M. Michael, M. Overend, The impact of using Closed Cavity
Façades (CCF) on buildings’ thermal and visual performance,
J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2069 (2021) 1–9.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2069/1/012021.
Figure9: Relative humidity with the desiccant in the cavity [4] M. Michael, M. Overend, Closed cavity façade, an innovative
compared to external air relative humidity energy saving façade, Build. Serv. Eng. Res. Technol. 43
(2022) 279–296.
https://doi.org/10.1177/01436244221080030.
V. CONCLUSION [5] N. Van Den Bossche, K. Van Den Brande, H. De Bleecker,
G. Lori, Validation of a coupled pressure-equalization-
The great potential of passive maintenance of close thermal-mechanical model to study double-skin facades, E3S
cavity facades is shown in this research. The focus Web Conf. 172 (2020) 1–8.
https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017224001.
was on physical characteristics and their comparison [6] B.K. Naik, M. Joshi, P. Muthukumar, M. Sultan, T.
to active maintenance of the same façade. To develop Miyazaki, R.R. Shamshiri, H. Ashraf, Investigating solid and
the façade model (sustain)ability, several liquid desiccant dehumidification options for room air-
improvements were made. conditioning and drying applications, Sustain. 12 (2020) pp1–
22. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410582.
[7] Veršić Zoran, Galić Josip, Binički Marin, Stepinac Lucija,
In the case of active maintenance, it is shown that the Factors in a Sustainability Assessment of a New Types of
same physical characteristics are having higher Closed Cavity Facades, 16 (2022) pp148–152.
extremes leading to not only permanent mechanical [8] www.atmo.arizona.edu/students/courselinks/spring08/atmo33
6s1/courses/fall13/atmo551a/Site/ATMO_451a_551a_files/
control, but also regular servicing (f.e. of the WaterVapor.pdf (accessed on 20th Nov 2022)
desiccant or sun blinds system). On the other hand, [9] www.chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoret
passivelymaintained facade preserves itself like a ical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Ph
living organism. Although different potentials are ysical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_
Matter/States_of_Matter/Phase_Transitions/Clausius-
shown inequalizing temperatures, pressures and Clapeyron_Equation (accessed on 20th Nov 2022)

14
DETERMINATION OF TRAFFIC SAFETY WITH METHODS
ALTERNATIVE TO TRADITIONAL METHODS
1
CORUHEMINE, 2TORTUM AHMET
1
Department of Civil Engineering College of Engineering and Natural Sciences Gumushane University, Gumushane, 29100,
Turkey
2
Department of Civil Engineering College of Engineering Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
E-mail: 1eminecoruh@gmail.com, 2atortum@atauni.edu.tr
Abstract - Every year, hundreds of thousands of people die in traffic accidents and millions are injured worldwide. In
Turkey, more than 5 thousand people die in traffic accidents and 200 thousandpeople get serious injured every year. When
indirect losses in the society (disabilities occurring as a result of accidents, social and psychological pain caused by deaths or
injuries) are also added to the great economic losses, which are caused by these accidents, it is obvious that no countries can
be indifferent to traffic accidents.Traditionally, the numbers of casualties and accidents are explained with the proportional
terms such as the number of casualties per kilometer traveled, per the number of registered vehicles or per population.
However, these proportions cannot help us so much to examine the degree or level of the road traffic safety. Especially over
the recent years, several indicators have started to be determined for examining the factors that influence the accidents and
making comparison easily. Indicators, which provide a more detailed view, may carry the advantage of determining the
problem before the results of the accidents.Together with this study, the factors which influence the transportation safety of
81 cities in Turkey were firstly analyzed for 2010 through the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). After the determination of
the efficiency of the cities with this analysis, they were put in order with the Super-efficiency (Andersen and Petersen-AP)
method. Secondly, variables were analyzed with the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) and cities were put in order.
Then, the city orders were compared to the orders defined by the traditional method. An attempt was made to reveal the
similarities and differences of the cities according to the analysis methods.
Keywords - AHP, DEA, Traffic Accidents, Traditional Methods, Turkey.
I. INTRODUCTION traffic safety [5].Moreover, accident statistics, which

are frequently applied, have some disadvantages such
It is predicted that 500 thousand people die and 15 as random fluctuation, reliable recording and
million people get injured in traffic accidents uniformity restriction in definitions. In addition to
worldwide every year [1]-[2]. It is known that annual injury or accident data, many indicators were defined
cost of the traffic accidents exceeds 130 billion in the to compare the safety level and to measure the
European Union and this amount is more than 1% of causality related to injuries or accidents or understand
the Union’s Gross Incomes[3]. In Turkey, more than the processes causing accidents. Indicators that
5 thousand people die and 200thousandpeople get provide a more detailed view may carry the
injured in traffic accident every year. In other words, advantage of determining the problem before the
approximately 10 people die and more than 500 results of the accidents [6]. Attempts were made to
people are injured on the road everyday [4].When determine various road safety indicators and road
indirect losses in the society (disabilities occurring as safety levels with different analyses, which are
a result of accidents, social and psychological pain applied to these indicators, in order to examine the
caused by deaths or injuries) are also added to the degree or level of the road traffic safety over time.
great economic losses, which are caused by these Not only the number of accidents was adhered to
accidents, it is obvious that no countries can be thanks to these studies, but also an alternative
indifferent to traffic accidents. Traffic safety can be measuring and recommendation field was developed
described as a dimension of the numbers of casualties for safety [5].According to the recent studies and
and accidents generally caused by the accidents that assessments, accidents don’t have only one cause and
occur within a certain time frame, mostly at times like it is quite difficult to select a cause factor which is
weekend or holidays, when the traffic peaks, or a more important than the others. But many studies and
time frame such as a month/year. Traditionally, the theories presented that a combination of 5 main
numbers of casualties and accidents are explained dimensions (human, vehicle, environment, road,
with the proportional terms such as the number of system) led to accidents. These dimensions are not
casualties per kilometer traveled, per the number of completely independent from each other and there are
registered vehicles or per population. These many factors that influence each dimension
proportions are used to observe the trend within time. [7].Therefore, road safety is a complicated matter
An increase in this trend generally points at a affected by countless risk factors. The best way of
decrease in the safety, otherwise, at a development in understanding what causes an accident is the
the safety. However, these proportions cannot help us examination of the factors that lead to it [7]-[8]-[9]-
so much to examine the degree or level of the road [10].The factors that show influence as per the risk
15
Determination of Traffic Safety with Methods Alternative to Traditional Methods
areas of the cities were analyzed with this study using III. ANALYTICAL HIERARCHICAL PROCESS
‘Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)’ and ‘Analytical (AHP)
Hierarchical Process (AHP)’. 81 cities of Turkey
obtained scores according to their risk values and put Analytical hierarchical operation or process (AHP
in order in respect of these scores. Then, city orders theory) is a method developed by Saaty in his field at
were compared to their risk orders with the traditional the beginning of 1970s. Then, as understood, his
method and an attempt was made to put forth the whole objective was to convert the extensive, selected
similarities and differences. best number of alternatives into a hierarchy that was
comprised of various criteria contributing to the goal.
This study may pioneer the development of more Both quantitative and qualitative criteria can be
efficient and sustainable policy and infrastructure considered [16]. Decision problems are handled
projects for local and national politicians. In line with within a hierarchical structure and based on the logic
this goal and grounding on the selected variables, our of paired comparison. AHP finds the weights of all
primary objective is to determine the safety levels of the criteria defined, options are evaluated again
the cities with two analyses (DEA and AHP) that are through paired comparison in terms of these criteria
alternative to traditional methods and present the and then gain a weight. Paired comparison is the
similarities and differences of the cities as per each evaluation of which characteristic out of two is more
method by putting the cities in order accordingly. important, how important it is, which one is preferred
or dominant [17]. AHP is a comprehensible and
II. DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS (DEA) popular technique that can be used for very
complicated decisions including many levels of the
Data envelopment analysis, which was developed by criteria and subcriteria. It was used and stated as a
A.Charnes, W.W.Cooper and E. Rhodes, was used in useful means by the researchers for the assessment of
many cases from the efficiency measurement of the indicator weights in internal environment index
police department in England to that of the banks in [18]and Index of Environmental Friendliness [19].
Cyprus and Canada and universities in America,
England and France [11]. IV. MATERIAL AND METHOD
DEA is an efficiency measurement technique without
parameters developed for measuring the relative The topic of road safety is a very complicated field
efficiency of the economic decision units which containing a high number of accident factors, humans,
resemble each other in terms of the products or vehicles, environments, roads and regulations. It is a
services they produce [12]. complicated topic dependent on the selection of a
specific indicator (variable) group in the risk
Weights are internally obtained from the dataset to performance areas, its type, its accessibility and
get the best possible score for a country/region/city in quality that determine the importance of each variable.
the DEA. Meaning of these weights explains what Type and number of the variables depend on the
factors the performance of a country/region/city countries’ development level, motorization level
relatively depends on. This method results in weights (vehicle rate per population) and data accessibility
as to the most appropriate country/region/city [13]. [7].Accordingly, many variables were defined in a
The possible score is determined for that region/country or city representing the factors that
country/region/city with a range of the weights influence the accidents. In this study, the data
obtained. Hermans et al.[14] specified their study regarding the employment rate (%), transportation
purpose as the determination of a direction for people within consumption expenditures (%), alcohol within
making policy about the actions needed for road consumption expenditures (%), urbanization rate of
safety level on the basis of the DEA. Good and bad the cities, highway networks percentage (city and
aspects of road safety were defined for every country state road, highway), vehicle components, population
in the model based on outputs. in respect of their education levels and healthy
personnel (number of specialist physicians, doctors,
They constructed a model with the DEA including dentists and hospital beds etc.), which belonged to
road safety scores for every country taking the related 2010 and were used for 81 cities, were obtained from
road safety information for many countries into the Turkish Statistical Institute. Again in the study,
account. Shen et al.[15] analyzed a dataset that the data about the number of accidents, red light
consisted of 21 indicators for 26 European countries. violation, exceeding the speed limit from 10% up to
They compared these 21 indicators and country 30% (512A), exceeding the speed limit by more than
performances with the DEA, which is a performance 30% (512B) were taken from the General Directorate
measurement technique. They presented a certain Of Security (GDO) for 81 cities and the same year.81
country’s comparison of its relative performance with cities of Turkey were selected for 2010 as DMU with
all the other countries on the basis of its self- the Data Envelopment Analysis. Economic,socio-
appreciation as one of the most desirable aspects of demographic, transportation, health and education
the DEA. indicators of the DMUs, which were thought to
16
represent the best regarding the main components was used in the study in respect of the input-oriented
named as road safety risk areas, were selected for scale [20].Again, 81 cities of Turkey were selected
each DMU (city) and activity scores were found with for the AHP and 44 factors were weighed according
18 inputs and 5 outputs, which were thought to to their risk areas. Information about the
represent these risk areas in the best way. Information variables/indicators that belong to the data set used in
about the input and output variables used in the study the study is presented in Table 2.
are presented in Table 1. Fixed-yield model (CRS)
Table1.Input-Output Variables and Abbreviation Codes Used Table 2.Variables and Abbreviation Codes Used in the AHP
in the Analysis Analysis
17
Table 3, city orders are given as per the AHP for

2010.
The analysis was conducted for 2010. First of all, the

problem (goal) was determined in the program. It was
named as road safety problem. Then, the hierarchical
structure was formed. Cities were put in order from
the city with the highest risk to the one with the
lowest risk through the AHP, which helps us with
putting them in order [20].Monitoring the number of
accidents and/or casualties is generally the first
preferred way to realize the traffic or safety level in a
country/region or city. Traditionally, traffic or safety
analyses are conducted according to the casualties
order per population or vehicle-km. In this study,
casualties rate per vehicle km was selected as the
traditional method and it was determined for each city
and an arrangement was made from the city with the
highest risk towards the city with the least risk; the
city orders found with the AHP and DEA were
compared.
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
It was preferred to use input-focused CCR model,

because supervision over inputs may come into
question together with the development of measures
and interventions for the represented risk areas in this
study. DEA determines the efficient units. However,
Andersen-Petersen (AP) method was implemented
for finding and putting the units, in other words,
efficiency degrees in order. In Table 3, super-
efficiency values of the cities are given for 2010. Six
matrixes were constituted from 44 variable sets
during the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP)
(with nine rows and nine columns) and weights were
given to the highest population (0.346), transportation
infrastructure (0.204), and transportation (0.187),
economic indicators (0.012), health (0.079) and lastly
education (0.060) as a result of the AHP. City orders
were set through the calculation of these weights and
standardized values of each variable from 2010. In
18
VI. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
Attempts were made with this study to determine

which factor of the considered city has a problem and
to put the cities in order according to their risk areas
without staying dependent only on the number of
accidents, but also taking the other influential factors
into account. For instance, the place ofIstanbul was
determined as 78 in the traditional method (number of
casualties/vehicle-km). How correct it is to say
considering this result that Istanbul is an extremely
reliable city of Turkey in terms of traffic safety or it
has solved the traffic problem. However, numbers
reflect a more realistic traffic problem when the other
analyses are checked.
Usage of the indicator term has been increasing in
recent years. Using this term is quite an important
advantage to create awareness in policymakers and
communication means. Propensities can be defined,
problems can be predicted, policy objectives and
priorities can be determined and the effect of the
evaluated precautions can easily be measured
together with this advantage brought by the
Table 3. City Orders In Reference to the DEA, AHP and
Traditional Method
expression convenience.
The studies show that an increase occurs in the
Instead of the traditionally-used indicators too less number of accidents in parallel to the increase in the
related to traffic safety or only such as the accident employment rate, urbanization and city and state
rates, city scores were formed explaining the main roads. This situation resembles the developing
parameters of the road safety with variables in countries where the national income per capita
relation to people, vehicles and roads countrywide increases and rapid urbanization and vehicle
and covering the whole country by existing for 81 ownership are in tendency to increase. The number of
cities. Results are given in Table 3together with the accidents decreases as the number of educated people
orders traditionally formed with the number of losses increases. In this case, the first urgent thing to do is to
per vehicle km. When the order results were checked, make an efficient transportation plan considering the
Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Bursa, Kocaeli, Antalya, geographical and demographic characteristics of each
Adana, Mersin, Konya and Gaziantep were found in region together with the interregional principle of
the more risky city group as a result of the AHP equality in Turkey. It is of vital importance for every
analysis. The common point of these cities is the fact individual to try to prevent such a danger beforehand
that the cities including the capital cities of Turkey - when it is supposed that everybody in Turkey and
Ankara - which are economic leaders of the country around the world has a high chance of having an
were found much more risky than the eastern and accident right now.
southeastern cities that are way much lower than
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[10] Huang, H. and Abdel-Aty, M., 2010. Multilevel Data and Comprehensive Indicator of Indoor Environment Assessment
Bayesian Analysis in Traffic Safety, Accident Analysis and for Occupants’ Health in Taiwan. Build. Environ. 37 (4),387–
Prevention, 42: 1556-1565.V. 392.
[11] Yılmazer M., Aktaş H., Kargın M., AçıkgözB., 2006. [19] Puolamaa, M., Kaplas, M., Reinikainen, T., 1996. Index of
Efficiency of Public Investments as per the Cities in Turkey, Environmental Friendliness: A methodological study.
GaziÜnv., Journal of the Faculty of Economics and Eurostat/Statistics Finland.
Administrative Sciences, 8(29), p. 53-80 [20] Coruh, E., 2013. Developing a Road Safety Index for Turkey
[12] Kecek, G., 2010. Example of Data Envelopment Analysis, Highways, Ph.D. Thesis, Graduate School of Natural and
Theory and Practice, 1. Press, SiyasalKitapevi, Ankara. Applied Sciences, Atatürk University.
[13] Hermans, E., Van den B.F., Wets, G., 2007. Impact of [21] Wegman, F., Commandeur, J., Doveh, E., Eksler, V.,
Methodological Choices on Road Safety Ranking, RA- Gitelman, V., Hakkert, S., Lynam, D. and Oppe, S., 2008,
MOW-2007-001. SUNflowerNext: Towards a composite road safety
[14] Hermans, E., Van den B.F., Wets, G., 2009. Uncertainty performance index. Deliverable D6.16 of the EU FP6 project
Assessment of the Road Safety Index, Reliability Engineering SafetyNet
and System Safety, 94. 1220-1228. [22] Gitelman V., Doveh E. ve Hakkert S.,2010, Designing a
[15] Shen, Y., Hermans, E., Ruan, D.,Wets, G., Brijs, T.,Vanhoof Composite Indicator for Road Safety, Safety Science, 48,
K., 2009. Road Safety Performance Evaluation Based on a 1212–1224.
Multiple Layer Data Envelopment Analysis Model, 4th Irtad [23] Hermans, E., Van der B.F., Wets, G., 2008. Combining Road
Conference, Seoul, Korea. Safety Information in A Performance Index. Accident
Analysis and Prevention 40, 1337–1344.

20
CONCRETE MIXTURE WITH PLASTIC AS FINE AGGREGATE
REPLACEMENT
1
CHIEN-CHUNG CHEN, 2NATHAN JAFFE, 3MATT KOPPITZ, 4WESLEY WEIMER,
5
ALBERT POLOCOSER
1,2,3,4,5
Purdue University Calumet, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Missouri University of Science and
Technology, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Missouri University of Science and Technology
E-mail: 1chien-chung.chen@purduecal.edu, 2njjz72@mst.edu, 3mjkd5d@mst.edu, 4wawdm3@mst.edu, 5apf29@mst.edu
Abstract - The objective of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of using waste plastic as fine aggregate replacement
in concrete mixtures. The compressive and tensile strengths of various concrete specimens were tested to determine how the
incorporation of recycled plastic as a replacement fine aggregate would affect the development of strength in the mixes. Six
mixes were compared at replacement increments of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 50% and 100%. All stages of plastic replacement
showed a noticeable decrease in compressive strength. The 10% replacement level only showed a 15% loss of compressive
strength at 28 days compared to the control. Despite being much weaker in compression, the tensile strength test showed that
the 10%, 20% and 30% replacement increments were stronger in tension compared to the control. An additional test was
conducted to determine whether the plastic aggregate would change the heat absorption and heat transfer of the concrete. This
test showed noticeable difference between the test samples and the control. The 10%, 20% and 30% replacement mixes
showed a significant decrease in heat absorption, and a minor decrease in heat transfer through the test slab.
Keywords - Alternative Recycling Methods, Green Concrete, Plastic, Sustainable Building Materials.
I. INTRODUCTION II. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
Concrete, one of the most common construction A. Material Preparation

materials, requires a large amount of natural resources Concrete materials used in this study included type I
and energy. Natural resources used in concrete portland cement, river sand, ¾ inch crushed
mixtures include lime stone, clay, sand, natural gravel, limestone,and water. Both sand and crushed limestone
crushed stone, and water. With the rapid development used in this study conformed to ASTM C33 [13] for
in urban areas around the world in the recent years, our concrete aggregates as fine and coarse aggregates.
natural resources are depleting in an ever-increasing HDPE was selected as the plastic for fine aggregate
rate. replacement in this study. The purpose for the
experiment was to determine how best to incorporate
Therefore, it is necessary to develop a new material construction waste materials back into concrete saving
that consumes less natural resources and energy in both energy and reducing the need to discard plastic
order to make our construction methods more waste into landfills.
sustainable. Many efforts have been made to study the The experiment began by finding the gradation of the
use of waste/by product materials, such as fly ash, slag, fine aggregate owing to that the gradation of sand
silica fume, and natural pozzolan, to replace portland could provide a baseline for the desired incorporation
cement in a concrete mixture [1-6]. of recycled HDPE plastic as a fine aggregate
replacement option.Sieve analysis was performed on a
Others [7-12] studied effects of plastic in concrete river sand sample to determine its gradation. The
mixtures as aggregate replacement on material gradation test was conducted in accordance with
properties.While the previous studies showed ASTM C 136 [14], and the results can be found below
potential advantages of using plastics in concrete (e.g., in Table 1. Initially, the goal was to mimic the sand
light weight and low energy consumption), they also gradation with the plastic gradation exactly; however,
reported some disadvantages, such as decreases in after a sieve analysis of the pulverized HDPE plastic
compressive strength and flexural strength of plastic was completed, this was deemed impracticable. As
concrete mixtures with the increase of the plastic ratio seen in Figure 1, the pulverized HDPE plastic has a
in the mixtures. much finer gradation than the sand.
Furthermore, material properties of plastic concrete
mixtures may vary depending on the type of plastics To accurately replace the gradation of the sand with
that is used in the mixtures. For this reason, it was of the plastic, all of the plastic would have had to been
interest of this research to study effects of one type of sieved, weighted, and then remixed at the correct
plastics, high-density polyethylene (HDPE), on ratios. This process would have resulted in a lot of
concrete properties. This paper investigated the wasted plastic, which would have been
application of HDPE plastic on partial/full fine counterproductive to the green initiative this project
aggregate replacement for concrete mixtures. intended to propose.
21
Concrete Mixture With Plastic As Fine Aggregate Replacement
In order to compensate for the removal of the #8 sieve

size and above, and to model better the initial
gradation of the sand, HDPE plastic pellets were
added to the pulverized plastic. The quantity of pellets
added was based on the original gradation of the river
sand. The design gradation determined for the tests
can be found in Table 3.The percent of pellets added to
the plastic was based on the percent retained on the #4
and #8 sieve of the sand, i.e., the percent retained on
the #4 and #8 sieve from the sand gradation (Table 1)
equals the percent retained on the #8 sieve for the
plastic (Table 3).
Table 1: Sand gradation
Table 3: Plastic gradation used in mix for design
B. Mix Design
Figure 1 Gradation of sand and HDPE plastic Using the aforementioned materials, mix proportions
for one control mix and five experimental mixes were
Further analysis of the pulverized plastic revealed that created. The control mix was designed with a 0.5
the plastic retained on the #8 sieve and larger was flat water to cement ratio. The mix design was determined
and elongated. Therefore, these sizes were disregarded, so that a reasonably concrete strength would be
collected and re-pulverized. The increased surface achieved to adequately determine the strength
area from the strips would have caused a degradation induced by the increasing quantity of
destabilization of the concrete mixture. Also the plastic. The experimental sample mixes utilized the
elongated strips would have incorporated slick same mix design with the exception of the fine
surfaces within the concrete, which could prevent the aggregate. Mix designs for the control mix and the five
cement from properly adhering to the aggregate. After experimental mixes with varying fine aggregate
removing the flat and elongated pieces, another sieve replacement levels are shown in Table 4.
analysis was performed, and the results can be found The water content of the actual batch weight was
in Table 2. adjusted to account for the absorption of the
aggregates. For the HDPE plastic, due to the
susceptibility of plastic to heat, an absorption
testrequiring heating samples in an oven was difficult
to perform. Based on the manufacturer specifications,
the HDPE plastic had an absorption between 0% and
0.1%. Therefore, for the purpose of this experiment, it
was assumed that the HDPE had no absorption.
Recycled white HDPE plastic resin was used for the
experiment to amplify the potential reflectivity of the
concrete. The HDPE plastic replaced the sand by
volume. As mentioned previously, both the HDPE
plastic and the sand were in a state of 0% absorption.
Therefore, as the volume of sand was reduced and
plastic added, the water content in the sample mixes
Table 2: Plastic gradation from pulverization did not need to be adjusted.
22
condition for the control and 10% replacement

samples wasconsidered workable. The mixes with
plastic replacement levels beyond 10% showed
significant loss in workability. Especially, for the 50%
and 100% replacement levels, the mixesshowed lost
cohesion and exhibited unworkable conditions. The
measured temperatures for all samples were
comparable.
Table 4: Mix proportions (kg/m3)of the control and sample
mixes
C. Test Procedures
After the concrete mixtures were properly mixed, the
temperature of the batch was recorded. Then the air
content was determined using the pressure method in
accordance with ASTM C231 [14]. Also, the slump of
each concrete mix was measured according to ASTM
C143 [15]. Seven 100 mm(diameter) x 200 mm
(height) cylinders and one 305 mm (width) x 305
mm(length) x 25 mm(thickness) slab were produced
for each mix. Cylinder specimens were made
following ASTM C31 [16]. The cylinders were used
Table 5: Fresh concrete properties of test specimens
for compression and tension tests, and the slab was
used for testing the heat absorption of the control and Table 6 and Table 7 show the compressive strength
experimental samples. The specimens were initially and strength loss of test specimens, respectively.
cured for twenty four hours and then placed in a water Results showed a significant variation in the strengths
tank and cured for twenty seven days. Two cylinders of the concrete samples. As the percentage of plastic
were broken at seven days, fourteen days, and twenty replacing the sand increased, the compressive strength
eight days following ASTM C39 [17]. The splitting of the concrete decreased.At 10% replacement of the
tensile strength was measured with the last cylinder. fine aggregate with HDPE, the strength of the concrete
The cylinder was cut in half and the splitting tensile decreased by approximately 15%. Likewise, at 20%
strength was performed on both specimens. The slabs replacement, over 30% of the compressive strength of
were initially cured for twenty four hours and then the concrete was lost. The 50% and 100% replacement
removed from the molds and placed in a water tank for samples lost cohesion and suffered from extreme loss
twenty seven days. For testing, the slabs were placed of compressive strength. Additionally, both samples
on a concrete floor. 250 watt heat lamps with reflectors were found to be pervious. This was likely due to the
were placed one foot above the slab. The lamps were unusual shape of the HDPE aggregate and the
run for seventy five minutes. The temperatures were excessively high air content. The 28 day compressive
measured on the front and back every fifteen minutes strengths for the 30% plastic replacement sample
with an infrared heat gun. turned out to be unusually weak. The reason for this
anomaly was uncertain and warranted further
D. Results and Discussions investigation. The most likely explanation was that the
Table 5provides the results of the fresh concrete tests. cylinders broken at 28 days were poorly compacted or
Due to its light weight property, the plastic aggregate otherwise flawed, and these internal flaws caused the
caused a reduction in the unit weight of the concrete. cylinders to break prematurely. It would be highly
The concrete showed a resistance to compaction, or unusual for a 28-day compressive strength to be below
more appropriately stated, the concrete would only the 7-day and 14-day compressive strengths for the
remain compacted temporarily. Immediately after the same batch of concrete.
concrete was rodded or vibrated the plastic acted like a
spring. The plastic expanded in order to alleviate the
internal stress induced by the compaction, and the
expansion, in turn, created an increased air content
within the concrete. Furthermore, the slump tests
proved futile. Since the plastic caused expansion
within the concrete, the slump test could not be
considered an indicator of potential workabilityof the
concrete with plastic as partial/full fine aggregate
replacement. In the case of the 100% replacement
sample, the slump cone grew in size, hence a negative
slump valuewas recorded. Although the slump for the
control and 10% replacement was very low, the actual Table 6: Compressive strength of test specimens
23
during the testsare reported in Appendix. Results

showed that the 10%, 20% and 30% aggregate
replacement mixes absorbed heat at a slower rate as
compared with the control. Furthermore, all of the
sample mixes had a higher temperature differential
between the front and back of the slabs compared to
the control mix. The 50% and 100% replacement
levels showed a much higher temperature differential
compared to the other mixes, but they also absorbed
much more heat than the other mixes. It is likely that at
these higher replacement levels, the higher air content
in the concrete inhibited the transfer of heat through
Table 7: Compressive strength loss
the slab. Additionally, at the 50% and 100%
replacement levels, the plastic was visible on the
The split-cylinder testsshowed a different result as surface of the slabs. It is possible that the plastic on the
compared to that of the compression tests, i.e., the surface absorbed a large percentage of the heat,
compression tests showed a loss of strength with the preventing its ability to pass through the concrete slab.
increase of plastic while the split-cylinder tests
showed the opposite. As can be seen in Table 8, the
control batch was weaker in tension than the 10%,
20% and 30% replacement mixes. Even the 30%
replacement mix which was over 50% weaker in
compression vs the control mix, was 2% stronger in
splitting tensile strength. It appeared that the addition
of HDPE plastic caused fundamental changes the way
that concrete behaved. It was likely that the inherent
stringiness of the plastic (a byproduct of the
shredding/pulverizing process) provided internal shear
and tensile reinforcement. The plastic behaved in a
similar fashion to the way steel and synthetic fiber Table 9: Temperature differentials measured from thermal
conductivity tests
reinforcement fortified the concrete inhibiting the
spread of cracks and fractures. Determining the III. CONCLUSION
optimum level of plastic replacement of the fine
aggregate to attain the greatest tensile strength would The following conclusions can be drawn from this
require additional research and testing. The optimum research study:
amount of plastic cannot be directly interpolated 1. The temperature of the fresh concrete containing
because the tensile strength is dependent on two the HDPE plastic was comparable to that of the
distinct variables: the compressive strength of the ordinary concrete.
concrete and the amount of plastic in the mix. 2. The air content of the test samples increased with
Additional study will be necessary to determine how an increase in the percent replacement. The
each of the variables affect the tensile strength. increase in air content was more significant when
the percent replacement is greater than 30%.
3. Owing to the expansion caused by the HDPE
plastic within the concrete, the slump test results
could not be used as an indicator for the
workability of concrete containing the HDPE
plastic used in this study. For the materials used in
this study, the workability of concrete decreased
significantly for specimens with the plastic
replacement level greater than 10%.
4. As expected, the unit weight of concrete
decreased with an increase in the percent
replacement owing to the light weight property of
Table 8: Splitting tensile strength of cylindrical test specimens
the HDPE plastic and the increase of air content
There was a significant difference in the amount of due to the plastic replacement.
heat absorbed by the concrete samples that 5. As the percent replacement increased, the
incorporated plastic to replace the sand in the concrete compressive strength of the concrete
mixture. Table 9 tabulates the difference in decreased.More than 50% strength loss was
temperatures between the front and back surfaces of observed for specimens with the percent
the concrete slab. Detailed temperature data measured replacementbeyond 30%.
24
6. The 10%, 20%, and 30% replacement samples [5] ACI Committee 232, Use of fly ash in concrete, ACI
232.2R-96, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills,
exhibited higher splitting tensile strength than that Michigan, 1996, 34 pages.
of the control sample. However, such increase [6] ACI Committee 232, Use of raw or processed natural
was not observed for the specimens with percent pozzolans in concrete, ACI 232.1R-00, American Concrete
replacement greater than or equal to 50%. The Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, 2001, 24 pages.
[7] Al-Manaseer, A. A., Dalal, T. R., Concrete containing plastic
results suggested that a properpercentage of fine aggregates, Concrete International, 1997, 19(8), pp.47-52.
aggregate replaced by the HDPE plastic may be [8] Soroushian, P., Plasencia, J., Ravanbakhsh, S., Assessment of
beneficial to tensile strength development. reinforcing effects of recycled plastic and paper in concrete,
7. The increase in the percent replacement increases ACI Materials Journal, 2003, 100(3), pp.203-207.
[9] Batayneh, M., Marie, I., Asi, I., Use of selected waste
the air content of the HDPE concrete, inhibiting materials in concrete mixes, Waste Management, 2007,
the transfer of heat through the slab. 27(12), pp.1870-1876.
[10] Marzouk, O. Y., Dheilly, R. M., Queneudec, M., Valorization
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT of post-consumer waste plastic in cementitious concrete
composites, Waste Management, 2007, 27, pp.310-318.
[11] Ismail, Z. Z., Al-Hashmi, E. A., Use of waste plastic in
This research is funded by the Opportunities for concrete mixture as aggregate replacement, Waste
Undergraduate Research Experiences (OURE) Management, 2008, 28, pp.2041-2047.
program at Missouri University of Science and [12] ASTM C33 / C33M-13, Standard Specification for Concrete
Aggregates, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA,
Technology. The authors would like to thank Conco 2013.
Co. for providing the aggregates and portland cement [13] ASTM C136 / C136M-14, Standard Test Method for Sieve
for this research project. Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates, ASTM International,
West Conshohocken, PA, 2014.
[14] ASTM C231 / C231M-14, Standard Test Method for Air
REFERENCES Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure Method,
ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2014.
[1] Helmuth, R., Fly ash in cement and concrete, AP040T,
[15] ASTM C143 / C143M-12, Standard Test Method for Slump of
Portland Cement Association, 1987, 203 pages.
Hydraulic-Cement Concrete, ASTM International, West
[2] Malhotra, V. M., Pozzolanic and cementitious materials,
Conshohocken, PA, 2012.
Gordon and Breach Publishers, Amsterdam, 1996, 208 pages.
[16] ASTM C31 / C31M-12, Standard Practice for Making and
[3] ACI Committee 234, Guide for the use of silica fume in
Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field, ASTM
concrete, ACI 234R-96, American Concrete Institute,
International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2012.
Farmington Hills, Michigan, 1996, 51 pages.
[17] ASTM C39 / C39M-14a, Standard Test Method for
[4] ACI Committee 233, Ground granulated blast-furnace slag as
Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens,
a cementitious constituent in concrete, ACI 233R-95,
ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2014.
American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan,
1995, 18 pages.

25
INFLUENCE OF THE FLC’S PARAMETERS OF THE UPQC IN THE
DISTRIBUTED GENERATION
1
C. BENACHAIBA, 2B. MAZARI, 3M. HABAB, 4C. BENOUDJAFER, 5N. M. TANDJAOUI
1
Faculty of technologies and science, Bechar University, Algeria
2
LDEE, Faculty of technologies and science, USTOran, Algeria
E-mail: chellali@netscape.net
Abstract- The use of Distributed Generation (DG) has been increasing in recent years to fill the gap between both energy
supply and demand. This paper presents the reaction of the Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) when its parameters change. It is
located in the DC voltage control loop of the Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) which is used to improve the power
quality of the distributed generation. The main contribution of this paper concerns the impact of the different parameters of the
FLC which are generally used by default in the majority of the published papers. The obtained results show that the change of
these parameters affects the compensation’s characteristics of the UPQC.
Keywords - Distributed Generation, Sags Voltage, Series Active Filter, Shunt Active Filter, UPQC, Wind Turbine.
I. INTRODUCTION II. DESCRIPTION OF THE SIMULATED

SYSTEM
With the augmentation of electrical energy
consumption in the world- due to the process of The simulation in (Fig.1) concerns a distributed
industrialization, the electrical power generation by generation system which contains a FACTS device
classical methods needs increase to fill the gap called UPQC based Fuzzy Logic Controller, two
between demand and supply by using new clean passive filters which are tuned on the harmonics of
generation techniques, such as, wind, solar, and micro rank 5 and 7 and both loads linear and non linear. The
turbines. These alternative methods are called wind speed is maintained to 10 m/s. The generator is
dispersed or Distributed Generation (DG) of electrical an asynchronous model. The wind energy is
energy. Environmental policies or concerns are transformed into mechanical energy by wind turbine
probably the major driving force of the demand for whose rotation is transmitted to the generator by a
distributed generation in Europe. Environmental mechanical drive train [4].
regulations force players in the electricity market to The equations below present the modeling of the wind
look for cleaner- energy and cost-efficient solutions. turbine:
Many of the distributed generation technologies are
recognized environmentally friendly [1].
The development of power electronic technology
makes it possible to realize many kinds of Flexible
Alternating Current Transmission Systems devices to
obtain high quality electric energy and enhance the
control over power system. As result of this innovation,
the implementation of Active Power Line Conditioner
like Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) in
DG systems to improve the power quality is gaining
greater importance. The Unified Power Quality
Conditioner, UPQC, is a worthwhile equipment that
provides power quality compensation since it is able to
mitigate power quality issues of the utility current and
of the load voltage, simultaneously. In this way, many
studies have been focused on improving the UPQC
effectiveness and robustness, as well as ensuring its
viability in high power grids [2] [3].
Fig. 1 The simulated system
The main contribution of this paper concerns the
1
impact of the different parameters of the FLC which Pt    r 2 V 3 C p ( ,  ) (1)
are generally used by default in the majority of the 2
published papers. The obtained results show that the
change of these parameters affects the characteristics 1
of compensation which are represented by the THD C p ( ,  )  (  0.022  2  5.6)e 0.17  (2)
2
value.
26
Influence of the FLC’S Parameters of the UPQC in the Distributed Generation
w. r A. UPQC control strategy

 (3) The control strategy can be separated to shunt strategy,
V
series control strategy and DC capacitor control.
r . (3600)
 (4)
 . (1609) 1. Shunt control Strategy
The shunt active filter (SHAF) is provided by the
where, Pt [W] is the extracted power from the wind, ρ current and the reactive power (if the system needs)
is the air density [kg/m3], r is the turbine radius [m], V compensation. It acts as a controlled current generator
is the wind speed [m/s], β is blade pitch angle [deg], w that compensated the load current to force the source
is the rotational speed [rad/s], Cp is the turbine power currents drained from the network to be sinusoidal,
coefficient which represents the power conversion balanced and in phase with the positive-sequence
efficiency and is a function of the ratio of the rotor system voltages.
tip-speed to the wind speed, λ is the tip speed ratio of
the rotor blade tip speed to wind speed. 2. Series Control Strategy
The torque coefficient and the turbine torque are The series active filter (SAF) is provided by the
expressed as follows [5-6]: voltage compensation. It generates the compensation
voltage that synthesized by the converter and inserted
in series with the supply voltage, to force the voltage at
C p . ( )
Ct  PCC to become sinusoidal and balanced.
 (5)
3. DC Voltage controller
TM  Ct  r 3V 2
1
(6) In compensation process, the DC side voltage will be
2 changed because UPQC compensates the active power
and the losses of switches, etc. If the DC voltage is not
III. UNIFIED POWER QUALITY the same as the rating value, the output voltage of the
CONDITIONER series active filter will not equal to the compensation
value. The compensation will not be correct. It is the
UPQC is the integration of series and shunt active same with the shunt active filter. The DC voltage
filters, connected back-to-back on the DC side, regulator is used to generate a control signal to keep
sharing a common DC capacitor. The series active the voltage constant. It forces the shunt active filter to
filter of the UPQC mitigates the supply side draw additional active current from the network. A
disturbances: voltage sags/swells, flicker, voltage fuzzy logic controller (FLC) converts a linguistic
unbalance and harmonics. It inserts voltages so as to control strategy into an automatic control strategy, and
maintain the load voltages at a desired level; balanced fuzzy rules are constructed by expert experience or
and distortion free. The shunt active filter is knowledge database.
responsible for mitigating the current quality problems Firstly, the error e (t) and the variation error ∆e (t)
caused by the consumer: poor power factor, load have been placed of the angular velocity to be the input
harmonic currents, load unbalance. It injects currents variables of the FLC. Then the output variable of the
in the ac system so that the source currents become FLC is presented by the control voltage u (t). In this
balanced sinusoidal and in phase with the source work, the type of fuzzy inference engine used is
voltages. A basic functional block diagram of a UPQC Mamdani type. The linguistic variables are defined as
controller is shown in Fig. 2 [7]. (NB, NM, NS, Z, PS, PM, PB) which mean Negative
Big, Negative Medium, Negative Small, Zero,
Positive Small, Positive Medium and Positive Big
respectively. The fuzzy inference mechanism used in
this work is given by Equation (7).

 B ut   max im  A1j et ,  A2 j et ,  Bj ut  
Fuzzy output u(t ) can be calculated by the centre of
gravity defuzzification as:
   t u
B i i
u t   i (8)
m
   t 
i
B i
Decision table (Table I) shows 49 rules of the two

Fig. 2 Functional block diagram of a UPQC controller inputs (e and e) and one output (u). The example of
27
the first rule is: If e is NB (Negative Big) and e is PB that x = [a; b], then y = a + b - ab. If x has only one
(Positive Big) then u is Z (Zero). The output is row, then y = x.
obtained by applying a particular rule according to the  Implication: Choose min, prod, or Custom, for a
input values. custom operation.
 Aggregation: Choose max, sum, probor, or
Custom, for a custom operation.
Sum: Simply the sum of each rule’s output set.
 Defuzzification: For Mamdani-style inference,
choose centroid, bisector, mom (middle of
maximum), som (smallest of maximum), lom
(largest of maximum), or Custom, for a custom
operation.
Centroid: Centroid defuzzification returns the center

of area under the curve. If you think of the area as a
plate of equal density, the centroid is the point along
Table I: Decision table the x axis about which this shape would balance.
Bisector: The bisector is the vertical line that will
IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE FLCS’ divide the region into two sub-regions of equal area. It
PARAMETERS is sometimes, but not always coincident with the
centroid line.
The FIS Editor opens and displays a diagram of the Mom: middle of maximum (the average of the
fuzzy inference system with the names of each input maximum value of the output set).
and output variables. Som: Smallest of maximum (the smallest of the
maximum value of the output set).
Lom: Largest of maximum (the largest of the
maximum value of the output set).
V. SIMULATION AND DISCUSSION
FLC controller which has been chosen for evaluating

the impact of its parameters is inserted in the DC
voltage loop.
A. Parameters of the FLC with the unit weight

This first simulation is considered as a reference and
the chosen parameters are below:
And method=min, Or method=max, Implication=min,
Aggregation=max, Defuzzification=centroid,
Connection=and, Weight=1
Fig. 3 FIS properties
Five pop-up menus are provided to change the

functionality of the five basic steps in the fuzzy
implication process:
 And method: Choose min, prod, or Custom, for a
custom operation.
Min: It resolves the statement A AND B, where A
and B are limited to the range (0,1), by using the
function min(A,B).
Prod: It scales the output fuzzy set.
 Or method: Choose max, probor (probabilistic
or), or Custom, for a custom operation.
Max: It resolves the statement A OR B, where A
and B are limited to the range (0,1), by using the
function max(A,B).
Probor: Probabilistic OR, y = probor(x) returns
the probabilistic OR (also known as the algebraic Fig. 4 Source voltage of the phase (a) and its specter
sum) of the columns of x. if x has two rows such
28
Fig. 5 Load voltage of the phase (a) and its specter Fig. 9 Wind speed
Fig. 6 Load current of the phase (a) and its specter Fig. 9 Rotor speed
The source voltage (Fig. 4) has a THD value of 3.94%

and contains three disturbances. The first one is caused
by the harmonics 5 and 7 between 0.05 s and 0.1 s, the
second represents a swell of 50% of the nominal
voltage between 0.15 s and 0.2 s, and the last one is
sags voltage of 50% between 0.3 s and 0.35 s. After
compensation (Fig. 4), the load voltage is kept at
nominal value with a THD value equal to 0.09%. The
THD value of the non linear load (Fig. 6) is equal to
32.57%.
The source current (Fig. 7) has become sinusoidal with

a THD value of 4.06%. Each part of the split capacitor
Fig. 7 Source current of the phase (a) and its specter follows its reference voltage (Fig. 8). The impact of
the voltage harmonics of the supply voltage is
noticeable on the DC voltage between 0.05 s and 0.1 s
but without significant impact on the load voltage. The
wind speed (Fig. 9) is maintained constant at 10 m/s
and the rotor speed too (Fig. 10), due to the control
circuit.
B. Parameters of the FLC with the variable

weight
And method=min, Or method=max, Implication=min
Aggregation=max, Defuzzification=centroid,
Fig. 8 DC voltage of UPQC
Connection=and, Weight= variable from 0.1to 1
29
Fig. 11 Load voltage of the phase (a) and its specter Fig. 13 Load voltage of the phase (a) and its specter
Fig. 12 Source current of the phase (a) and its specter
Fig. 15 Load voltage of the phase (a) and its specter
Fig. 13 DC voltage of UPQC
In this case, we have changed the weight value for

evaluating its impact during the inference. Generally,
the user of the membership fuzzy editor (mfedit) of
MATLAB/SIMULINK uses the default value which is
equal to 1. The supply and the load are kept at the same Fig. 16 DC voltage of UPQC
conditions as the first simulation.
For this last simulation, we have changed the FLC’s
The load voltage (Fig. 11) remains without change FIS properties of the DC voltage loop. All
with the same value of the THD. Otherwise, we have characteristics (Figs 14-16) are remained unchanged.
noticed that the THD value of the source current (Fig. The THD value of the source current has endured a
12) has endured a small change and is equal to 5%. small increase.
Also, the DC voltage response (Fig. 13) shows a small
divergence at the end but without significant influence VI. CONCLUSION
on the THD value.
The FLC has become a solution when the classical
C. Parameters of the FLC with new functions controller does not satisfy the performance’s criteria.
And method=prob, Or method=probor, Especially, when the non linearity of the model is
Implication=min more important but, the most users of this kind of
Aggregation=probor, Defuzzification=som control use the default parameters of the FIS
Connection=and, Weight=1
30
proprieties. In this paper, we have presented the IEEE International Conference on Electro/Information
Technology (EIT), Mankato, MN, USA, 2011.
different functions which are contained in the [3] Bruno W. França1, Leonardo F. da Silva1, Maurício Aredes1,
membership fuzzy editor and also, we have used them Roberto Gerencer, David A. de C. Ferreira, Maria J. V.
for evaluating their impact on the behavior of the FLC Siqueira, “Performance Analysis and Technical Feasibility of
which is inserted in the DC voltage loop of the UPQC. an iUPQC, Industrial Grids,” Journal of Power and Energy
Engineering, vol. 2, pp. 500-508, 2014.
The obtained results show that the best choice of these [4] Okedu K. E., “A Study of Wind Farm Stabilization Using DFIG
parameters could be a way to improve the system’s or STATCOM Considering Grid Requirements,” jestr vol. 3,
response such as the variation of the membership no. 1, pp. 200-209, 2010.
function’s number or the different functions of the [5] Tomoki Asao, Rion Takahashi, Toshiaki Murata, Junji Tamura,
and al, “Smoothing Control of Wind Power Generator Output
defuzzification. The obtained results in different cases by Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage System,”
have shown a small change of the behavior of the FLC. Proceeding of International Conference on Electric Machines
and Systems, Seoul, Korea, 2007.
REFERENCES [6] R. Takahashi, J. Tamura, M. Futami, M. Kimura and K. lde, “A
New Control Method for Wind Energy Conversion System
Using Double Fed Synchronous Generator,” lEEJ Power and
[1] M. Habab, C. Benachaiba, B. Mazari, H. Madi, and C.
Energy, vol. 126, no. 2, pp. 225-235, 2006.
Benoudjafer, “Integration of UPQC Based on Fuzzy Controller
[7] Md Shafiuzzaman K. Khadem Mr, Malabika Basu, and Michael
for Power Quality Enhancement in Distributed Network,”
F. Conlon, “UPQC for Power Quality Improvement in DG
International Conference on Electrical, Computer, Electronics
Integrated Smart Grid Network – A Review,” International
and communication Engineering (ICECECE 2014).
Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems, vol. 13, no. 1,
[2] Haidar, A.M.A., Benachaiba, C., Ibrahim, F. and Hawari, K.,
2012.
“Parameters Evaluation of Unified Power Quality Conditioner,”

31
IMPACT OF PLANT HEIGHT AND IRRIGATION ON THERMAL
PERFORMANCE OF EXTENSIVE GREEN ROOFS IN RIYADH CITY
1
ASHRAF MUHARAM, 2ELSAYED AMER, 3NASSER AL-HEMIDDI
1,2,3
King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
E-mail: 1ashraf.muharam@yahoo.com, 2s_amereg@yahoo.com, 3dr_n_hemiddi@yahoo.ca
Abstract - Increasing worldwide environmental concerns (Global warming, depletion of natural resources, acidrains, air and
water pollutions, and ozone depletions) have led to the development of environmentally friendly construction practices. Green
roof is one of the sustainable practices for reducing the environmental impact of a building. The study aim was identifying the
impact of plant height and irrigation on thermal performance of an extensive green roof system in Riyadh city influenced by
tropical and harsh climate. The experimental validations were applied on residential building in Riyadh city during the summer
season in 2014. The experimental validations results indicated that the tall grass with average height from 6 to 15cm can reduce
the temperature of internal air from 0.5 to 1°C, in comparison to the short grass with average height from 3 to 6 cm in similar
conditions. While, the temperature of internal air differences were of 0.0±0.5°C with regular irrigation or irregular irrigation.
However, when irrigation stopped more than two days, the grass would wither. Finally, this study has demonstrated that the
grass height was more effective for its impact on the thermal performance than regular or irregular irrigation.
Keywords - Internal Temperatures, Irrigation, Short Grass, Tall Grass, Thermal Performance.
I. INTRODUCTION the foliage density. The foliage height alone is not one
of the crucial factors affecting the performance of this
Green canopy have an important role for roof cooling, cooling technique, but only in combination with the
which is depending on plant species in terms of density of the vegetation layer. Moreover, the study of
shading, evapotranspiration, and irrigation which acts [1]found out that a larger leaf area index(LAI) reduces
as an insulator. The experimental results of [3]confirm the solar flux penetration, stabilizes the fluctuating
that the plant canopy reflects 13% of incident global values, and reduces the indoor air temperature. Also,
solar radiation and absorbs 56%, so that the solar the study showed notably that in terms of
radiation entering the system can be then estimated as evapotranspiration (ET) and solar heat gains factor
31% of the incident global solar radiation. The thermal (SHF), the foliage density and hence the vegetable
behavior of a green roof is a complex phenomenon canopy type selection influence the thermal efficiency
(such as shading, evapotranspiration, conductivity and of the climatic insulation greatly. In addition, the study
absorption) and involves combined heat and mass of [10]compared the thermal effectiveness among
transfer exchanges. Various studies have analyzed the three kinds of plant (Sedum, Plectranthus, and
thermal performance of green roofs in different plant Kalanchoe) on an extensive green roof in an Indian
varieties. According to [5]–[2], different plants have Ocean area under a tropical humid climate. The results
different results at the levels of effectiveness. As the showed that Sedum green roof led to a higher heat
amount of the coverage increased, the magnitude of restitution rate with 63%, than for Plectranthus (54%),
the temperature changed (decreased). Because of this, and Kalanchoe (51%). In general, the results drawn
the parametric variations in leaf area index (LAI) and from the study of [11] showed that a green roof which
foliage height thickness are carried out to determine has high vegetation density acts as a passive cooling
the modulation of canopy air temperature, the system. The incoming thermal gain is about 60%
reduction in the temperature width, and to estimate the lower than when the roof has no vegetation.
penetrating heat flux. Also, foliage acts as a shading Irrigation is required to sustain vegetation throughout
device under which convection provokes heat thermal the extended dry periods. The water requirements of
exchange, but foliage absorbs part of the thermal the plant species is from 2.6 to 9.0 L/m2per day,
energy because of its vital process of photosynthesis. depending on the plant kind and the surrounding
Furthermore, the results being drawn from the study of conditions [14]. Moreover, the study of [7]compared
[8]showed that the effects of temperature reduction the irrigation among four plant types (C. chinense, C.
decrease with plant height. The best reductions in variegatum, S. trifasciata, and cv. Laurentii). The
temperature occurred in 35 cm plants, followed by 15 study indicated that if plant leaves have greater
cm and then 10 cm plants. The results also indicate evapotranspiration rates, they would not adapt to arid
that plants with green colored leaves are more and severe environments for longer periods, thereby
effective than purple/red leafed plants in rooftop heat increasing water consumption. In contrary, plants with
insulation. The leaf surface temperatures in this study low evapotranspiration rates are suitable for arid and
were measured with infrared thermal imagers. severe environments, thereby saving water resources.
However, the study of [15] found out that the most In addition, the study of [13]provided experimental
important parameter, when considering vegetation, is evidence for a positive effect of the water retention
32
Impact of Plant Height And Irrigation on Thermal Performance of Extensive Green Roofs In Riyadh City
layer on water status and drought survival of plants EL-USB-2-LCD+) which measured the air
growing over green roofs. The water retention layer is temperature and the relative humidity inside the rooms
better than the natural sand and soil for increasing the and outside the rooms every five minutes.
amount of water available in green roof systems. Thermocouples sensors (ANRITSU Digital handheld
Therefore, some studies investigated the irrigation thermometer - ANRITSU MTER CO.,LTD) were
impact on the thermal performance of the extensive arranged in different levels within the model to include
green roofs. According to [12]–[2]the presence and the the components of the empirical model so as to
quantity of water largely influence the thermal measure the covariance of temperature. Heat flux
properties of green roofs. In fact, a wet roof provides sensors were placed on the surface of the plants, walls,
additional evapotranspiration, which prevents the heat and at the ceiling layer in order to assess the amount of
flux in buildings and acts as a passive cooler by the heat conduction of those components. The results
removing heat from buildings. Also, the study of of the experiment were analyzed by using the
[4]found out that the difference between the soil statistical analysis program of Microsoft Excel.
surface temperature of a dry substrate and a saturated
substrate is about 25 °C. In conclusion, the study of
[9]found out that supplemental irrigation is required
for maintaining plant diversity on an extensive green
roof, but not necessarily plant cover or biomass which
depends on the growing media type being used. Also,
the results showed that planting extensive green roofs
with a mix of plant species can ensure the survival of
some species; maintaining cover and biomass when
supplemental irrigation is turned off to conserve water,
or during extreme drought.
II. METHODOLOGY
Figure: (1) The Plan's view of the experimental program.
The method being adopted in this research depends on
the mixed scanning approach which involves
reviewing the research problem in the literature and
compare the theoretical findings with the experimental
validations in order to identify the impact of plant
height and irrigation on the thermal performance of the
extensive green roof in Riyadh city.
2.1 Application study

In order to obtain an experimental data regarding the
thermal behavior of extensive green roofs and their
interactions with the energy performance of buildings,
an experimental platform with green roofs system was
constructed in the Deraib region which is located in
the north of Riyadh city. The experimental platform is
a simple repetition of residential rooms being built by
similar materials. The platform consists of two rooms
which are used for the study of treatment of the energy Figure: (2) shows the exterior finishes in test rooms.
efficiency of buildings by using a selective standard
for extensive green roof properties, and conventional
roofs (concrete roof with depth of 15cm), see Figure
(1). Also, the facades of these rooms will be painted
with the Paige color, see Figure (2). To reflect a real
urban setting, the experiment was conducted on the
residential building that could simulate both physical
and geometrical similarities in reality. The application
study consists of three stages: the stage of experiment
preparation, the stage of data collection, and the stage
of data analysis and discussion.
2.2 Heat measurement equipment

The normality of temperature and the relative
humidity data was checked by using (The Figure: (3) A Plan's view of the rooms being tested.
33
A Pre-cultivated system (Vegetative Blanket - Tifway

419 Bermuda) was used in this experiment. This type
typically comes in rolled that can be placed on any
roof and be grown off-site. Also, this type has a good
advantage ; namely, it is very thin (very lightweight
option) compared to the other types.
An extensive green roof system consists of following
matter Figure (4):
 A5 mm thick styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)
waterproofing membrane (preventing water from
reaching the roof decking in an actual field
installation).
 A 0.1 mm thick polyethylene slip sheet allowed
any moisture in the waterproofing membrane to
exit the system and saving water for irrigation.
 A 3 cm thick gravels which is as drainage layer
and saving soil from erosion.
 A 2 cm thick sand that acts as a filter layer for
Figure: (4) The vertical section shows the various components of
drainage. the extensive green roofing system
 A 4 cm thick soil which consists of mixed ratio
(1:1:3) –(batamos: clay soil: soft sand) with
organic materials.
 A 3 cm thick vegetative roll layer with
Cynodondactylon (Bermuda- Tifway - 419) grass.
Drainage pipes of excess water from the growing

medium were channeled and installed in the corners of
the green roof substrate to allow water to drain freely
from the system.
2.3 Installation of Measuring devices

There are 24 sensors that are used in this test. Eight
sensors are in the green roof system, see Figure (5),
two sensors are in the concrete roof system, six sensors
are in the treatment room walls, six sensors control
room and two sensor out test rooms.
III. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Thermal performance of extensive green roofs was

during the warm period. The warm period chosen for
the analysis was in June 2014 from (06-June to
23-June), which is a representative of a typical Figure: (5) The vertical section shows the sensors'
summer season in Riyadh city. places in the extensive green roof system.
The daytime is characterized by high loads of solar

radiation with an average air temperature of 42◦C and
an average relative humidity of 15.1%. Days presented
winds with daily average and max value from 4.0
km/h to17.0 km/h.
3.1 Grass Height

A. Tall Grass
Figure (6) shows the high of grass during the time
period test. The height was from 8cm to 15cm. Figure
(7) shows that the average values of the internal air
temperature differences were of 5.5±2°C among the
treatment and control rooms with tall grass, when the
external air temperature reached to 44°C.
Figure: (6) Shows the growth of the tall grass of
(8-15) cm during the testing period.
34
performance of the extensive green roof system. The

grass height after cutting was from 3cm to 5cm.
Figure: (9) Shows the Figure: (10) Shows short

method of cutting grass. grass on 20-6-2014.
Figure: (7) Temperature variation of the internal air

Figure (11) shows that the average values of the
temperature in treatment room and control room with tall internal air temperature differences were of 5.5±2.5°C
grass during the time period from 6-6-2014 at 5:Am to for the extensive green roof system (with short grass)
20-6-2014 at 5:Am. being compared to the concrete roof system, when the
maximum external air temperature reached 42°C and
Figure (8) shows the temperature of thermocouples in the minimum external air temperature reached 29°C.
substrate layer of extensive green roof system. The Also, Figure (12) shows the temperature of
average values of substrate layers temperature thermocouples in the substrate layer of the extensive
differences were of 1±.01°C during the testing time green roof system after cutting grass with 5cm height.
period. The maximum temperature of substrate layers The average values layers temperature differences
reached to 50°C when the external air temperature was were of 2.5±.01°C during the daylight. The maximum
43°C and the minimum temperature of substrate layers temperature of substrate layers reached to 51°C when
reached to 34°C when the external air temperature was the temperature of external air was 41°C. However,
28°C. However, the internal ceiling temperature was the temperature of internal ceiling was lower than the
lower than the top layer of substrate (grass layer) up top layer of the substrate (grass layer) from 7°C to
from 4°C to 14°C. While the air temperature at 4cm in 13°C during the daylight.
the grass layer reached 58°C because of the
evapotranspiration phenomenon. Also, Figure (8)
shows that the performance of substrate layers were
different during the time period of day. During the
night period, the lower layers of temperature were
lower than the uppers layers of temperature. While
during daylight period, the lower layers of temperature
were higher than the uppers layers of temperature.
Figure: (11) Temperature variation of the internal air

temperature in test rooms with short grassduring the time
period from 20-6-2014 at 5:Am to 23-6-2014 at 5:Am.
Figure: (8) Temperature variation of substrate layers with tall

grass (regular irrigation) during the time period from 7-6-2014
at 5: Am to 9-6-2014 at 5:Am.
B. Short Grass
Figures (9 and 10) show the method of cutting grass to Figure: (12) Temperature variation of substrate layers
with short grass (regular irrigation) during the time
test the impact of grass height on the thermal period from 20-6-2014 at 6:Am to 20-6-2014 at 7:Pm.
35
3.2 Irrigation with irregular irrigation (day off) the maximum

Irrigation was required to sustain vegetation temperature of substrate layers reached 51.4°C .
throughout the extended dry periods. The water In addition, While the air temperature at 4cm in the
requirements of the plant species in this experiment grass layer reached 57.8°C on the day of regular
were 6.0 L/m2 per day. The manual irrigation method irrigation. It reached 49.5°C on the day with irregular
was used at 6:30 pm every day for five to six minutes, irrigation (day off) because of the evapotranspiration
see Figure (13). phenomenon. Before the irrigation, the soil
temperature of the layer surface reached 49°C, while
the water was cold. So, the water evaporated and the
air temperature increased.
Figure: (13) The method of manual irrigation during

the testing period.
A The impact of irrigation on the temperature of

internal air As shown in Figure (14), the temperature
Figure: (15) Temperature variation of substrate layers
of internal air in the treatment room (with regular temperature in extensive green roof system with tall grass (first
irrigation) was lower than the temperature of internal day irrigation and the second day off) during the time period
air in the same room (without irrigation for one day to from 12-6-2014 at 6: Pm to 14-6-2014 at 6:Pm.
two days). The differences were of 0.5°C during the
testing period. This means that the higher the water IV. DISCUSSIONS
volumetric content, the lower the minimum of the
daily temperature. The discussion focused on the impact of substrate
components (grass height and water content) and the
temperature of internal walls on the thermal
performance of the extensive green roof system. The
discussion includes the temperature variation of the
internal air, Substrate layers, and internal (Globe)
temperature.
4.1 Grass Height

The tall grass with average height from 6 to 15cm can
reduce the temperature of internal air from 0.5 to 1°C,
in comparison to the short grass with average height
from 3 to 6 cm in similar conditions, as it is shown in
Figure: (14) Temperature variation of the internal air Table (1). In the treatment room with tall grass, the
temperature in treatment room and control room with tall grass temperature of internal airvaried from 35.5 to 33°C.
(first day irrigation, next day off and third day off too) during But in the treatment room with short grass, the
the time period from 160-6-2014 at 7:Pm to 19-6-2014 at 5:Pm.
temperature of internal air varied from 36.5 to 33.5°C.
This means that the leaf area and the foliage height
B. The impact of irrigation on the performance of
thickness could reduce penetrating heat flux by
substrate layers
shading and evapotranspiration phenomenon.
Figure (15) shows the impact of regular and irregular
Moreover, the grass height has a significant impact on
irrigation on the temperature of substrate layers in the
the temperature of the substrate layer. As shown in
extensive green roof system with tall grass through the
Table (2), the temperature of substrate layers varied
thermocouples sensors. When the temperature of
from 50 to 32°C with tall grass, while the temperature
external air was 40°C, the average values layers of the
of substrate layers varied from 51 to 33°C the
temperature differences were of 2.5±.5°C during the
maximum temperature of the external air were 43°C
daytime. When regular irrigation, the maximum
and 41°C respectively during the daylight. So, the tall
temperature of substrate layers reached 49°C, while
grass temperature of substrate layers was lower than
36
that of the short grass during similar conditions. 30°C during the daylight. The substrate layers
However, the temperature of beneath layer in the temperature differences were of 2.4±0.6°C with
substrate (Gravels layer) was lower than the top layer regular or irregular irrigation. From these results and
in the substrate (soil layer) during the first morning through the comparison of the impact of grass height
hours. But at noon, the gravel layer temperature was and irrigation on the thermal performance of extensive
higher than the soil layer, due to the increasing of the green roof, the grass height was more effective for its
thermal storage. impact on the thermal performance than regular or
irregular irrigation.
Table: (1) Temperature variation of the internal air

temperature in treatment room with tall grass and with
short grass. Table: (3) Temperature variation of substrate layers
temperature with regular and irregular irrigation.
Table: (2) Temperature variation of substrate layers Table: (4) Temperature variation of the internal air
temperature with tall grass and with short grass. temperature in treatment room with regular and
irregular irrigation.
4.2 Irrigation
As shown in Table (3), the regular irrigation or V. CONCLUSIONS
irregular irrigation in the extensive green roof system
did not have a significant impact on the thermal A number of conclusions can be drawn from the
behavior of the extensive green roof system. The experimental study presented and
temperature of internal air in the treatment room with discussed in this study. The conclusions are the main
regular irrigation varied from 36.5 to 33.5°C during results of this study.
the daylight, while it varied from 37 to 33.5°C in the
treatment room with irregular irrigation when the The results of this study indicate that:
external air temperature varied from 40 to 31°C and  Tall grass (6 to 15) cm was better than short grass
from 40 to 30°C, respectively. The temperature of (3 to 5) cm for reducing the temperature of
internal air with regular irrigation was lower than that internal air from 0.5 to 1°C.
with irregular irrigation. The temperature differences  Tall grass (6 to 15) cm has a significant impact on
were of 0.0±0.5°C. However, when irrigation stopped the temperature of the substrate layer during the
more than two days, the grass would wither. In daylight in comparison with short grass (3 to 5).
addition, as shown in Table (4), the temperature of The temperature variation reached 3.8°C.
substrate layers varied from 49 to 33.6°C with regular  The regular irrigation or irregular irrigation in the
irrigation, while the temperature of substrate layers extensive green roof system did not have a
with irregular irrigation varied from 51.4 to 33°C significant impact on the thermal behavior of the
when the external air temperature varied from 40 to extensive green roof system, especially for
37
internal air temperature. The maximum [4] Djedjig, R., Ouldboukhitine, S., Belarbi, R. and Bozonnet,
E.“Development and validation of a coupled heat and mass
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
J. “ Experimental measurements and numerical model for the
summer performance assessment of extensive green roofs in a
This project was supported by the Research Center of Mediterranean coastal climate,” Energy and Buildings
Architecture and Planning College, King Saud Journal, Vol. 63,pp.1–14, 2013.
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
38
AN ANALYSIS OF MOBILE BANKING CUSTOMERS FOR A BANK
STRATEGY AND POLICY PLANNING
BEHROOZ NOORI
1
Department of Industrial Engineering West Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University Tehran, Iran
E-mail: 1b.noori@wtiau.ac.ir, 2bnoori@gmail.com
Abstract - Online banking is increasingly common. Financial institutions deliver online services via various electronic
channels, subsequently diminishing the importance of conventional branch networks. This study proposed an integrated data
mining and customer behavior scoring model to manage existing mobile banking users in an Iranian bank. This segmentation
model was developed to identify groups of customers based on transaction history, recency, frequency, monetary
background. It classified mobile banking users into six groups. This study demonstrated that identifying customers by a
behavioral scoring facilitates marketing strategy assignment. Then the bank can develop its marketing actions.Thus, the bank
can attract more customers, maintain its customers, and keep high customers' satisfaction.
Keywords - Data Mining; Mobile Data, Mobile Banking; Customer Segmentation
I. INTRODUCTION become more conducive to many more individuals,

since they can carry out their banking transactions
The newly emerging channels of online banking and anywhere and anytime (Govender & Sihlali, 2014;
rapidly increasing penetration rates of mobile phones Lee & Chung, 2009). Mobilebanking, an extension of
motivate this study(C. S. Chen, 2013). Internet banking, provides time independence,
The internet has had a significant impact on financial convenience, prompt response to customers and cost
institutions, allowing consumers to access many bank savings. These benefits serve as an opportunity for
facilities 24 hours a day, while allowing banks to banks to increase consumer market through mobile
significantly cut their costs. Research has shown that services. Furthermore, mobile technologies, such as
online banking is the cheapest delivery channel for smart phones, PDAs, cell phones, and iPads have not
many banking services (Koenig-Lewis, Palmer, & only become ubiquitous, but also trendy among
Moll, 2010; Robinson, 2000). A number of studies young adults(Govender & Sihlali, 2014).
have identified advantages to bank customers, Moreover, in recent years the market orientation has
including cost and time savings as well as spatial changed to customer centric view. After realizing the
independence benefits (Koenig-Lewis et al., 2010). importance of simultaneous use of various channels,
According to Gartner’s prediction of leading trends of banking and financial companies are now paying
2012 in mobile applications, mobile commerce (m- attention to mobile banking especially when it comes
commerce) remains the most important one. Gartner to maintenance of customer relationships (Sangle &
further forecasts that mobile devices will replace PCs Awasthi, 2011). The ability to identify customer’s
as the main device to access the internet. As for the most pressing need at a given moment of time is one
third quarter of 2012, IPSOS indicated that “The era of the promising propositions of mobile banking.
of Multi-Screen has come, and smartphones account Advanced mobile technologies help banks in offering
for the purchasing behavior of 65% of mobile device new services like viewing account details, fund
users.” According to that report, 66 percent of the transfer, balance enquiry, loan details, bill payments,
smartphone holders in Taiwan access the internet via enquiry about credit card and demat account and add
a smartphone at least once daily; approximately 57 value to existing ones by disseminating the
percent of the customers perform mobile searches; information at userdefined time and place(Sangle &
and 40 percent of the customers shop via mobile Awasthi, 2011).
phones(IPSOS, 2012). These statistics reflect Besides, banking was at the forefront of the service
vigorous growth in the scale of m-commerce. sectors that migrate customers from face-to-face
However, mobile banking remains in its infancy, and transactions to computer-mediated transactions. With
international adoption rates demonstrate the strong the development of m-commerce, similar
potential of m-commerce(FRB, 2012). Therefore, expectations have been held out that much banking
data mining for mobile banking is of priority concern activity that is currently carried out online through
for further developing mobile banking services fixed line internet terminals will migrate to mobile
(MBSs) (C. S. Chen, 2013). devices. The range of services that can be undertaken
Moreover, recent developments in Internet while mobile is likely to increase, and mobile phones
connectivity have led to a renewed interest in Internet are likely to evolve as ubiquitous payment
banking among specific groups of working devices(Koenig-Lewis et al., 2010; Wilcox, 2009).
individuals. Moreover, with the rapid development of Market segmentation is one of the most important
mobile and smart phones, Internet banking has areas of knowledge-based marketing. In banks, it is
39
An Analysis of Mobile Banking Customers for a Bank Strategy and Policy Planning
really a challenging task, as data bases are large and self-service channels like ATMs, internet banking
multidimensional(Zakrzewska & Murlewski, 2005). and more recently onto mobile banking services.
Though a number of aspects have been studied for m- Customers, these days are more and more pressed for
commerce, very little is reported regarding the time and they seek a channel that offers them
customer segmentation of mobile banking from convenience of anytime, anywhere banking and
customer relationship management mobile banking services fits the bill very well. In
(CRM)perspective(Wong & Hsu, 2008). The Iran,mobile banking services seem to be high on
knowledge of the key mobile user segments in priority for banks (Thakur, 2014).
financial sector is still lacking. This study attempts to Particularlyin Iran, banking services on mobile
add to the body ofliterature by data mining in mobile banking were launched few years ago yet the usage of
banking services(Sangle & Awasthi, 2011). such services has not reached thedesired
In relation to customer-centric business intelligence, level.Therefore, it becomes more important to look
banks are usually concerned with the following for the customer segments. The studies conducted on
commonMarketing and sales concerns(D. Chen, Sain, bank information technology adoption render
& Guo, 2012): insufficient information about customer
 Who are the most / least valuable customers to segmentation(Sangle & Awasthi, 2011). In this regard
the bank? What are the distinct characteristics of the current study tends to emphasize customer data
them? mining framework and identify the mobile user
 Who are the most / least loyal customers, and segments.
how are they characterized?
 What are customers’ transaction behavior 2.1. Mobile Banking
patterns? Which services have customers While the use of branch-based banking is still very
purchased together often?Which types of mobile popular, banks have other ways of providing
banking users are more likely to respond to a customers with financial management services and
certain promotion mailing? one of them is mobile banking (Govender & Sihlali,
 What are the sales patterns in terms of various 2014). The mobile phone as a channel for service
perspectives such as services, regions and time consumption offers enormous potential since today, a
(weekly, monthly, quarterly, yearly and mobile phone is an integral part of customers’ life
seasonally), and so on? and and a growing number of these devices are also
 What are the user segments in terms of various equipped with internet connection. Currently mobile
perspectives(D. Chen et al., 2012)? banking services enable consumers, for example, to
In order to address these marketing concerns, request their account balance and the latest
data mining techniques have been widely transactions of their accounts, to transfer funds
adopted,coupled with a set of well-known between accounts, to make buy and sell orders for the
businessmetrics about customers’ profitability stock exchange and to receive portfolio and price
andvalues, for instance, the recency, information(Laukkanen, 2007).Hence it is necessary
frequencyand monetary (RFM) model, and to investigate mobile banking customer segments.
thecustomer life value model(D. Chen et al.,
2012). 2.2. Cross-sellingAnalysis
The rationale for cross-selling, defined in the
In this article a case study of using datamining introduction as “the strategy of selling other products
techniques in customer-centricbusiness intelligence to a customer who has already purchased a product
for a bankwas presented. The main purpose of this from the vendor” isnot only to “increase the
analysis is to helpthe bank better understand its customer’s reliance on the company and decrease
mobile banking customersand therefore conduct thelikelihood of switching to another provider” but
customer-centricmarketing more effectively. On the also to exert a generally positiveinfluence on the
basisof anewsegmentation model, customers of the relationship with the customer, strengthening the link
bank have been segmented into variousmeaningful betweenprovider and user (Kamakura, Wedel, De
groups. Accordingly, a set ofrecommendations was Rosa, & Mazzon, 2003). Increasing product holding
provided to thebank on customer-centric marketing leads to anincreased number of connection points
(D. Chen et al., 2012). with customers, as well as increasing theswitching
costs they would face if they decided to take their
II. LITERATURE SURVEY custom elsewhere.Increased product holding also
creates a situation in which the company can get
Banks operate in a competitive environment facing toknow it customers better through a greater
challenges in customer acquisition and service costs. understanding of buying patterns andpreferences.
In such an environment, the understanding and This, in turn, puts it in a better position to develop
prediction of customer behavior in usage of services offerings that meetcustomer needs. Consequently, it
is becoming an important subject. The banks’ is argued that cross-sellingincreases the total value of
intention is to shift customers to technology enabled a customer over the lifetime of the
40
relationship(Ansell, Harrison, & Archibald, 2007; • Recency: The interval between the purchase and
Kamakura et al., 2003). the time of analysis.
Cross-selling, and consequently cross-buying, is • Frequency: The number of purchases within a
receiving considerable attention inboth research and certain period.
management in the financial services industry. • Monetary: The amount of money spent during a
Denoting to termssuch as “bancassurance” and certain period.
“allfinanz”, i.e. the sales of insurance products by These definitions are adaptable and can varyin
banks, and on the other hand “assurfinance”, i.e. the different cases. In recent years, several
salesof financial products by insurance companies, researcherstried to extend the concept of
changes in the market such as deregulation and RFManalysis, but there is lack of studies that analyze
increasingcompetition have driven the once the customer segments and RFM analysis focusing
traditional financial service providers banks over the mobile banking platform. Thus,
towardsincreasing provision of integrated financial although the increasing competitiveness in mobile
services, that is, offering their customers aseamless banking is motivating an exponential growth in the
service of banking, investment and insurance number of studies, there is a call for studies that will
products(Mäenpää, 2012; Van den Berghe & help us to understand how customer behavior are
Verweire, 2001). formed in the mobile banking business in greater
detail.
2.3. Bank customer segmentation
Market segmentation has become one of the most
dominant concepts in both marketing theory and
practice. In banking industry, like any other service
industries, segmentation is considered as a major way
of operationalizingthe marketing concept, and
providing guidelines for a bank’s marketing(Edris,
1997). As theory, market segmentation is the process
of dividing a market into distinct groups of
individuals, or organizations, who share one or more
similar responses to some elements of the marketing
mix. The segmentation process calls for dividing the
total market into homogeneous segments, selecting
the target segments, and creating separate marketing
programs to meet the needs and wants of these
selected segments(Edris, 1997).
The identification of segments allows the evaluation
and refinement of a bank’s marketing strategy. The
effectiveness of the segmentation process and
strategy depends on identifying segments that are Moreover, the rapid development of data mining
measurable, accessible, stable, substantial, and methodsenables using large data bases of customer
actionable(Edris, 1997). data toextract the knowledge, supporting marketing
decisionprocess. Asthe ability to acquire new
2.4. CLV and RFM Analysis customers and retain existing iscrucial, especially in
Customer segmentation is used in differentsettings, the finance marketplace, thepossibility of customer
for instance, using customer segmentationfor segmentation by obtaining theinformation on
estimating customer future valueas a part of customer unknown hidden patterns has a majorsignificance.
lifetime value (CLV) in banking scope (Khobzi, Until now only few papers present usingof data
Akhondzadeh-Noughabi, & Minaei-Bidgoli, 2014). mining techniques in banks. In ourwork, we consider
Generally, customersegmentation is often used to application of a new RFM segmentation algorithmin
obtain moredetails about different customers in this area(Zakrzewska & Murlewski, 2005).
bankingscope. Actually, according to these
studiesdiverse groups of banks’ customers are III. METHODOLOGY
identified by segmenting based on customers’
financial transactions(Khobzi et al., 2014). In this study, numbers of mobile banking users of a
RFM analysis is a widely used method thatidentifies major bank in Iran were studied. These user
customer behavior and representscustomer behavior demographics were shown in table I. Additionally,
characteristics, and it standsfor the words: Recency, bank customer table was shown in table II.The
Frequency, and Monetary.Generally, these proposed methodology utilizeda new segmentation
parameters are defined asfollows(Khobzi et al., methodology, as shown in Fig. 1. In this work,
2014): customer priority number (CPN) or RFMD as a new
model of RFM, was introduced for first time. It is the
41
product of the recency (R), frequency (F), average theyare very likely also to have similar RFMD
transaction amount or monetary (M) and customer values. RFMD values were used tocluster customers
deposit (D) ratings: RFMD = R  F  M  D into groups with similar RFMD values. The scaling
The rationale ofthe proposed approach is that if of R–F–M-D attributes was shown in table III.
customers have hadsimilar purchasing behavior, then
42
43
RFMD refers to the customer current value. It  Enhance the value of segmentation systems.
calculated for each stored customer data (Table II). Proactive segmentation systems are enhanced when
RFMD or CPN ranking was illustrated in table they are updated regularly. This means that both
IV.The rankings given are normally scored on a scale demographic and transaction data are integrated
of 1-4. Therefore, CPN would be between 1 and 144. into an ongoing process of customer segment
After the case priority number (CPN)was computed, management. Customer segments possess the built-
customer current value could be determined. After in capacity to integrate demographic and
RFMD computation, potential value of customer transaction data. Up-to-date and relevant
based on future opportunitiesshould be estimated. segmentation system provide the bank with
The CPN and potential value of customer are main invaluable data to plan new service offerings,
elements for customer segmentation (Fig. 2). predict customer reaction and determine profit
levels on a segment-by-segment basis.
Segmentation system enhances the bank’s capacity
to employ customer knowledge in a more
strategically effective manner(Zuccaro & Savard,
2010).
 Improve marketing effectiveness. Without a sound
segmentationsystem a bank would not be able to
perform valid and reliable customerprospecting
which in turn would seriously undermine the
IV. CASE STUDY effectiveness andprofitability of customer targeting.
The starting point for serious customerprospecting
This work considered a bank customer records to and targeting is the bank’s customer data and
conduct empirical research (Fig. 3). Three customers transaction database.It provides the analyst with
were selected to show methodology effectiveness. invaluable behavioral information (use of mobile
The real data of selected customers and related R, F, banking by each customer). In addition, the
M, and Ds were shown in table V. RFMDs were database will contain rudimentarysocio-
computed and customer potential values were demographic data such as the customer’s age, sex,
illustrated in table V. Meanwhile customer type and maritalstatus and some employment information.
its marketing strategy were derived (Table VI). Customer prospecting and targetingcould be
undertaken employing such data. Customers would
V. MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS be placed in groups. Many organizations have
realized that byenhancing their customer database
The bank’s marketing and business manager, bank they can significantly improve their customer
branch manager, or analysts can employ the segments prospecting and increase the lift ofcustomer
to: targeting strategies. Thus, segmentation is designed
 Better understand customers. The bank can track to exploit thepotential of the bank’s customer
changes to customers’ life styles. Better customer database. Once a specific customer
knowledge and understanding are the cornerstones segmentgenerated by RFMDsegmentation has been
of effective and profitable customer identified, it becomes relativelysimple to identify
management(Zuccaro & Savard, 2010). the customer prospects and target them with the
44
appropriatestrategy and promotional tools(Zuccaro Furthermore, this paper presented a framework of

& Savard, 2010). segmentation by applying it to the customers of one
 Develop effective communications. In the age of of Iran’s major banks. Also, this paper presented a
segmentation, developingan effective synthesized example of segmentation in the banking
communication strategy is not a simple task. The sector.The proposed model improved current
nature and varietyof potential communication understanding of mobile banking customers.
messages and media to transmit the messages Meanwhile, from a practical perspective, insights
hasgrown exponentially during the last two provided by the study can help mobile banking
decades. In addition, mostorganizations, including managersto managemobile users’ behavior.
banks, are abandoning traditional
communicationmedia such as television and radio REFERENCES
and opting for more specialized vehicles suchas the
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
46
FACULTY RESEARCHERS AND NON-RESEARCHERS IN THE
CONTEXT OF TEACHING PERFORMANCE AND PERSONAL
PROFILE
1
JAKE M. LAGUADOR, 2JOSEPH CEZAR L. DELIGERO, 3CECILIA C. PRING
1,2,3
Lyceum of the Philippines University, Batangas City, Philippines
E-mail: 1jakelaguador@gmail.com
Abstract - Every Higher Education Institution needs to develop faculty researchers from its faculty line up who can share their
time and expertise to produce research outputs while performing their responsibilities as classroom teachers and sometimes as
school managers. This study aims to compare the result of faculty performance evaluation from students and the faculty profile
when they are categorized based on their research involvement. Descriptive type of research method with inferential statistics
using Chi-square test and Guttman‟s Coefficient of predictability as statistical tools was utilized to describe the result of the
study. Results showed that there are more female master‟s degree holders with hourly rate from Php 251 to 350 who have
active research involvement than males and bachelor‟s degree and doctorate degree holders. Faculty researchers have
significantly higher performance evaluation rating from the students compared to non-researchers. Those with higher
Instructional and Diagnostic expertise among faculty members showed higher possibility of becoming faculty researcher.
Faculty members may also be required to write books or instructional manuals as a form of research output. If they will be
written their own material to be utilized in their own respective classes, mastery or the subject expertise may be fully achieved.
They were encouraged to conduct more funded researches from the government and private agencies during the transition
period of the Philippine Education in the K-12 implementation.
Keywords - Faculty Member, Researcher, Non-Researcher, Teaching Performance.
I. INTRODUCTION Lyceum of the Philippines University – Batangas

(LPU-B) has continually enhancing its faculty
Research cannot be taken away from the important evaluation instrument through the initiative of Human
functions of teachers especially in higher education Resource Management and Development Office and
institutions. Being the facilitators of learning process, Research and Statistics Center wherein research
they are equipped with various teaching strategies and involvement is part of the consideration in assessing
research skills on how to address educational the performance of faculty members. Candidates who
problems and issues of the academic community. may be effective classroom teachers may not be as
Elton [1] emphasized that it has become increasingly skilled in writing about their instructional practice [5].
clear over the past decade that the question of a Teachers‟ engagement in doing research is less
positive link between research and teaching has no frequent, with three main reasons given: lack of time,
simple or general answer. At the same time, there may interest and motivation. The motivations for doing
well be a positive link under particular conditions. research, however, tend to be more extrinsic than
Borg and Liu‟s [2] study problematizes the notion of intrinsic; the majority reported doing research for
teacher as researcher by highlighting many interactive promotion or graduation, while few do it to improve
personal, interpersonal, and institutional factors which teaching or out of personal interest [6].
shape the extent to which teachers can be Determining if the majority of researchers are
research-engaged. dominated by young ones or old ones, single or
Teaching effectiveness and research productivity are married, with doctorate, master‟s or just bachelor‟s
complementary. Much of the rationale for the degree holders. Sometimes, age doesn‟t matter in
existence of research universities is that these two conducting research, but others might believe that the
activities are so mutually reinforcing that they must older teachers with higher educational attainment and
co-exist in the same institutions [3]. Studies have experience in teaching and research could contribute
assumed the nature of this relation and characterized it and conduct better research outputs than young ones.
as one that exists between externally defined According Reid et al.[7] that large numbers of teacher
indicators such as teaching effectiveness and research education research academics nearing retirement; a
productivity [4]. diminishing capacity among faculties to recruit young
Aside from delivering instruction, teachers are also academics in the discipline who are both „research
responsible in conducting research for personal and ready‟ and „teaching ready‟.
professional growth as well as part of the continuous Viewing the image of research benefits not as a whole
improvement of the university where they belong. but through its part specifically during its production
This is also an important part of the faculty process where great learning occurs and transpires to
performance evaluation aside from teaching the team members of the organization would create
performance. Teaching performance could not only be clear reflections on how to become critical thinkers as
measured through classroom instruction. In fact,
47
Faculty Researchers and Non-Researchers in the Context of Teaching Performance and Personal Profile
well as systematic, organize, innovative, creative, providing substantial research outputs to be utilized by
dynamic and proactive professionals. the students, the organization and the community at
Favilla and Bloch [8] found out that researchers were large.
more likely to have received research training than
non-researchers, spent more hours a week on research II. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
at the time of the survey and during the previous 5
years. Researchers devoted more time to academic The study aimed to determine the preliminary identity
teaching and acquisition of higher degrees. Twice as sketch of the faculty researchers and non-researchers
many researchers as non-researchers had published in terms of age, gender, civil status, employment
peer-reviewed articles; the average number was status, educational attainment and hourly rate; and
substantially greater. The researchers had obtained students‟ evaluation of teaching performance result
funding for their studies far more often than their from 2010 – 2013; to compare the result of the
non-researching counterparts; the average amount was teaching performance and test the differences between
100 times greater. researchers and non-researchers; to test the difference
Sharing what they have learned through conducting in the profile variable between two the groups; to
researches to the students and to the academic determine the differences between faculty researchers
community would make them better learners, effective and non-researchers when they were grouped
teachers and nation builders while reaching the according to profile variables; and to determine which
borders of competitive world. profile variable included in the study and which
This study is intended to determine the significant teaching performance criteria best predicts the
relationship and differences of faculty researchers and possibility of becoming a faculty researcher.
non-researchers. On this context, it is delimited to the Ho: There is no significant difference between faculty
concept that faculty researchers are those faculty researchers and non-researchers when they were
members who fervently conducting institutional grouped according to profile variables.
research studies for their respective departments with
at least one completed research either institutional or III. METHODS
college for the last three years while the result of
students‟ evaluation on teaching performance will be A. Research Design
taken for the last three years. Non-researchers are The study will use a descriptive type of research
faculty members without completed institutional method using documentary analysis in data gathering
research and they will be drawn randomly from the wherein the names of the faculty members with
roster of faculty members of different colleges to completed and on-going Institutional researches were
compare their faculty performance evaluation results obtained from the Research and Statistics Center of the
against the performance of considered active University while the results of faculty performance
researchers. evaluation result were obtained from the Human
There is also consideration in civil status and gender Resource Management and Development Office
issues between single and married faculty members. through the assistance of Management Information
Singles have fewer responsibilities against mothers System (MIS).
with more obligations and tasks to attend to at home
than fathers with also lots of responsibilities but more B. Participants
on related to their job which is also in teaching This study focuses on the faculty members with at
profession. These could somehow be their reasons for least one institutional research conducted for the last
engaging or rejecting research undertakings of the three years is considered as faculty researcher and
university. those without any recorded research output from the
Furthermore, educational attainment has something to Research and Statistics Center is considered as
contribute to the amount of hourly rate. Could it be non-researcher. The faculty non-researchers were
true that faculty members with higher hourly rate have chosen from the roster of faculty members from
more number of completed institutional researches different colleges and obtained to compare their
than with lower salaries or maybe the full-time faculty performance evaluation results with those of
teachers specifically the plain teachers have more time faculty researchers. Personal profile like age, gender,
to conduct researches than those part-timers? civil status, employment status, educational attainment
There are few studies differentiated the teaching and hourly rate were considered. Total population of
performance and profile between faculty researchers 107 faculty researchers was used in the study while
and non-researchers, thus this study was pursued. The random sampling technique was used to identify the
findings of the study would serve as a reference for the sample respondents for 109 non-researchers which
faculty members to enhance or improve their teaching number is closely the same with the other group.
strategies through conducting either action or
institutional research. Since it is not only the C. Procedure
responsibility of the Faculty members to focus on Documentary analysis was used as data gathering
instruction but also to engage their quality time in procedure for the study. The result of students‟
48
evaluation of teaching performance from SY who are master‟s degree holders while 12.1 percent
2010-2011 to SY 2012-2013 was obtained from the difference in favor of researchers who are doctorate
Management Information System (MIS) of the degree holders. The computed differences marked
university while the records of the research outputs of distinct characteristics where those faculty members
the faculty members were taken from the Research and who finished their graduate studies and those who still
Statistics Center. pursue advanced studies are more involved in
research. Therefore, the higher the educational
D. Data Analysis attainment of the faculty members, there is also a
Frequency count and percentage were used to analyze higher tendency of engaging into research activities.
the result of the profile variables while arithmetic There are more part-time faculty members who are not
mean was used to interpret the teaching performance providing research output to the university with a
of the faculty members. T-test was used to determine difference of 6.3 percent compared to faculty
the difference on teaching performance between the researchers while there is 3.9 percent difference of full
non-researchers and researchers. Chi-square test was time faculty members in favor of the researchers. It is
used to determine the differences between the two good to note that four (4) in every ten part time faculty
groups when they were grouped according to profile members are already engaged in research activities of
variables. Guttman‟s Coefficient of predictability was the university while there is only 5 out of 10 full time
used to determine which profile variable included in faculty members who were engaged in research
the study best predicts the possibility of becoming a wherein the university is expecting to have more than
faculty researcher. this figure. Therefore, employment status is not a
strong factor but can still be considered to determine
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION the research involvement of the teachers because the
computed p-value of 0.079 is already closed to 0.05
A. Relationship with the profile variable and level of significance. This signifies that both part-time
category of faculty members and full-time faculty members can either contribute to
There is a difference of 9.7 percent in favor of male the research production of the university or not.
non-researchers while there is 8.8 percent difference in The educational attainment of the faculty members is
favor of female researchers. Therefore, female faculty one of the bases of the amount of their Hourly rate but
members have significantly higher tendency of there are other factors included in the faculty
becoming researchers than males in the university classification which are not part anymore of the profile
since they have certain characteristics between variable. The hourly rate is considered a factor that can
genders in terms of writing communication skills that possibly determine the research involvement of the
females have more adept than males. faculty members as denoted by the computed p-value
There is no significant difference between the of .004 which is less than the 0.05 level of
category of faculty members and their age bracket. significance. There are more faculty members with
There is a greater number of researchers in the 31-40 hourly rate of P200-250 who are non-researchers but
age bracket but lesser number in 21-30 and 41 and there are more researchers who belong to hourly rate
above age brackets compared to non-researchers. Age with P251 and above. This signifies that the higher the
cannot be considered a factor in determining the hourly rate of the faculty, they have higher tendency in
possibility of faculty members in becoming a becoming faculty researchers also considering their
researcher compared to educational attainment educational qualification which is somehow related to
because there are faculty members belong to 31 years their hourly rate.
old and above who are still pursuing their graduate
studies. B. Difference of Students’ Evaluation on Teaching
Civil status is not also a factor that determines the Between Researchers and Non-researchers
involvement in research as denoted by the p-value of Faculty researchers (4.24) have significantly higher
.153 which is greater than the 0.05 level of faculty performance rating in all areas of evaluation
significance. There is a difference of 3.8 percent in from students than non-researchers (4.10) as denoted
favor of unmarried researchers but there is a difference by the computed p-value of 0.001 which is less than
of 2.9 percent in favor of married non-researchers the 0.05 level of significance, therefore the null
wherein the differences do not signify any distinct hypothesis is rejected. This signifies that the faculty
attribute from single and married faculty members. researchers really perform better in delivering
There is a significant relationship between instruction and other academic related expertise to
non-researcher and researchers in terms of their effectively transfer and share the knowledge and skills
educational attainment. There are more Bachelor‟s and from one person to another.
Master‟s Degree holders who are non-researchers The faculty researchers (4.25) obtain significantly
compared to Doctorate Degree holders. There is a higher teaching performance rating than
difference of 10.2 percent among Bachelor‟s degree non-researchers (4.10) on subject expertise
holder in favor of non-researchers but there is a little specifically on stating clearly the objectives of the
difference of 3.9 percent in favor of non-researchers lesson, presenting ideas or concepts clearly and
49
relating subjects to other fields and life situation. patience.

Faculty researchers may have this characteristic of Faculty Researchers have significantly higher teaching
making clear the purpose of certain teaching and performance based on the students‟ evaluation for the
learning activity before starting doing it like what in last three years compared to the performance of
research process of understanding the objectives to non-researchers.
justify the most appropriate methodology and data C. Predictor of Research Involvement from the
analysis. Findings of related researches to the topic Profile
being discussed may also be shared by the teachers to Educational Attainment is considered a factor that
relate the subject to the real life scenario. Faculty affects the faculty members to be involved in the
researchers may somehow adapt the same in research activities of the university. If gender will also
delivering classroom instructions. be considered as well as the age of the faculty
Classroom management including instruction may members would increase the possibility of having
also be associated in any research activity because it is engaged in the research undertakings. Those middle
one of the attributes of researchers as being keen aged female master‟s degree holders have the higher
observer especially when it comes to students‟ tendency to get involved in research. The ability to
behavior. Lattimer [9] found out that doing action write is closer to the characteristics of female than
research had helped the participants to gain greater male; therefore, there are more female faculty
ownership over their instructional practice in the members who were engaged into research writing than
classroom and they became more confident making their male counterpart. Knowledge and experience in
instructional decisions and more independent in their writing research is being developed during the
lesson planning, implementation, and assessment completion of baccalaureate degrees but it is
process. sometimes being enhanced in continuing advanced
Meanwhile, understanding the individual differences studies in the Graduate School and most of the
of each member of the class can also be addressed teachers have already completed their master‟s degree
through undertaking action research. Attendance and during the middle age.
class performance can be considered as the results of D. Predictor of Research Involvement from the
the measures and assessment done inside or outside Faculty Performance Evaluation
the classroom which can be utilized as important Instructional Expertise is considered as the best
primary data for research. Uncovering the attitude of predictor of having possibility of becoming a
the students towards any school related factors may researcher with combined diagnostic expertise.
better explain their actions. Knowing through assessing the existing or current
They obtained high performance in communication knowledge of the students before providing any
skills (4.19) with 4.27 for researchers and 4.11 for additional information would give the preliminary
non-researchers followed by a total computed mean of profile of a larger image of what still needs to be
4.17 for subject expertise and instructional expertise improved from the students. Giving them pretest and
while relational expertise obtained the least total score post test and analyzing the result after giving some sort
of 4.15. Communication skills of teachers either in of intervention measures based on the pretest to
oral or written should be demonstrated appropriately enhance the specific skills or expertise of the students
during the delivery of instruction. Expression of is considered an action research which only needs to
thoughts, ideas and suggestions related to the issues put into writing. Therefore, identifying the strengths
being discussed should always reach a certain level of and weaknesses of the students through research
expertise and professionalism. would provide better understanding on their individual
Researchers have higher ability to identify the needs or and group differences.
problems of the students because it is one of the basic
processes in conducting a research study. Determining V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
what supposed to achieve is being identified first
before giving anything to the receiver. Effective Faculty Researchers have significantly higher teaching
instruction would be supported by the result of performance based on the students‟ evaluation for the
diagnostic. last three years compared to the performance of
Everything happens in the classroom boils down to non-researchers. Female faculty members have
addressing the needs of the students. Therefore, being significantly higher tendency of becoming researchers
approachable and answerable to their needs and than males. Age, civil status and employment status
providing them their expectations would really were not factors that influence the faculty members to
demonstrate the relational expertise of the teachers. have an active research involvement. Faculty
Being keen observant and sensitive to their needs members with higher educational attainment at the
would give numerous data and how to process them same time with higher hourly rate have significantly
one by one would lead the faculty researcher to higher possibility to be involved in research activities.
formulate research questions on how to address these Since research is an important part of the faculty
effectively and efficiently. Faculty researchers who performance evaluation, teachers who really maintain
understand the problem are the teachers with longer their position within the upper 25% in the Annual Top
50
Faculty Performer Award given by the university due to some general education subjects which will
would pursue to accomplish researches before the now be transferred to senior high school. This is a
evaluation period starts so that they would be given national dilemma of most General Education and even
higher scores in the area of research while those Professional Education Faculty members. They do not
teachers who wanted to be included in the know definitely where to go but to teach in senior high
reclassification to increase their hourly rate, they also school but they may not be given the same teaching
tend to produce researches for them to be included in rate. With that given scenario, faculty members may
the upper 50% of the faculty performance evaluation. now have enough time due to lesser teaching load to
Some of them conduct researches for monetary reward conduct researches funded by the government or from
after the completion of the research as honorarium and any private agencies that provide research grants.
the chance to go abroad for research presentation. It is clear that strengthening the preparation of
However, those teachers who may not have any educational researchers in all fields is vital if
intention to be an awardee, to go abroad and be meaningful empirical contributions to the collective
reclassified, they tend not to submit any research knowledge of teaching and teacher education are to be
proposal given all the benefits provided for them by made through research [10].
the university. Other factors may still hinder their The findings also provide insights whether they
participation like teaching work load, inadequate wanted to enhance their performance and share some
research writing skills, attitude or interest towards experiences of the research process to their students.
research. The orientation of research interests, The culture of research must start within the circle of
however, is only the first step to becoming a researcher Faculty Members before it proliferates down to the
[6]. students. Research is one of the keys in achieving and
Teachers manage personal, workplace, and sustaining excellence and quality in education.
socio-cultural influences with their agency. With or Therefore, there is no way but to adapt and make
without external support, teachers need to rely more research as a way of life and a habit to contribute in the
on themselves to cultivate their research interest, seek advancement of knowledge towards the achievement
professional advice and establish their own position in of the true essence of quality through continuous
the academy by publishing their work [6]. improvement.
The results of this study may serve as an eye-opener The new evaluation instrument was proposed with the
for faculty members who are not interested to adapt end view of increasing the awareness of the teachers
the research culture of the University. They may that they will be evaluated not only based on their
somehow realize the benefits and advantages of being one-time big-time participation in research but even
Faculty Researcher and get involved in the research their little contribution and involvement related to
endeavors of the academic community. Male faculty research activity will be accounted for their
members may be provided greater attention in making evaluation. This is to concretize the areas of evaluation
them interested to write research papers either for and defining other research related activities where the
classroom use or institutional development. teachers might be involved that would help them
Bachelor‟s degree holders or the younger faculty improve their research performance.
members may do collaborative research to let them
learn from faculty members with Master‟s degrees or REFERENCES
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2010), url: http://www.informaworld.com , date retrieved: [9] H. Lattimer, “Action Research in Pre-service Teacher
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EFFECTS OF GOVERNANCE ON THE PERFORMANCE AND

SERVICE DELIVERY IN ZIMBABWE URBAN COUNCILS: THE

Keywords - Harare; Governance; Service Delivery; Performance; Urban Municipalities

I. INTRODUCTION of formulating policies and allocating resources,’

CITIES MUNICIPALITIES TOWNS LOCAL BOARDS

Figure 0.1: Gender Percentage of Participation

Age factor in natural populations. The majority of persons

Age Distribution of Respondents

20.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0

Figure 0.2: Age Pyramid of Respondents

Whistle Blower Protection Act

60% 40% 20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Agree Strongly Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree

Figure 0.3: Influence of Good Governance Practices on Corruption Reduction

Correlation analysis of the aforementioned governance with reduction in corruption prevalence.

Hypothesis 2 or explain by-laws may end up winning an election

Lack of Periodic Appraisal

Lack of Streamlining of Council's Services

40% 20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Agree Strongly Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree

Figure 0.4: Impact of M&E on Performance & Service Delivery

40% 20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Figure 0.5: Influence of Poor Governance on Service Delivery

Municipal Poor Selective

Achva Academic College and Kaye Academic College

Keywords - Camel Milk, Desert Eco-Tourism, Dromedary Camel, Negev Bedouins

I. INTRODUCTION development of a noveldouble skin façade

Passive maintenance of close cavity facades involves

Figure 4: Pressure differenceinfluencing factors

Air exchange and moisture control

IV. SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL

As a part of the research project ‘Development of a

moisture control, the whole façade must be observed

Based on the simulation of the parameters of a

[1] GBD magazine; Closed Cavity Facades,

Keywords - AHP, DEA, Traffic Accidents, Traditional Methods, Turkey.

I. INTRODUCTION traffic safety [5].Moreover, accident statistics, which

Table 3, city orders are given as per the AHP for

The analysis was conducted for 2010. First of all, the

V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

It was preferred to use input-focused CCR model,

VI. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

Attempts were made with this study to determine

I. INTRODUCTION II. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

Concrete, one of the most common construction A. Material Preparation

In order to compensate for the removal of the #8 sieve

Table 1: Sand gradation

Table 3: Plastic gradation used in mix for design

condition for the control and 10% replacement

during the testsare reported in Appendix. Results

I. INTRODUCTION II. DESCRIPTION OF THE SIMULATED

w. r A. UPQC control strategy

Decision table (Table I) shows 49 rules of the two

Centroid: Centroid defuzzification returns the center

V. SIMULATION AND DISCUSSION

FLC controller which has been chosen for evaluating

A. Parameters of the FLC with the unit weight

Fig. 3 FIS properties

Five pop-up menus are provided to change the

The source voltage (Fig. 4) has a THD value of 3.94%

The source current (Fig. 7) has become sinusoidal with

B. Parameters of the FLC with the variable

Fig. 12 Source current of the phase (a) and its specter